Árpád: Difference between revisions

Árpád
Árpád
	Statue of Árpád at Ráckeve (Hungary)
Grand Prince of the Hungarians
Reign	c. 895 – c. 907
Predecessor	Álmos
Successor	Zoltán (uncertain)
Born	c. 845
Died	c. 907 (aged 62)
Burial	Fehéregyháza (Hungary) (uncertain)
Issue	Liüntika; Tarkatzus; Jelek; Jutotzas; Zoltán
Dynasty	Árpád dynasty
Father	Álmos
Religion	Hungarian paganism

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Árpád's statue at the Heroes' Square (Budapest)

Árpád (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈaːrpaːd]; c. 845 – c. 907) was the head of the confederation of the Magyar tribes at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. He might have been either the sacred ruler or kende of the Hungarians, or their military leader or gyula, although most details of his life are debated by historians, because different sources contain contradictory information. Despite this, many Hungarians refer to him as the "founder of our country", and Árpád's preeminent role in the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin has been emphasized by some later chronicles. The dynasty descending from Árpád ruled the Kingdom of Hungary until 1301.

Biography

Early life

Árpád was the son of Álmos who is mentioned as the first head of the confederation of the Magyar tribes by all Hungarian chronicles.^[1]^[2] His mother's name and family are unknown.^[3] According to historian Gyula Kristó, Árpád was born around 845.^[4] His name derived from the Hungarian word for barley, árpa.^[4]

The Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus (r. 913–959) states that the Hungarians "had never at any time had any other prince" before Árpád, which is in sharp contrast to the Hungarian chronicles' report of the position of Árpád's father.^[5]^[6] In Porphyrogenitus's narration, the Khazar khagan initiated the centralization of the command of the Hungarian tribes in order to strengthen his own suzerainty over them.^[6]^[7] The khagan initially wanted to appoint a chieftain named Levedi to lead the Hungarians.^[8] However, Levedi did not accept this offer and suggested that either Álmos or Árpád should be promoted instead of him.^[7] The khagan approached the Hungarians with this new proposal.^[9] They preferred Árpád to his father, because he was "greatly admired for wisdom and counsel and valour, and capable of this rule".^[5]^[7] Thereafter, Árpád was made "prince according to the custom ... of the Chazars, by lifting him upon a shield."^[5]^[9] Constantine Porphyrogenitus erroneously refers to the Magyars as Turks.^[10]^[11]^[12] This was a misnomer, as while the Magyars do have some Turkic genetic and cultural influence, and their historical social structure was of Turkic origin,^[13] they are not a Turkic people.^[14]

The reliability of the Byzantine emperor's report of Árpád's election is debated by modern historians: for instance, Victor Spinei states that it is "rather vague and scarcely credible", but András Róna-Tas writes that its core is reliable.^[7]^[15] The latter historian adds that Árpád's election was promoted by Álmos, who forced Levedi to renounce his position as kende. Accordingly, in Róna-Tas's view, Árpád succeeded Levedi as sacred ruler, or kende, which enabled his father to preserve his own position as the actual leader of the Hungarians, or gyula.^[15]

Towards the Hungarian Conquest

The earliest reliable source of Árpád's life is an early 10th-century document, the Continuation of the Chronicle by George the Monk.^[4]^[16]^[17] It narrates that the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912) sent his envoy Nicetas Sclerus to the Hungarians in 894 or 895 "to give presents" and incite them against the Bulgarian Empire.^[17] Sclerus met with their two leaders, Árpád and Kurszán, at the Lower Danube.^[17]^[18] Sclerus's mission succeeded: a Hungarian army soon crossed the Danube on Byzantine ships against Bulgaria.^[18]^[19] An interpolation in Porphyrogenitus's text suggests that the invading Hungarians were under the command of Árpád's son, Liüntika.^[18]

The positions held by Árpád and Kurszán at the time of their negotiations with Sclerus are debated by historians. Spinei wrote that Árpád was the gyula, and Kurszán was the kende.^[18] In contrast, Kristó said that Kurszán was the gyula and Árpád represented his father, Álmos kende.^[17] ^[20]

At that time, the Bulgarians had disregarded the peace treaty and were raiding through the Thracian countryside. Justice pursued them for breaking their oath to Christ our God, the emperor of all, and they quickly met up with their punishment. While our forces were engaged against the Saracens, divine Providence led the [Hungarians], in place of the Romans, to campaign against the Bulgarians. Our Majesty's fleet of ships supported them and ferried them across the Danube. [Providence] sent them out against the army of the Bulgarians that had so wickedly taken up arms against Christians and, as though they were public executioners, they decisively defeated them in three engagements, so that the Christian Romans might not willingly stain themselves with the blood of the Christian Bulgarians.
— Leo the Wise: Tactics^[21]

The Hungarian army defeated the Bulgarians, but the latter hired the Pechenegs against them.^[18]^[22] The Bulgarians and Pechenegs simultaneously invaded the Hungarians' territories in the western regions of the Pontic steppes in 895 or 896.^[23] The destruction of their dwelling places by the Pechenegs forced the Hungarians to leave for a new homeland across the Carpathian Mountains towards the Pannonian Plain.^[24]

