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{{Short description|American writer (1891–1959)}}
{{Short description|American writer (1891–1959)}}
{{more citations needed|article|date=January 2010}}
{{more citations needed|article|date=January 2010}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
{{Infobox writer
| name = Octavus Roy Cohen
| name = Octavus Roy Cohen
| image =
| image = Octavus Roy Cohen.png
| caption =
| caption = Cohen at the [[East Lake Golf Club]], 1925
⚫
| birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1891|06|26}}
| birth_name =
⚫
| birth_place = [[Charleston, South Carolina]], U.S.
⚫
| birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1891|06|26}}
⚫
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1959|01|06|1891|06|26}}
⚫
| birth_place = [[Charleston, South Carolina]], U.S.
| death_place = [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
⚫
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1959|01|06|1891|06|26}}
| death_place = [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California]], U.S.
⚫
| alma_mater = [[Clemson University|Clemson College]]
| resting_place = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California]], U.S.
⚫
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|actor}}
⚫
| alma_mater = [[Clemson University|Clemson College]]
⚫
| spouse = {{marriage |Inez Lopez|1914|1953|end=died}}
| pseudonym =
| children = 1
⚫
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|actor}}
⚫
| spouse = {{marriage |Inez Lopez|1914|1953|end=died}}
| children = 1
| parents =
| relatives =
| signature =
| notableworks =
}}
}}


'''Octavus Roy Cohen''' (1891–1959) was an early 20th century American author specializing in ethnic comedies. His dialect comedy stories about African Americans gained popularity after being published in the ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'' and were adapted into a series of short films by [[Al Christie]] featuring actors [[Charles Olden (actor)|Charles Olden]], [[Spencer Williams Jr.]], [[Evelyn Preer]], and [[Edward Thompson (actor)|Edward Thompson]].
'''Octavus Roy Cohen''' (1891–1959) was an early 20th-century American writer specializing in ethnic comedies. His dialect comedy stories about African Americans gained popularity after being published in the ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'' and were adapted into a series of short films by [[Al Christie]] featuring actors [[Charles Olden (actor)|Charles Olden]], [[Spencer Williams Jr.]], [[Evelyn Preer]], and [[Edward Thompson (actor)|Edward Thompson]].


==Biography==
==Biography==
===Early life===
===Early life===
Cohen was born on June 26, 1891 in [[Charleston, South Carolina]] to Octavus and Rebecca Cohen (née Ottolengui).<ref name="whoswho">{{cite book |editor-last1=Marquis |editor-first1=Albert Nelson |editor-last2=Leonard |editor-first2=John William |date=1920 |title=Who's who in America |volume=11 |url={{Google books |WZJDV5f3DUoC |page=582 |plainurl=yes}} |page=582}}</ref> He pronounced his first name ''oc-tav'us, a'' as in ''have''.<ref>[[Charles Earle Funk]], ''What's the Name, Please?'', Funk & Wagnalls, 1936</ref>
Cohen was born on June 26, 1891, in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], to Octavus and Rebecca Cohen (née Ottolengui).<ref name="whoswho">{{cite book |editor-last1=Marquis |editor-first1=Albert Nelson |editor-last2=Leonard |editor-first2=John William |date=1920 |title=Who's who in America |volume=11 |url={{Google books |WZJDV5f3DUoC |page=582 |plainurl=yes}} |page=582}}</ref> He pronounced his first name ''oc-tav'us, a'' as in ''have''.<ref>[[Charles Earle Funk]], ''What's the Name, Please?'', Funk & Wagnalls, 1936</ref> Through his mother, he was the cousin of [[Rodrigues Ottolengui]], who also wrote crime fiction.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1937-07-13 |title=DR. OTTOLENGUI, 76, DENTIST 50 YEARS; Specialist in Orthodontia and Root Canal Therapy DeadPioneer in X-Ray Field |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/07/13/archives/dr-ottolengui-76-dentist-50-years-specialist-in-orthodontia-and.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>


