Top rope climbing: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Type of rock climbing}} |
{{short description|Type of rock climbing}} |
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[[File:Climbers RedRocks Nv.JPG | thumb|Climbers practicising the [[sport climbing|sport climb]], ''Purple Haze'' ([[Grade (climbing)#American YDS grade|5.10d]]), on a top rope, in [[Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area|Red Rocks, Nevada]]]] |
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{{Climbing sidebar}} |
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'''Top rope climbing''' (or '''top roping''') is a form of [[rock climbing]] where the climber is securely attached to a [[climbing rope]] that runs through a fixed [[anchor (climbing)|anchor]] at the top of the [[climbing route]], and back down to the [[belayer]] (or "second") at the base of the climb. A climber who falls will just hang from the rope at the point of the fall, and can then either resume their climb or have the belayer lower them down in a controlled manner to the base of the climb. Climbers on [[indoor climbing]] walls can use mechanical [[auto belay]] devices to top rope alone. |
'''Top rope climbing''' (or '''top roping''') is a form of [[rock climbing]] where the climber is securely attached to a [[climbing rope]] that runs through a fixed [[anchor (climbing)|anchor]] at the top of the [[climbing route]], and back down to the [[belayer]] (or "second") at the base of the climb. A climber who falls will just hang from the rope at the point of the fall, and can then either resume their climb or have the belayer lower them down in a controlled manner to the base of the climb. Climbers on [[indoor climbing]] walls can use mechanical [[auto belay]] devices to top rope alone. |
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By definition, top roping can only be done on routes that are less than half the length of a typical climbing rope, which means [[single-pitch climbing|single-pitch]] routes that are below {{Convert|25-30|m|ft|adj=off}} in height. Top roping is also used in [[ice climbing]], and the related sports of [[mixed climbing]] and [[dry-tooling]], and it is used in combination with auto belay devices in both [[competition speed climbing]] and [[competition ice climbing]]. |
By definition, top roping can only be done on routes that are less than half the length of a typical climbing rope, which means [[single-pitch climbing|single-pitch]] routes that are below {{Convert|25-30|m|ft|adj=off}} in height. Top roping is also used in [[ice climbing]], and the related sports of [[mixed climbing]] and [[dry-tooling]], and it is used in combination with auto belay devices in both [[competition speed climbing]] and [[competition ice climbing]]. |
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Top roping is one of the relatively safest forms of rock climbing and is used by most beginners and novices of the sport. Before the era of [[sport climbing]], top roping a route for practice (known as [[headpoint]]ing or [[hangdog]]ging) was considered poor practice; however, it is now a legitimate technique in preparing for a [[redpoint (climbing)|redpoint]] ascent. Top roping a new route is not considered a [[first free ascent]] of a climb, and because of the ability of the belayer to give [[aid climbing|aid]] to the climber, it is not strictly [[free climbing]] (although some advocate that with [[Glossary of climbing terms#slack|slack]], it is similar to free climbing). |
Top roping is one of the relatively safest forms of rock climbing and is used by most beginners and novices of the sport. Before the era of [[sport climbing]], top roping a route for practice (known as [[headpoint]]ing or [[hangdog]]ging) was considered poor practice; however, it is now a legitimate technique in preparing for a [[redpoint (climbing)|redpoint]] ascent. Top roping a new route is not considered a [[first free ascent]] of a climb, and because of the ability of the belayer to give [[aid climbing|aid]] to the climber, it is not strictly [[free climbing]] (although some advocate that with [[Glossary of climbing terms#slack|slack]], it is similar to free climbing), and is thus differentiated from 'normal' [[lead climbing]]. |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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[[File:Toprope Zeichnung.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|left|Top-roping]] |
[[File:Toprope Zeichnung.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|left|Top-roping]] |
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In top-roping, the |