The Illuminated Chronicle says that Árpád's father Álmos "could not enter Pannonia, for he was killed in Erdelw" or Transylvania.^[1]^[25]^[26] Engel, Kristó and Molnár, who accept the reliability of this report, wrote that Álmos's death was a ritual murder, similar to the sacrifice of the Khazar khagans in case of a disaster affecting their people.^[1]^[24]^[27] In contrast with them, Róna-Tas states that even if the report on Álmos's murder "reflects true event, the only possible explanation would be that Árpád or someone in his entourage" killed the aged prince.^[25] Spinei rejects the Illuminated Chronicle's report on Álmos's murder in Transylvania, because the last mention of Álmos in the contrasting narration of the Gesta Hungarorum is connected to a siege of Ungvár (Uzhhorod, Ukraine) by the Hungarians.^[28] The latter chronicle says that Álmos appointed Árpád "as leader and master" of the Hungarians on this occasion.^[29]^[30]

Reign

"The city of King Attila" (Aquincum, Budapest) — Ruins of Aquincum – "city of King Attila" in the *Gesta Hungarorum*^[31]

Árpád's name "is completely unknown" to all sources written in East Francia, which was one of the main powers of the Carpathian Basin at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries.^[10] These sources, including the Annales Alamannici and the Annales Eisnidlenses, only mention another Hungarian leader, Kurszán.^[10] According to Kristó and other historians, these sources suggest that Kurszán must have been the gyula commanding the Hungarian forces, while Árpád succeeded his murdered father as the sacred kende.^[10]^[32] Proposing a contrasting theory, the Romanian historian Curta wrote that Kurszán was the kende and Árpád gyula only succeeded him when Kurszán was murdered by Bavarians in 902 or 904.^[10]^[33]

In contrast to nearly contemporaneous sources, Hungarian chronicles written centuries after the events—for instance, the Gesta Hungarorum and the Illuminated Chronicle—emphasize Árpád's pre-eminent role in the conquest of the Carpathian Basin.^[1]^[34] The Gesta Hungarorum also highlights Árpád's military skills and his generosity.^[35] This chronicle also emphasizes that Tétény, one of the heads of the seven Hungarian tribes, acquired "the land of Transylvania for himself and his posterity" only after Árpád had authorized him to conquer it.^[36]^[37]

Having crossed the Danube, they encamped beside the Danube as far as Budafelhévíz. Hearing this, all the Romans living throughout the land of Pannonia, saved their lives by flight. Next day, Prince Árpád and all his leading men with all the warriors of Hungary entered the city of King Attila and they saw all the royal palaces, some ruined to the foundations, others not, and they admired beyond measure the stone buildings and were happier than can be told that they had deserved to take without fighting the city of King Attila, of whose line Prince Árpád descended. They feasted every day with great joy in the palace of King Attila, sitting alongside one another, and all the melodies and sweet sounds of zithers and pipes along with all the songs of minstrels were presented to them ... Prince Árpád gave great lands and properties to the guests staying with them, and, when they heard this, many guests thronged to him and gladly stayed with him.
— Anonymous: Gesta Hungarorum^[38]

The Gesta Hungarorum says that Árpád took "an oath of the leading men and warriors of Hungary," and "had his son, Prince Zoltán elevated" to prince in his life.^[39]^[40] However, the reliability of this report and the list of the grand princes in the Gesta Hungarorum is dubious.^[11] For instance, it ignores Fajsz, who ruled when Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus was completing his De Administrando Imperio around 950.^[41]

Death

Árpád's statue in Nagymegyer (Veľký Meder, Slovakia)

The date of Árpád's death is debated.^[42] The Gesta Hungarorum states that he died in 907.^[1]^[42] However, Kristó wrote that he actually died in 900 or later because the Gesta says 903 is the starting date of the Hungarian "land-taking" instead of its actual date around 895.^[42] If the Gesta's report on his funeral is reliable, Árpád was buried "at the head of a small river that flows through a stone culvert to the city of King Attila" where a village, Fehéregyháza, developed near Buda a century later.^[39]^[42]

Legacy

The Hungarians arrived in their new homeland within the Carpathians under Árpád.^[40] Árpád is the principal actor in the Gesta Hungarorum, which attributes "almost all memorable events" of the "Hungarian land-taking" to him.^[43] Furthermore, until the extinction of the male line of his dynasty in 1301, Hungary was ruled by "a single line of princes", all descending from Árpád.^[24] Árpád is known among Hungarians as honalapító or the "founder of our homeland".^[40]

Family

Porphyrogenitus says Árpád "had four sons: first, Tarkatzous; second, Ielech; third, Ioutotzas; fourth, Zaltas".^[11]^[40]^[44] However, he also refers to one "Liuntikas, son of" Árpád; Kristó wrote that Liuntikas (Liüntika) was an alternative name of Tarkatzous (Tarhos).^[40]^[45] The name and family of the mother of Árpád's sons are unknown.^[46] The following is a family tree presenting Árpád's ancestors and his descendants to the end of the 10th century:^[46]

Ügyek

Eunedubelian

Előd or Ügyek

Árpád

Tarkatzus*

Jutotzas

(unknown)

Zoltán

Teveli

(unknown)

Ezelekh

Tas**

*Liüntika and Tarkatzus are supposed to have been identical.
**The father of Tas was one of Árpád's four or five sons, but his name is unknown.
***All later grand princes and kings of Hungary descended from Taksony.