He received his secondary education at the Porter Military Academy, now the [[Porter-Gaud School]], and graduated in 1908. He went on to [[Clemson University|Clemson College]] (later renamed Clemson University) and graduated in 1911 with a degree in engineering.<ref name="whoswho"/><ref name="ua">{{Cite web |url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-3716 |title=Octavus Roy Cohen |last=Wright |first=A.J. |website=encyclopediaofalabama.org |access-date=March 9, 2021}}</ref>
He received his secondary education at the Porter Military Academy, now the [[Porter-Gaud School]], and graduated in 1908. He went on to [[Clemson University|Clemson College]] (later renamed Clemson University) and graduated in 1911 with a degree in engineering.<ref name="whoswho"/><ref name="ua">{{Cite web |url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-3716 |title=Octavus Roy Cohen |last=Wright |first=A.J. |website=encyclopediaofalabama.org |access-date=March 9, 2021}}</ref>
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He became popular as a result of his stories printed in ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'' which were about African-Americans.<ref name="honey">Honey, Maureen. “Images of Women in the Saturday Evening Post, 1931–1936,”.''Journal of Popular Culture''; Bowling Green, Ohio Vol. 10, Iss. 2, (Fall 1976): (p.352)</ref> In 1913, he was admitted to the South Carolina bar and practiced law in Charleston for two years.<ref name="whoswho"/> Between 1917 and his death, he published 56 books, works that included humorous and detective novels, plays, and collections of short stories.{{citation needed |date=March 2021}} He also composed successful Broadway plays and radio, film, and television scripts.
He became popular as a result of his stories printed in ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'' which were about African-Americans.<ref name="honey">Honey, Maureen. “Images of Women in the Saturday Evening Post, 1931–1936,”.''Journal of Popular Culture''; Bowling Green, Ohio Vol. 10, Iss. 2, (Fall 1976): (p.352)</ref> In 1913, he was admitted to the South Carolina bar and practiced law in Charleston for two years.<ref name="whoswho"/> Between 1917 and his death, he published 56 books, works that included humorous and detective novels, plays, and collections of short stories.{{citation needed |date=March 2021}} He also composed successful Broadway plays and radio, film, and television scripts.


As a mark of his success, on March 20, 1923, Cohen bought in [[Birmingham, Alabama]] the "Redin-Cohen" house, a [[Tudor Revival architecture|Tudor Revival]] style home.<ref name="jefferson">{{Cite web |url=https://jchcmarkers.org/markers/ |title=Markers |website=Jefferson County Historical Commission |access-date=March 9, 2021}}</ref><ref>Jefferson County Historical Commission (Vol.1237, p.104)</ref>{{citation needed |date=March 2021 |reason=house details unsourced}} He was known to host local writers and journalists to discuss fiction writing while in Birmingham.<ref name="ua"/> The Redin-Cohen house was built circa 1918 by Mrs. Viola Roden Redin, one of five daughters of the leading saloon operator in Birmingham on the northern half of lots 1 and 2 in block 864 based on the City of Birmingham plan and survey by Elyton Land Company. The Cohens occupied the house until May 7, 1937, a time period covering some of Cohen's major work.{{citation needed |date=March 2021 |reason=house history and relocation unsourced}}
As a mark of his success, on March 20, 1923, Cohen bought the "Redin-Cohen" house, a [[Tudor Revival architecture|Tudor Revival]]-style home in [[Birmingham, Alabama]].<ref name="jefferson">{{Cite web |url=https://jchcmarkers.org/markers/ |title=Markers |website=Jefferson County Historical Commission |date=December 9, 2015 |access-date=March 9, 2021}}</ref><ref>Jefferson County Historical Commission (Vol.1237, p.104)</ref>{{citation needed |date=March 2021 |reason=house details unsourced}} He was known to host local writers and journalists to discuss fiction writing while in Birmingham.<ref name="ua"/>


He moved from Birmingham to [[Harlem, New York]] in the late 1930s and thereafter to [[Los Angeles]] to pursue a film career.
He moved from Birmingham to [[Harlem, New York]], in the late 1930s and then to [[Los Angeles]] to pursue a film career.


===Personal life and death===
===Personal life and death===
He married Inez Lopez in October 1914 in [[Bessemer, Alabama]].<ref name="ua"/> They had one son, Octavus Roy Cohen Jr.
He married Inez Lopez in October 1914 in [[Bessemer, Alabama]].<ref name="ua"/> They had one son, Octavus Roy Cohen, Jr.


His wife died in 1953. He died of a stroke on January 6, 1959 in [[Los Angeles]]. He is buried at [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]] in [[Glendale, California]].<ref name="ua"/>
His wife died in 1953. He died of a stroke on January 6, 1959, in [[Los Angeles]] and is buried at [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]] in [[Glendale, California]].<ref name="ua"/>