In top-roping, the climber and their [[belaying|belayer]] (or "second"), arrange a fixed [[anchor (climbing)|anchor]] at the top of the climb and then hang the rope down from this anchor at the rope's approximate mid-point (i.e. so that two parts of the rope are now hanging down the route). By definition, top-roping is only possible where the climber(s) can get to the top of the route by other means so that they can set up the anchor and pass the rope through it.<ref name=GJ5/> |
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Once the top rope is set up, the climber is then tied to one end of the rope (using a [[figure-eight loop]] follow-through knot), and the belayer clips their [[belay device]] into the other side of the hanging rope.<ref name=GJ5/> As the climber ascends the route, the belayer "[[Glossary of climbing terms#take|takes in]]" the "[[Glossary of climbing terms#slack|slack]]" in the rope, so that a climber who falls can simply hang from the rope, unlike a [[lead climbing|lead climber]] who falls ''at least'' twice the distance to their last point of [[climbing protection]].<ref name=GJ5>{{cite web | website=GearJunkie | url=https://gearjunkie.com/climbing/top-rope-vs-lead-climbing-explainer | title=Climbing Explainer: Belaying for Top Roping vs. Leading | first=Sam | last=Anderson | date=1 February 2022 | accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref><ref name=SC>{{cite book|title=Sport Climbing: From Toprope to Redpoint, Techniques for Climbing Success|first=Andrew | last=Bisharat|date=6 October 2009|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MI8TCgAAQBAJ&q=climbing+deadpoint+dyno&pg=PT73 | publisher=[[Mountaineers Books]] | isbn=978-1594852701|accessdate=23 August 2023 | chapter=Chapter 1: Ethics, Style and Emergence of Sport Climbing}}</ref><ref name=HTRC10>{{cite book | title=How to Rock Climb | isbn=978-1493056262 | edition=6th | first1=John | last1=Long | first2=Bob | last2=Gaines | author-link=John Long (climber) | publisher=[[Globe Pequot Press|Falcon Guides]] | date=August 2022 | chapter=Chapter 9: Top roping | pages=235–258}}</ref> |
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In top-roping, the climbing rope needs to be ''at least'' twice the length of the [[climbing route]] (i.e. this is because the rope goes to the top of the climbing route and back to the climber who is starting at the ground level). As typical climbing ropes are {{Convert|50-60|m|ft|adj=off}} in length, it means that top-roping is only done on routes that are {{Convert|25-30|m|ft|adj=off}} in height (if not shorter, for safety), which are [[single-pitch climbing|single-pitch]] routes.<ref name=GJ5/><ref name=SC/><ref name=HTRC10/> |
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A belayer who takes in all the slack and maintains a high level of tautness in the rope is giving the climber a source of artificial aid in ascending the route. A physically strong belayer, or a belayer with a light climber (i.e. a child), can physically ''haul'' the climber up the route by pulling on the rope.<ref name=GJ5/><ref name=CL7/> Because of this aid that the belayer can give the climber, top roping is not considered [[free climbing]] (and nor is it considered [[lead climbing]]),<ref name=SC/><ref>{{cite web | magazine=[[Climbing (magazine)|Climbing]] | url=https://www.climbing.com/skills/how-to-lead-climb/ | title=A |
A belayer who takes in all the slack and maintains a high level of tautness in the rope is giving the climber a source of artificial aid in ascending the route. A physically strong belayer, or a belayer with a light climber (i.e. a child), can physically ''haul'' the climber up the route by pulling on the rope.<ref name=GJ5/><ref name=CL7/> Because of this aid that the belayer can give the climber, top roping is not considered [[free climbing]] (and nor is it considered [[lead climbing]]),<ref name=SC/><ref>{{cite web | magazine=[[Climbing (magazine)|Climbing]] | url=https://www.climbing.com/skills/how-to-lead-climb/ | title=A Beginner's Guide to Lead Climbing | first=Stephen | last=Potter | date=23 August 2022 | accessdate=18 March 2023}}</ref> and a top rope ascent cannot be used to claim a [[first free ascent]] (FFA) of a new climb.<ref name=GJ5/><ref name=SC/><ref name=CL7>{{cite web | magazine=[[Climbing (magazine)|Climbing]] | url=https://www.climbing.com/skills/how-to-toprope-belay/#_pay-wall | title=How to Top Rope Belay | first=Max | last=Ritter | date=22 April 2022 | accessdate=5 March 2023}}</ref><ref name=HTRC10/> |
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==Use by leading climbers== |