Depictions of Árpád

Árpád with Turul shield and princely hat in the center among the seven chieftains of the Hungarians (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)
Árpád, the First Captain (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)
Árpád tastes the water of the Danube, the Hungarians are shouting the name of God three times (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)
Árpád, the First Captain (Chronica Hungarorum, 1488)
Árpád (Nádasdy Mausoleum, 1664)
Prince Árpád (painting by Árpád Feszty in 1900)
Árpád on Feszty's Panorama (painting by Árpád Feszty in 1892–1894)
Árpád's statue at the Heroes' Square (Budapest)
Árpád, Grand Prince of the Hungarians (Richárd Juha, Nyíradony, 2014)

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Engel 2001, p. 19.
^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 11–12, 17, Appendix 1.
^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 17, Appendix 1.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 17.
^ ^a ^b ^c Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 38), p. 173.
^ ^a ^b Kristó 1996, pp. 160–161.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Spinei 2003, p. 33.
^ Spinei 2003, pp. 33, 40.
^ ^a ^b Kristó 1996, p. 160.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kristó 1996, p. 201.
^ ^a ^b ^c Engel 2001, p. 20.
^ Henry Hoyle Howorth (2008). History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Cosimo, Inc. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-60520-134-4. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
^ Köpeczi, Béla; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Kiralý, Béla K.; Kovrig, Bennett; Szász, Zoltán; Barta, Gábor (2001). Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526) (Volume 1 of History of Transylvania ed.). New York: Social Science Monographs, University of Michigan, Columbia University Press, East European Monographs. pp. 415–416. ISBN 0880334797.
^ A MAGYAROK TÜRK MEGNEVEZÉSE BÍBORBANSZÜLETETT KONSTANTINOS DE ADMINISTRANDOIMPERIO CÍMÛ MUNKÁJÁBAN - Takács Zoltán Bálint, SAVARIAA VAS MEGYEI MÚZEUMOK ÉRTESÍTÕJE28 SZOMBATHELY, 2004, pp. 317–333 [1]
^ ^a ^b Róna-Tas 1999, p. 330.
^ Róna-Tas 1999, pp. 54–55.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kristó 1996, p. 183.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Spinei 2003, p. 52.
^ Kristó 1996, pp. 183–184.
^ Kristó 1996, p. 186.
^ The Taktika of Leo VI (18.40), p. 453.
^ Curta 2006, p. 178.
^ Engel 2001, pp. 11–12.
^ ^a ^b ^c Molnár 2001, p. 13.
^ ^a ^b Róna-Tas 1999, p. 344.
^ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 28), p. 98.
^ Kristó 1996, pp. 191–192.
^ Spinei 2009, p. 72.
^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 15.
^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 13), p. 37.
^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians, note 1 on p. 8.
^ Molnár 2001, p. 201.
^ Curta 2006, p. 189.
^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 18.
^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 19.
^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 24), p. 59.
^ Madgearu 2005, pp. 91–92.
^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 46), pp. 100–101.
^ ^a ^b Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 52), p. 115.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 21.
^ Engel 2001, pp. 19–20.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 20.
^ Madgearu 2005, p. 25.
^ Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 40), p. 179.
^ Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 40), p. 177.
^ ^a ^b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. Appendix 1.

References

Primary sources

Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); Anonymus and Master Roger; CEU Press; ISBN 978-963-9776-95-1.
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 0-88402-021-5.
The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. ISBN 0-8008-4015-1.
The Taktika of Leo VI (Text, translation, and commentary by George T. Dennis) (2010). Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 978-0-88402-359-3.

Secondary sources

Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.
Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
Kristó, Gyula (1996). Hungarian History in the Ninth Century. Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. ISBN 1-4039-6929-9.
Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói [Rulers of the House of Árpád] (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.
Madgearu, Alexandru (2005). The Romanians in the Anonymous Gesta Hungarorum: Truth and Fiction. Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies. ISBN 973-7784-01-4.
Molnár, Miklós (2001). A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4.
Róna-Tas, András (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History (Translated by Nicholas Bodoczky). CEU Press. ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1.
Spinei, Victor (2003). The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) and Museum of Brăila Istros Publishing House. ISBN 973-85894-5-2.
Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century. Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 978-90-04-17536-5.

External links

Marek, Miroslav. "arpad/arpad1.html". Genealogy.EU.
Árpád, painting from the 19th century

Regnal titles
Árpád House of Árpád Born: c. 845 Died: c. 907
Preceded by Álmos	Grand Prince of the Hungarians c. 895 – c. 907	Succeeded by Zoltán (?)

[FOOTNOTEEngel200119-1] Engel 2001, p. 19.

[FOOTNOTEKristóMakk199611–12,_17,_Appendix_1-2] Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 11–12, 17, Appendix 1.

[FOOTNOTEKristóMakk199617,_Appendix_1-3] Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 17, Appendix 1.

[FOOTNOTEKristóMakk199617-4] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 17.

[Constantine_Porphyrogenitus_173-5] Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 38), p. 173.

[FOOTNOTEKristó1996160–161-6] Kristó 1996, pp. 160–161.

[FOOTNOTESpinei200333-7] Spinei 2003, p. 33.

[FOOTNOTESpinei200333,_40-8] Spinei 2003, pp. 33, 40.

[FOOTNOTEKristó1996160-9] Kristó 1996, p. 160.