==Works==
==Works==
His most notable creation was "Florian Slappey", a fictional black detective who appeared both in print (in the ''Saturday Evening Post'') and in a series of short films in the 1920s,<ref>Blacks in Films, Jim Pines {{ISBN|0 289 70326 3}}</ref> These were "ethnic comedies" following the bumbling investigations of Slappey and his travels from [[Birmingham, Alabama]] to [[Harlem, New York]]. These were later assembled into a stage play "Come Seven", with Slappey played by [[Earle Foxe]], which ran for 72 performances.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lachman, Marvin|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/903807427|title=The villainous stage : crime plays on Broadway and in the West End|date=2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9534-4|oclc=903807427}}</ref> A second stage detective play "The Crimson Alibi" featured a white detective, David Carroll.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://thrillingdetective.com/2019/04/25/florian-slappey/ |title=Florian Slappey |date=2019-04-25 |website=The Thrilling Detective Web Site |access-date=2021-06-29}}</ref>
His most notable creation was "Florian Slappey", a fictional black detective who appeared both in print (in the ''Saturday Evening Post'') and in a series of short films in the 1920s,<ref>{{cite book|title=Blacks in Films|author-link=Jim Pines|first=Jim |last=Pines|publisher=Littlehampton Book Services Ltd|isbn=978-0289703267|date=1975}}</ref> These were "ethnic comedies" following the bumbling investigations of Slappey and his travels from [[Birmingham, Alabama]], to [[Harlem, New York]]. They were later assembled into a stage play, "Come Seven", with Slappey played by [[Earle Foxe]], which ran for 72&nbsp;performances.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lachman, Marvin|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/903807427|title=The villainous stage : crime plays on Broadway and in the West End|date=2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9534-4|oclc=903807427}}</ref> A second detective stage play, "The Crimson Alibi" , featured a white detective, David Carroll.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://thrillingdetective.com/2019/04/25/florian-slappey/ |title=Florian Slappey |date=2019-04-25 |website=The Thrilling Detective Web Site |access-date=2021-06-29}}</ref>


He wrote:
He wrote:
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* ''Midnight'' (1922)
* ''Midnight'' (1922)


[[File:Tempus Todd (1923-03-12).png|thumb|Installment of the short-lived comic strip ''Tempus Todd'', the first comic strip in a mainstream newspaper to portray black characters as real people. Here, Tempus and a bakery owner talk about advertising.]]
[[File:Tempus Todd (1923-03-12).png|thumb|Installment of the short-lived comic strip ''Tempus Todd'', the first comic strip in a mainstream newspaper to portray black characters as real people.{{cn|date=March 2024}} Here, Tempus and a bakery owner talk about advertising.]]


Cohen wrote several novels about detective David Carroll. One of these novels, ''The Crimson Alibi'' was adapted for the stage by [[George Broadhurst]].<ref>Bordman Gerald, ''American Theatre: A Chronicle of Comedy and Drama 1914-1930''.Oxford University Press USA, 1995 {{ISBN|0195090780}} (p.106).</ref> Cohen's character of Jim Hanvey, "a sort of backwoods [[Nero Wolfe]]", "one of the earliest private eyes",<ref name="thrill">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thrillingdetective.com/hanvey.html|title=Jim Hanvey|website=www.thrillingdetective.com|date=28 March 2021}}</ref> appeared in two films; ''[[Curtain at Eight]]'' (1933), based on his novel ''The Backstage Mystery'', and ''[[Jim Hanvey, Detective]]'' (1937), based on his original story. "Hanvey made most of his appearances in short stories in ''The Saturday Evening Post'', where much of ... Cohen's other work was also published. ... Cohen created a few other detectives ... one of the first black eyes, Florian Slappey, although they're more famous now for their unflattering portrayal of blacks than their historical significance."<ref name="thrill" />
Cohen wrote several novels about detective David Carroll. One of these novels, ''The Crimson Alibi'', was adapted for the stage by [[George Broadhurst]].<ref>Bordman Gerald, ''American Theatre: A Chronicle of Comedy and Drama 1914-1930''.Oxford University Press USA, 1995 {{ISBN|0195090780}} (p.106).</ref> Cohen's character of Jim Hanvey, "a sort of backwoods [[Nero Wolfe]]", "one of the earliest private eyes",<ref name="thrill">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thrillingdetective.com/hanvey.html|title=Jim Hanvey|website=www.thrillingdetective.com|date=28 March 2021}}</ref> appeared in two films; ''[[Curtain at Eight]]'' (1933), based on his novel ''The Backstage Mystery'', and ''[[Jim Hanvey, Detective]]'' (1937), based on his original story. "Hanvey made most of his appearances in short stories in ''The Saturday Evening Post'', where much of... Cohen's other work was also published... Cohen created a few other detectives... one of the first black private eyes, Florian Slappey, although they're more famous now for their unflattering portrayal of blacks than their historical significance."<ref name="thrill" />