==Use by leading climbers== |
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Before the arrival of [[sport climbing]] in the mid-1980s, practicing a [[traditional climbing]] route using a top rope before attempting to free climb the route was considered poor practice.<ref name=GR1/> A first free ascent where the climber had practiced the route on a top rope (called [[headpoint]]ing or [[hangdog]]ging), was noted in guidebooks to record its lesser status.<ref name=GR1>{{cite web | magazine=Gripped Magazine | url=https://gripped.com/profiles/redpoint-pinkpoint-and-headpoint-what-do-they-mean/ | title=Redpoint, Pinkpoint, and Headpoint – What Do They Mean? | first=Aaron | last=Pardy | date=5 November 2022 | accessdate=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | magazine=UKClimbing | title=Franco Cookson's Guide to Headpointing | first=Franco | last=Cookson | date=15 January 2019 | accessdate=5 March 2023 | url=https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/skills/series/franco_cookson/franco_cooksons_guide_to_headpointing-11593}}</ref> When the sport climbing definition of an FFA — the [[redpoint (climbing)|redpoint]] — became the standard definition in |
Before the arrival of [[sport climbing]] in the mid-1980s, practicing a [[traditional climbing]] route using a top rope before attempting to free climb the route was considered poor practice.<ref name=GR1/> A first free ascent where the climber had practiced the route on a top rope (called [[headpoint]]ing or [[hangdog]]ging), was noted in guidebooks to record its lesser status.<ref name=GR1>{{cite web | magazine=Gripped Magazine | url=https://gripped.com/profiles/redpoint-pinkpoint-and-headpoint-what-do-they-mean/ | title=Redpoint, Pinkpoint, and Headpoint – What Do They Mean? | first=Aaron | last=Pardy | date=5 November 2022 | accessdate=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | magazine=UKClimbing | title=Franco Cookson's Guide to Headpointing | first=Franco | last=Cookson | date=15 January 2019 | accessdate=5 March 2023 | url=https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/skills/series/franco_cookson/franco_cooksons_guide_to_headpointing-11593}}</ref> When the sport climbing definition of an FFA — the [[redpoint (climbing)|redpoint]] — became the standard definition in sport climbing and traditional climbing, such distinctions were dropped, and leading climbers now make extensive legitimate use of hangdogging and headpointing top-roping techniques when preparing (or projecting) for redpoint FFAs.<ref>{{cite web | magazine=Gripped Magazine | url=https://gripped.com/profiles/five-reasons-top-roping-cool/ | date=19 March 2019 | accessdate=5 March 2023 | title=Five Reasons Why Top Roping is Cool}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | magazine=[[Climbing (magazine)|Climbing]] | url=https://www.climbing.com/places/history-headpointing-peak-district-gritstone/ | title=How the World's Boldest Climbing Area Got that Way: How headpointing became a legitimate, go-to tactic on Peak District gritstone | first=Mike | last=Huttom | date=3 November 2022 | accessdate=13 February 2023}}</ref> |
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In the 1998 climbing film ''[[Hard Grit]]'', leading British [[traditional climbing|traditional climber]] [[Johnny Dawes]] advocated for the use of a top rope — with enough slack in the rope to avoid any implication of aid — to qualify as a free ascent on extreme traditional climbing routes, however, his view was not adopted by the wider climbing community.<ref>{{cite web | magazine=UKClimbing | first=Nick | last=Brown | date=21 March 2016 | accessdate=18 March 2023 | url=https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/features/the_last_great_problems_on_grit-8068 | title=The Last Great Problems on Grit|quote=Johnny believes that moving forward, there has to be less emphasis on leading routes. "What's wrong with a slack top rope?"}}</ref> |
In the 1998 climbing film ''[[Hard Grit]]'', leading British [[traditional climbing|traditional climber]] [[Johnny Dawes]] advocated for the use of a top rope — with enough slack in the rope to avoid any implication of aid (i.e. in a fall, the climber would fall a few metres before the rope became taut)— to qualify as a free ascent on extreme traditional climbing routes, however, his view was not adopted by the wider climbing community.<ref>{{cite web | magazine=UKClimbing | first=Nick | last=Brown | date=21 March 2016 | accessdate=18 March 2023 | url=https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/features/the_last_great_problems_on_grit-8068 | title=The Last Great Problems on Grit|quote=Johnny believes that moving forward, there has to be less emphasis on leading routes. "What's wrong with a slack top rope?"}}</ref> |