[FOOTNOTEKristó1996201-10] Kristó 1996, p. 201.

[FOOTNOTEEngel200120-11] Engel 2001, p. 20.

[Howorth2008-12] Henry Hoyle Howorth (2008). History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Cosimo, Inc. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-60520-134-4. Retrieved 15 June 2013.

[13] Köpeczi, Béla; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Kiralý, Béla K.; Kovrig, Bennett; Szász, Zoltán; Barta, Gábor (2001). Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526) (Volume 1 of History of Transylvania ed.). New York: Social Science Monographs, University of Michigan, Columbia University Press, East European Monographs. pp. 415–416. ISBN 0880334797.

[14] A MAGYAROK TÜRK MEGNEVEZÉSE BÍBORBANSZÜLETETT KONSTANTINOS DE ADMINISTRANDOIMPERIO CÍMÛ MUNKÁJÁBAN - Takács Zoltán Bálint, SAVARIAA VAS MEGYEI MÚZEUMOK ÉRTESÍTÕJE28 SZOMBATHELY, 2004, pp. 317–333 [1]

[FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999330-15] Róna-Tas 1999, p. 330.

[FOOTNOTERóna-Tas199954–55-16] Róna-Tas 1999, pp. 54–55.

[FOOTNOTEKristó1996183-17] Kristó 1996, p. 183.

[FOOTNOTESpinei200352-18] Spinei 2003, p. 52.

[FOOTNOTEKristó1996183–184-19] Kristó 1996, pp. 183–184.

[FOOTNOTEKristó1996186-20] Kristó 1996, p. 186.

[21] The Taktika of Leo VI (18.40), p. 453.

[FOOTNOTECurta2006178-22] Curta 2006, p. 178.

[FOOTNOTEEngel200111–12-23] Engel 2001, pp. 11–12.

[FOOTNOTEMolnár200113-24] Molnár 2001, p. 13.

[FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999344-25] Róna-Tas 1999, p. 344.

[26] The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 28), p. 98.

[FOOTNOTEKristó1996191–192-27] Kristó 1996, pp. 191–192.

[FOOTNOTESpinei200972-28] Spinei 2009, p. 72.

[FOOTNOTEKristóMakk199615-29] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 15.

[30] Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 13), p. 37.

[31] Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians, note 1 on p. 8.

[FOOTNOTEMolnár2001201-32] Molnár 2001, p. 201.

[FOOTNOTECurta2006189-33] Curta 2006, p. 189.

[FOOTNOTEKristóMakk199618-34] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 18.

[FOOTNOTEKristóMakk199619-35] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 19.

[36] Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 24), p. 59.

[FOOTNOTEMadgearu200591–92-37] Madgearu 2005, pp. 91–92.

[38] Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 46), pp. 100–101.

[Anonymus_p._115-39] Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 52), p. 115.

[FOOTNOTEKristóMakk199621-40] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 21.

[FOOTNOTEEngel200119–20-41] Engel 2001, pp. 19–20.

[FOOTNOTEKristóMakk199620-42] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 20.

[FOOTNOTEMadgearu200525-43] Madgearu 2005, p. 25.

[44] Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 40), p. 179.

[45] Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 40), p. 177.