Jim Hanvey books by Cohen:<ref name="Hubin">''Crime Fiction, 1749-1980: A Comprehensive Bibliography'' by Allen J. Hubin, Garland, 1984, {{ISBN|0-8240-9219-8}}</ref>
Jim Hanvey books by Cohen:<ref name="Hubin">''Crime Fiction, 1749-1980: A Comprehensive Bibliography'' by Allen J. Hubin, Garland, 1984, {{ISBN|0-8240-9219-8}}</ref>
Line 76: Line 72:
*''Hot Biscuits''
*''Hot Biscuits''
*''The Widow's Bite''
*''The Widow's Bite''
*''Oft in the Silly Night''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y36KqUL1jSAC&dq=the+widow%27s+bite+al+christie&pg=PA197|title = Early Black American Playwrights and Dramatic Writers: A Biographical Directory and Catalog of Plays, Films, and Broadcasting Scripts|isbn = 9780313266218|last1 = Peterson|first1 = Bernard L.|last2 = Peterson|first2 = Bernard J.|year = 1990}}</ref>
*''Oft in the Silly Night''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y36KqUL1jSAC&dq=the+widow%27s+bite+al+christie&pg=PA197|title = Early Black American Playwrights and Dramatic Writers: A Biographical Directory and Catalog of Plays, Films, and Broadcasting Scripts|isbn = 9780313266218|last1 = Peterson|first1 = Bernard L.|last2 = Peterson|first2 = Bernard J.|year = 1990| publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref>
*''[[Music Hath Harms]]'' (1929) directed by Walter Graham, Florian Slappey played by Harry Tracy
*''[[Music Hath Harms]]'' (1929) directed by Walter Graham, Florian Slappey played by Harry Tracy
*''[[The Framing of the Shrew]]'' (1929) directed by [[Arvid Gillstrom]], [[Florian Slappey]] played by Charles Olden
*''[[The Framing of the Shrew]]'' (1929) directed by [[Arvid Gillstrom]], [[Florian Slappey]] played by Charles Olden
Line 87: Line 83:


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}
* {{commons category-inline}}
*{{Wikisource author-inline}}
* {{Wikisource author-inline}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Cohen,+Octavus+Roy | name=Octavus Roy Cohen}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=3809 | name=Octavus Roy Cohen}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Octavus Roy Cohen}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Octavus Roy Cohen}}
* {{Librivox author |id=5241}}
* {{Librivox author |id=5241}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cohen, Octavus Roy}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cohen, Octavus Roy}}
[[Category:American humorists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:Clemson University alumni]]
[[Category:American humorists]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
⚫
[[Category:Novelists from South Carolina]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:American mystery writers]]
[[Category:American mystery writers]]
[[Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)]]
[[Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)]]
[[Category:Clemson University alumni]]
⚫
[[Category:Novelists from South Carolina]]

Latest revision as of 08:45, 24 September 2024

Octavus Roy Cohen
Cohen at the East Lake Golf Club, 1925
Cohen at the East Lake Golf Club, 1925
Born(1891-06-26)June 26, 1891
Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.
DiedJanuary 6, 1959(1959-01-06) (aged 67)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Resting placeForest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S.
Occupation
  • Writer
  • actor
Alma materClemson College
Spouse
Inez Lopez
​
​
(m. 1914; died 1953)​
Children1

Octavus Roy Cohen (1891–1959) was an early 20th-century American writer specializing in ethnic comedies. His dialect comedy stories about African Americans gained popularity after being published in the Saturday Evening Post and were adapted into a series of short films by Al Christie featuring actors Charles Olden, Spencer Williams Jr., Evelyn Preer, and Edward Thompson.

Biography

[edit]

Early life

[edit]

Cohen was born on June 26, 1891, in Charleston, South Carolina, to Octavus and Rebecca Cohen (née Ottolengui).[1] He pronounced his first name oc-tav'us, a as in have.[2] Through his mother, he was the cousin of Rodrigues Ottolengui, who also wrote crime fiction.[3]

He received his secondary education at the Porter Military Academy, now the Porter-Gaud School, and graduated in 1908. He went on to Clemson College (later renamed Clemson University) and graduated in 1911 with a degree in engineering.[1][4]

Career

[edit]

Between 1910 and 1912, he worked in the editorial departments of the Birmingham Ledger, the Charleston News and Courier, the Bayonne Times, and the Newark Morning Star.[1]

He became popular as a result of his stories printed in The Saturday Evening Post which were about African-Americans.[5] In 1913, he was admitted to the South Carolina bar and practiced law in Charleston for two years.[1] Between 1917 and his death, he published 56 books, works that included humorous and detective novels, plays, and collections of short stories.[citation needed] He also composed successful Broadway plays and radio, film, and television scripts.