[FOOTNOTEKristóMakk1996Appendix_1-46] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. Appendix 1.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Grand Prince of the Hungarians (c. 845–907)}}
 {{About|the Hungarian prince||Arpad (disambiguation)}}
 {{good article}}
-{{Infobox royalty|prince
+{{Infobox royalty
 | name =Árpád
 | image          =Árpád Ráckeve.JPG
@@ Line 20: / Line 21: @@
 | death_date  ={{circa}} 907 (aged 62)
 | death_place =
-| religion = [[Hungarian mythology|Hungarian Paganism]]
+| religion = [[Hungarian mythology|Hungarian paganism]]
 | place of burial=Fehéregyháza (Hungary) ''(uncertain)''
-|}}
+}}
 [[File:ArpadstatueHerosSquareBudapest.jpg|190px|thumb|right|alt=Árpád's statue at the Heroes' Square|Árpád's statue at the [[Heroes' Square (Budapest)]]]]
-'''Árpád''' ({{IPA-hu|ˈaːrpaːd}}; {{circa}} 845&nbsp;– {{circa}} 907) was the head of the confederation of the [[Hungarian tribes]] at the turn of the 9th and 10th&nbsp;centuries. He might have been either the [[sacred king|sacred ruler]] or ''[[kende]]'' of the [[Hungarians]], or their military leader or ''[[Gyula (title)|gyula]]'', although most details of his life are debated by historians, because different sources contain contradictory information. Despite this, many [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]]s refer to him as the "founder of our country", and Árpád's preeminent role in the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]] has been emphasized by some later chronicles. The [[Árpád dynasty|dynasty descending from Árpád]] ruled the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] until 1301.
+'''Árpád''' ({{IPA-hu|ˈaːrpaːd}}; {{circa}} 845&nbsp;– {{circa}} 907) was the head of the confederation of the [[Magyar tribes]] at the turn of the 9th and 10th&nbsp;centuries. He might have been either the [[sacred king|sacred ruler]] or ''[[kende]]'' of the [[Hungarians]], or their military leader or ''[[Gyula (title)|gyula]]'', although most details of his life are debated by historians, because different sources contain contradictory information. Despite this, many [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]]s refer to him as the "founder of our country", and Árpád's preeminent role in the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]] has been emphasized by some later chronicles. The [[Árpád dynasty|dynasty descending from Árpád]] ruled the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] until 1301.
 ==Biography==
@@ Line 31: / Line 32: @@
 ===Early life===
 {{Further|Álmos}}
-Árpád was the son of [[Álmos]] who is mentioned as the first head of the confederation of the [[Hungarian tribes]] by all Hungarian chronicles.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=19}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|pp=11–12, 17, Appendix 1}} His mother's name and family are unknown.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|pp=17, Appendix 1}} According to historian Gyula Kristó, Árpád was born around 845.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=17}} His name derived from the Hungarian word for [[barley]], ''árpa'', which is of Turkic origin.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=17}}
+Árpád was the son of [[Álmos]] who is mentioned as the first head of the confederation of the [[Magyar tribes]] by all Hungarian chronicles.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=19}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|pp=11–12, 17, Appendix 1}} His mother's name and family are unknown.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|pp=17, Appendix 1}} According to historian Gyula Kristó, Árpád was born around 845.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=17}} His name derived from the Hungarian word for [[barley]], ''árpa''.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=17}}
-The [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Constantine Porphyrogenitus]] (r.&nbsp;913–959) states that the Hungarians "had never at any time had any other prince" before Árpád, which is in sharp contrast to the Hungarian chronicles' report of the position of Árpád's father.<ref name="Constantine_Porphyrogenitus_173">''Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio'' (ch. 38), p. 173.</ref>{{sfn|Kristó|1996|pp=160–161}} In Porphyrogenitus's narration, the [[Khazar Khaganate|Khazar]] [[khagan]] initiated the centralization of the command of the Hungarian tribes in order to strengthen his own suzerainty over them.{{sfn|Kristó|1996|pp=160–161}}{{sfn|Spinei|2003|p=33}} The khagan initially wanted to appoint a chieftain named [[Levedi]] to lead the Hungarians.{{sfn|Spinei|2003|pp=33, 40}} However, Levedi did not accept this offer and suggested that either Álmos or Árpád should be promoted instead of him.{{sfn|Spinei|2003|p=33}} The khagan approached the Hungarians with this new proposal.{{sfn|Kristó|1996|p=160}} They preferred Árpád to his father, because he was "greatly admired for wisdom and counsel and valour, and capable of this rule".<ref name="Constantine_Porphyrogenitus_173"/>{{sfn|Spinei|2003|p=33}} Thereafter, Árpád was made "prince according to the custom&nbsp;... of the Chazars, by lifting him upon a shield."<ref name="Constantine_Porphyrogenitus_173"/>{{sfn|Kristó|1996|p=160}} Constantine Porphyrogenitus refers to Árpád as "great prince of Turkey" (referring to Hungary) ({{lang-grc-gre|ὁ μέγας Τουρκίας ἄρχων}}).<ref>''Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio'' (ch. 40), pp. 178–179.</ref>{{sfn|Kristó|1996|p=201}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=20}}
+The [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Constantine Porphyrogenitus]] (r.&nbsp;913–959) states that the Hungarians "had never at any time had any other prince" before Árpád, which is in sharp contrast to the Hungarian chronicles' report of the position of Árpád's father.<ref name="Constantine_Porphyrogenitus_173">''Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio'' (ch. 38), p. 173.</ref>{{sfn|Kristó|1996|pp=160–161}} In Porphyrogenitus's narration, the [[Khazar Khaganate|Khazar]] [[khagan]] initiated the centralization of the command of the Hungarian tribes in order to strengthen his own suzerainty over them.{{sfn|Kristó|1996|pp=160–161}}{{sfn|Spinei|2003|p=33}} The khagan initially wanted to appoint a chieftain named [[Levedi]] to lead the Hungarians.{{sfn|Spinei|2003|pp=33, 40}} However, Levedi did not accept this offer and suggested that either Álmos or Árpád should be promoted instead of him.{{sfn|Spinei|2003|p=33}} The khagan approached the Hungarians with this new proposal.{{sfn|Kristó|1996|p=160}} They preferred Árpád to his father, because he was "greatly admired for wisdom and counsel and valour, and capable of this rule".<ref name="Constantine_Porphyrogenitus_173"/>{{sfn|Spinei|2003|p=33}} Thereafter, Árpád was made "prince according to the custom&nbsp;... of the Chazars, by lifting him upon a shield."<ref name="Constantine_Porphyrogenitus_173"/>{{sfn|Kristó|1996|p=160}} Constantine Porphyrogenitus erroneously refers to the Magyars as Turks.{{sfn|Kristó|1996|p=201}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=20}}<ref name="Howorth2008">{{cite book|author=Henry Hoyle Howorth|title=History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFc4mwsHZ7IC&pg=PA3|access-date=15 June 2013|year=2008|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=978-1-60520-134-4|page=3}}</ref> This was a misnomer, as while the Magyars do have some Turkic genetic and cultural influence, and their historical social structure was of Turkic origin,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Köpeczi |first1=Béla |last2=Makkai |first2=László |last3=Mócsy |first3=András |last4=Kiralý |first4=Béla K. |last5=Kovrig |first5=Bennett |last6=Szász |first6=Zoltán |last7=Barta |first7=Gábor |title=Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526) |date=2001 |publisher=Social Science Monographs, University of Michigan, Columbia University Press, East European Monographs |location=New York |isbn=0880334797 |pages=415–416 |edition=Volume 1 of History of Transylvania}}</ref> they are not a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic people]].<ref>A MAGYAROK TÜRK MEGNEVEZÉSE BÍBORBANSZÜLETETT KONSTANTINOS DE ADMINISTRANDOIMPERIO CÍMÛ MUNKÁJÁBAN - Takács Zoltán Bálint, SAVARIAA VAS MEGYEI MÚZEUMOK ÉRTESÍTÕJE28 SZOMBATHELY, 2004, pp. 317–333 [http://nadasdymuzeum.hu/pdf/269.pdf]</ref>
-The reliability of the Byzantine emperor's report of Árpád's election is debated by modern historians: for instance, [[Victor Spinei]] states that it is "rather vague and scarcely credible", but András Róna-Tas writes that its core is reliable.{{sfn|Spinei|2003| p=33}}{{sfn|Róna-Tas|1999|p=330}} The latter historian adds that Árpád's election was promoted by Álmos who forced Levedi ''kende'' to renounce. Accordingly, in Róna-Tas's view, Árpád succeeded Levedi as sacred ruler or ''kende'', which enabled his father to preserve his own position of the actual leader of the Hungarians or ''gyula''.{{sfn|Róna-Tas|1999|p=330}}
+The reliability of the Byzantine emperor's report of Árpád's election is debated by modern historians: for instance, [[Victor Spinei]] states that it is "rather vague and scarcely credible", but András Róna-Tas writes that its core is reliable.{{sfn|Spinei|2003| p=33}}{{sfn|Róna-Tas|1999|p=330}} The latter historian adds that Árpád's election was promoted by Álmos, who forced Levedi to renounce his position as ''kende''. Accordingly, in Róna-Tas's view, Árpád succeeded Levedi as sacred ruler, or ''kende'', which enabled his father to preserve his own position as the actual leader of the Hungarians, or ''gyula''.{{sfn|Róna-Tas|1999|p=330}}
 ===Towards the Hungarian Conquest===
@@ Line 43: / Line 44: @@
 The positions held by Árpád and Kurszán at the time of their negotiations with Sclerus are debated by historians. Spinei wrote that Árpád was the ''gyula'', and Kurszán was the ''kende''.{{sfn|Spinei|2003|p=52}} In contrast, Kristó said that Kurszán was the ''gyula'' and Árpád represented his father, Álmos ''kende''.{{sfn|Kristó|1996|p=183}} {{sfn|Kristó|1996|p=186}}
-[[File:Árpád fejedelem 2 - Székelybere.jpg|190px|thumb|left|alt=Árpád's statue in Székelybere (Bereni, Romania)|Árpád's statue in [[Székelybere]] (Bereni, [[Romania]])]]
+[[File:Árpád fejedelem 2 - Székelybere.jpg|190px|thumb|left|alt=Árpád's bust in Bereni (Székelybere, Romania)|Árpád's statue in Székelybere ([[Bereni]], [[Romania]])]]
 {{Quote|''At that time, the [[Byzantine–Bulgarian wars#Simeon I's Imperial ambitions|Bulgarians had disregarded the peace treaty]] and were raiding through the [[Thracia]]n countryside. Justice pursued them for breaking their oath to Christ our God, the emperor of all, and they quickly met up with their punishment. While our forces were engaged against the Saracens, divine Providence led the'' [Hungarians]'', in place of the Romans, to campaign against the Bulgarians. Our Majesty's fleet of ships supported them and ferried them across the Danube.'' [Providence] ''sent them out against the army of the Bulgarians that had so wickedly taken up arms against Christians and, as though they were public executioners, they decisively defeated them in three engagements, so that the Christian Romans might not willingly stain themselves with the blood of the Christian Bulgarians.''|[[Leo the Wise]]: ''[[Tactica of Emperor Leo VI the Wise|Tactics]]''<ref>''The Taktika of Leo VI'' (18.40), p. 453.</ref>}}