As a mark of his success, on March 20, 1923, Cohen bought the "Redin-Cohen" house, a Tudor Revival-style home in Birmingham, Alabama.[6][7][citation needed] He was known to host local writers and journalists to discuss fiction writing while in Birmingham.[4]

He moved from Birmingham to Harlem, New York, in the late 1930s and then to Los Angeles to pursue a film career.

Personal life and death

[edit]

He married Inez Lopez in October 1914 in Bessemer, Alabama.[4] They had one son, Octavus Roy Cohen, Jr.

His wife died in 1953. He died of a stroke on January 6, 1959, in Los Angeles and is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.[4]

Works

[edit]

His most notable creation was "Florian Slappey", a fictional black detective who appeared both in print (in the Saturday Evening Post) and in a series of short films in the 1920s,[8] These were "ethnic comedies" following the bumbling investigations of Slappey and his travels from Birmingham, Alabama, to Harlem, New York. They were later assembled into a stage play, "Come Seven", with Slappey played by Earle Foxe, which ran for 72 performances.[9] A second detective stage play, "The Crimson Alibi" , featured a white detective, David Carroll.[10]

He wrote:

  • Polished Ebony (1919)
  • Gray Dusk (1920)
  • Come Seven (1920)
  • Highly Colored (1921)
  • Midnight (1922)
Installment of the short-lived comic strip Tempus Todd, the first comic strip in a mainstream newspaper to portray black characters as real people.[citation needed] Here, Tempus and a bakery owner talk about advertising.

Cohen wrote several novels about detective David Carroll. One of these novels, The Crimson Alibi, was adapted for the stage by George Broadhurst.[11] Cohen's character of Jim Hanvey, "a sort of backwoods Nero Wolfe", "one of the earliest private eyes",[12] appeared in two films; Curtain at Eight (1933), based on his novel The Backstage Mystery, and Jim Hanvey, Detective (1937), based on his original story. "Hanvey made most of his appearances in short stories in The Saturday Evening Post, where much of... Cohen's other work was also published... Cohen created a few other detectives... one of the first black private eyes, Florian Slappey, although they're more famous now for their unflattering portrayal of blacks than their historical significance."[12]

Jim Hanvey books by Cohen:[13]

  • Jim Hanvey, Detective (1923, short stories)
  • Detours (1927, short stories, one featuring Hanvey)
  • The May Day Mystery (1929)
  • The Backstage Mystery (also published as Curtain at Eight) (1930)
  • Star of Earth (1932)
  • Scrambled Yeggs (1934, short stories)

Films

[edit]

Cohen was scriptwriter (or co-scriptwriter with Alfred A. Cohen) for six known films:[10]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Marquis, Albert Nelson; Leonard, John William, eds. (1920). Who's who in America. Vol. 11. p. 582.
  2. ^ Charles Earle Funk, What's the Name, Please?, Funk & Wagnalls, 1936
  3. ^ "DR. OTTOLENGUI, 76, DENTIST 50 YEARS; Specialist in Orthodontia and Root Canal Therapy DeadPioneer in X-Ray Field". The New York Times. July 13, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d Wright, A.J. "Octavus Roy Cohen". encyclopediaofalabama.org. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  5. ^ Honey, Maureen. “Images of Women in the Saturday Evening Post, 1931–1936,”.Journal of Popular Culture; Bowling Green, Ohio Vol. 10, Iss. 2, (Fall 1976): (p.352)
  6. ^ "Markers". Jefferson County Historical Commission. December 9, 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  7. ^ Jefferson County Historical Commission (Vol.1237, p.104)
  8. ^ Pines, Jim (1975). Blacks in Films. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. ISBN 978-0289703267.
  9. ^ Lachman, Marvin (2014). The villainous stage : crime plays on Broadway and in the West End. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-9534-4. OCLC 903807427.
  10. ^ a b "Florian Slappey". The Thrilling Detective Web Site. April 25, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  11. ^ Bordman Gerald, American Theatre: A Chronicle of Comedy and Drama 1914-1930.Oxford University Press USA, 1995 ISBN 0195090780 (p.106).
  12. ^ a b "Jim Hanvey". www.thrillingdetective.com. March 28, 2021.
  13. ^ Crime Fiction, 1749-1980: A Comprehensive Bibliography by Allen J. Hubin, Garland, 1984, ISBN 0-8240-9219-8
  14. ^ "Exhibitors Herald World". Quigley Publishing Company. April 5, 1930 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ Peterson, Bernard L.; Peterson, Bernard J. (1990). Early Black American Playwrights and Dramatic Writers: A Biographical Directory and Catalog of Plays, Films, and Broadcasting Scripts. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780313266218.
[edit]
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