@@ Line 71: / Line 72: @@
 Porphyrogenitus says Árpád "had four sons: first, ''Tarkatzous''; second, ''Ielech''; third, ''Ioutotzas''; fourth, ''Zaltas''".{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=20}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=21}}<ref>''Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio'' (ch. 40), p. 179.</ref> However, he also refers to one "''Liuntikas'', son of" Árpád; Kristó wrote that Liuntikas (Liüntika) was an alternative name of Tarkatzous (Tarhos).{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=21}}<ref>''Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio'' (ch. 40), p. 177.</ref> The name and family of the mother of Árpád's sons are unknown.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=Appendix 1}} The following is a family tree presenting Árpád's ancestors and his descendants to the end of the 10th century:{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=Appendix 1}}
-{{familytree/start |summary=Árpád's family}}
+{{Tree chart/start |summary=Árpád's family}}
-{{familytree |border=1| | | | | |ÜGY| |EUN| ÜGY=[[Ügyek]]|EUN=Eunedubelian}}
+{{Tree chart |border=1| | | | | |ÜGY| |EUN| ÜGY=[[Ügyek]]|EUN=Eunedubelian}}
-{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}}
+{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}}
-{{familytree |border=1| | | | | | ELÖ |y| EME| ELÖ=[[Előd]] or Ügyek|EME=[[Emese]]}}
+{{Tree chart |border=1| | | | | | ELÖ |y| EME| ELÖ=[[Előd]] or Ügyek|EME=[[Emese]]}}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | |!| }}
+{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | |!| }}
-{{familytree |border=1| | | | | | | | ÁLM | | | | ÁLM=[[Álmos, Grand Prince of the Magyars|Álmos]]}}
+{{Tree chart |border=1| | | | | | | | ÁLM | | | | ÁLM=[[Álmos, Grand Prince of the Magyars|Álmos]]}}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | |!| }}
+{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | |!| }}
-{{familytree |border=1| | | | | | | |ÁRP| | | | ÁRP='''Árpád'''|boxstyle_ÁRP = background-color:  #d0e5f5}}
+{{Tree chart |border=1| | | | | | | |ÁRP| | | | ÁRP='''Árpád'''|boxstyle_ÁRP = background-color:  #d0e5f5}}
-{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|.|}}
+{{Tree chart | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|.|}}
-{{familytree |border=1|LIÜ| |TAR| | |JEL| |JUT| |un| |ZOL| | LIÜ=[[Liüntika]]*|TAR=Tarkatzus*|JEL=[[Jelek (son of Árpád)|Jelek]]|JUT=Jutotzas|un=(unknown)|ZOL=[[Zoltán of Hungary|Zoltán]]}}
+{{Tree chart |border=1|LIÜ| |TAR| | |JEL| |JUT| |un| |ZOL| | LIÜ=[[Liüntika]]*|TAR=Tarkatzus*|JEL=[[Jelek (son of Árpád)|Jelek]]|JUT=Jutotzas|un=(unknown)|ZOL=[[Zoltán of Hungary|Zoltán]]}}
-{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|^|.| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | |!|}}
+{{Tree chart | |,|-|-|-|^|.| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | |!|}}
-{{familytree |border=1|TEV| | |ANN| |EZE| |FAL| |TAS| |TAK| TEV=Teveli|ANN=''(unknown)''|EZE=Ezelekh|FAL=[[Fajsz|Falitzi]]|ZOL=[[Zoltán of Hungary|Zoltán]]|TAS=Tas**|TAK=[[Taksony of Hungary|Taksony]]}}
+{{Tree chart |border=1|TEV| | |ANN| |EZE| |FAL| |TAS| |TAK| TEV=Teveli|ANN=''(unknown)''|EZE=Ezelekh|FAL=[[Fajsz|Falitzi]]|ZOL=[[Zoltán of Hungary|Zoltán]]|TAS=Tas**|TAK=[[Taksony of Hungary|Taksony]]}}
-{{familytree | |!| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
+{{Tree chart | |!| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
-{{familytree |border=1|TER| | |TAR| | | | | | | | | | | | | |KOH| TER=Termatzus|TAR=[[Zerind the Bald]]|KOH=[[Kings of Hungary family tree|Kings of Hungary]]***}}
+{{Tree chart |border=1|TER| | |TAR| | | | | | | | | | | | | |KOH| TER=[[Termachu]]|TAR=[[Zerind the Bald]]|KOH=[[Kings of Hungary family tree|Kings of Hungary]]***}}
-{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
+{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{familytree |border=1| | | | | |KOP| KOP=[[Koppány]]}}
+{{Tree chart |border=1| | | | | |KOP| KOP=[[Koppány]]}}
-{{familytree/end}}
+{{Tree chart/end}}
 ''*Liüntika and Tarkatzus are supposed to have been identical.''<br>''**The father of Tas was one of Árpád's four or five sons, but his name is unknown.''<br>''***All later [[Grand Prince of the Magyars|grand princes]] and [[kings of Hungary]] descended from Taksony.''
-==Honors==
+== Depictions of Árpád ==
-* Postage Stamps issued by Hungary: Flag of the House of Árpád, 11th century was issued by Hungary on 29 April 1981 in the Historic Flags series. <Ref: colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/174018-Flag_of_the_House_of_Árpád_11th_century-Historic_Flags-Hungary>
+<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200" mode="packed">
-The Ruling Prince Árpád stamp was issued by Hungary on 1 January 1943 as part of the Characters and Relics of Hungarian History series. <Ref: colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/179980-Ruling_Prince_Árpád_c_850-907-Characters_and_Relics_of_Hungarian_History-Hungary>
+File:HetVezer-ChroniconPictum.jpg|Árpád with [[Turul]] shield and princely hat in the center among the [[Seven chieftains of the Magyars|seven chieftains of the Hungarians]] ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)
-The Stained- glass Windows series of stamps issued by Hungary on 15 November 1972 includes a Prince Árpád’s Messenger by the artist Jenó Percz stamp. <Ref: colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/175549-Messenger_of_Árpád_by_Jenő_Percz-Stained-glass_Windows-Hungary>
+File:Arpad Kepes Kronika.jpg|Árpád, the First Captain ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)
-A Cinderella stamp/ Christmas seal was brought up in Hungary on the Árpád Day 1973. <Ref: A stampsandstuff.net/photos/1650284755.jpg>
+File:László Gyula - Árpád népe-page-031.jpg|Árpád tastes the water of the [[Danube]], the [[Hungarians]] are shouting the name of God three times ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)
+File:Thuróczy krónika - Árpád.jpg|Árpád, the First Captain ([[Chronica Hungarorum]], 1488)
+File:Nádasdy Mausoleum - Árpád.jpg|Árpád ([[Nádasdy Mausoleum]], 1664)
+File:Feszty Árpád Árpád vezér.jpg|Prince Árpád (painting by [[Árpád Feszty]] in 1900)
+File:Árpád on Feszty's Panorama.jpg|Árpád on Feszty's Panorama (painting by [[Árpád Feszty]] in 1892–1894)
+File:Budapest Hősök tere.png|Árpád's statue at the [[Heroes' Square (Budapest)|Heroes' Square]] ([[Budapest]])
+File:Árpád fejedelem mellszobra, Nyíradony.jpg|Árpád, Grand Prince of the Hungarians (Richárd Juha, [[Nyíradony]], 2014)
+</gallery>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 99: / Line 108: @@
 * [[Hungarian prehistory]]
 * [[History of Hungary]]
 ==Footnotes==
 {{Reflist|2}}
@@ Line 115: / Line 123: @@
 ===Secondary sources===
 {{Refbegin}}
-*{{cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |year=2006 |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89452-4|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |year=2006 |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 |url=https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89452-4}}
-*{{cite book |last=Engel |first=Pál |year=2001|title=The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526 |publisher= I.B. Tauris Publishers |isbn=1-86064-061-3|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book |last=Engel |first=Pál |year=2001|title=The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526 |publisher= I.B. Tauris Publishers |isbn=1-86064-061-3}}
-*{{cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=1996 |title=Hungarian History in the Ninth Century |publisher= Szegedi Középkorász Műhely |isbn=1-4039-6929-9 |ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=1996 |title=Hungarian History in the Ninth Century |publisher=Szegedi Középkorász Műhely |isbn=1-4039-6929-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofslovaki00kirs }}
-*{{Cite book |last1=Kristó |first1=Gyula |last2=Makk |first2=Ferenc |year=1996 |title=Az Árpád-ház uralkodói ''[Rulers of the House of Árpád]''|publisher=I.P.C. Könyvek | isbn=963-7930-97-3|ref=harv|language=hu}}
+*{{Cite book |last1=Kristó |first1=Gyula |last2=Makk |first2=Ferenc |year=1996 |title=Az Árpád-ház uralkodói ''[Rulers of the House of Árpád]''|publisher=I.P.C. Könyvek | isbn=963-7930-97-3|language=hu}}
-*{{cite book |last=Madgearu |first=Alexandru |year=2005  |title=The Romanians in the Anonymous Gesta Hungarorum: Truth and Fiction |publisher= Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies |isbn=973-7784-01-4|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book |last=Madgearu |first=Alexandru |year=2005  |title=The Romanians in the Anonymous Gesta Hungarorum: Truth and Fiction |publisher= Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies |isbn=973-7784-01-4}}
-*{{cite book |last=Molnár |first=Miklós |year=2001 |title=A Concise History of Hungary |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66736-4 |ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book |last=Molnár |first=Miklós |year=2001 |title=A Concise History of Hungary |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00moln |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66736-4 }}
-*{{cite book |last=Róna-Tas |first=András |year=1999 |title=Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History (Translated by Nicholas Bodoczky) |publisher=CEU Press |isbn=978-963-9116-48-1|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book |last=Róna-Tas |first=András |year=1999 |title=Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History (Translated by Nicholas Bodoczky) |publisher=CEU Press |isbn=978-963-9116-48-1}}
-*{{Cite book |last=Spinei |first=Victor |year=2003 |title=The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century |publisher= Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) and Museum of Brăila Istros Publishing House |isbn= 973-85894-5-2|ref=harv}}
+*{{Cite book |last=Spinei |first=Victor |year=2003 |title=The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century |publisher= Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) and Museum of Brăila Istros Publishing House |isbn= 973-85894-5-2}}
-*{{cite book |last=Spinei |first=Victor |year=2009  |title=The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century |publisher= Koninklijke Brill NV |isbn=978-90-04-17536-5|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book |last=Spinei |first=Victor |year=2009  |title=The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century |publisher= Koninklijke Brill NV |isbn=978-90-04-17536-5}}
 {{Refend}}
@@ Line 143: / Line 151: @@
   years={{circa}} 895&nbsp;– {{circa}} 907}}
 {{s-end}}
-{{Hungarian kings}}
+{{Hungarian kings}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 150: / Line 158: @@
 [[Category:Magyar tribal chieftains]]
 [[Category:House of Árpád]]
-[[Category:Kings of Hungary]]
+[[Category:Hungarian monarchs]]
 [[Category:Medieval Hungarian nobility]]
 [[Category:840s births]]
-[[Category:907 deaths]]
+[[Category:900s deaths]]
+[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
+[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
 [[Category:9th-century Hungarian people]]
 [[Category:10th-century Hungarian people]]
-[[Category:10th-century rulers in Europe]]
+[[Category:10th-century monarchs in Europe]]
-[[Category:9th-century rulers in Europe]]
+[[Category:9th-century monarchs in Europe]]
 [[Category:Hungarian prehistory]]
 [[Category:Founding monarchs]]

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