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==Equipment== |
==Equipment== |
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==Top rope solo climbing== |
==Top rope solo climbing== |
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{{see also|Rope solo climbing}} |
{{see also|Rope solo climbing}} |
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Top rope [[solo climbing]] is where a single-length static fixed rope, anchored to the top of the route, is laid along the length of the climb (unlike normal top roping, the two sides of the rope are not needed). The climber then clips-into the fixed rope using at least one [[Glossary of climbing terms#progress capture device|progress capture device]] (PCD) such as a Petzl Micro Traxion or a Camp Lift, that will allow the rope to pay-through as the climber ascends but will grip the rope tightly in the event of a fall.<ref name=GJ>{{cite web | website=GearJunkie | url=https://gearjunkie.com/climbing/rope-solo-rock-climbing-how-to | title=Rope Solo Rock Climbing: Understanding How |
Top rope [[solo climbing]] is where a single-length static fixed rope, anchored to the top of the route, is laid along the length of the climb (unlike normal top roping, the two sides of the rope are not needed). The climber then clips-into the fixed rope using at least one [[Glossary of climbing terms#progress capture device|progress capture device]] (PCD) such as a Petzl Micro Traxion or a Camp Lift, that will allow the rope to pay-through as the climber ascends but will grip the rope tightly in the event of a fall.<ref name=GJ>{{cite web | website=GearJunkie | url=https://gearjunkie.com/climbing/rope-solo-rock-climbing-how-to | title=Rope Solo Rock Climbing: Understanding How It's Done | first=Christian | last=Black | date=3 February 2022 | accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> |
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[[Big wall climbing]] can also use top rope solo climbing for the "[[Glossary of climbing terms#second|second]]" (and other non-lead climbers), to speed up their follow-on ascent, and give the lead climber time to rest and/or look after other tasks (i.e. gear hauling).<ref>{{cite web | magazine=[[Climbing (magazine)|Climbing]] | url=https://www.climbing.com/skills/how-to-toprope-solo/ | title=Top-rope soloing: How Josh Wharton Climbs Multi-pitches Faster and With Less Energy | date=25 August 2022 | accessdate=5 March 2023 | first=Josh | last=Wharton}}</ref> |
[[Big wall climbing]] can also use top rope solo climbing for the "[[Glossary of climbing terms#second|second]]" (and other non-lead climbers), to speed up their follow-on ascent, and give the lead climber time to rest and/or look after other tasks (i.e. gear hauling).<ref>{{cite web | magazine=[[Climbing (magazine)|Climbing]] | url=https://www.climbing.com/skills/how-to-toprope-solo/ | title=Top-rope soloing: How Josh Wharton Climbs Multi-pitches Faster and With Less Energy | date=25 August 2022 | accessdate=5 March 2023 | first=Josh | last=Wharton}}</ref> |
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==Use in ice climbing== |
==Use in ice climbing== |
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[[File:The Elevator Shaft (WI3-4) Montana.jpg|thumb|Ice climber top-roping ''Elevator Shaft'' (Grade [[Grade (climbing)#WI-grade|WI3-4]]), Montana]] |
[[File:The Elevator Shaft (WI3-4) Montana.jpg|thumb|Ice climber top-roping ''Elevator Shaft'' (Grade [[Grade (climbing)#WI-grade|WI3-4]]), Montana]] |
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[[Ice climbing]], and the related sports of [[mixed climbing]] and [[dry tooling]], also use top-roping techniques to provide greater safety to climbers as an |
[[Ice climbing]], and the related sports of [[mixed climbing]] and [[dry tooling]], also use top-roping techniques to provide greater safety to climbers as an alternative to lead climbing the routes. Lead climbing on ice is considered even more challenging than on rock, as the placement of secure [[ice screw]]s is a complex task that requires judgment on ice quality and stability. The technique of top roping in ice climbing is identical to that of rock climbing but sometimes the creation of a secure anchor point at the top of the route can be more complex if it involves securing into the ice (e.g. it may require the creation of an [[Abalakov thread]] anchor point).<ref>{{cite book | title=Ice & Mixed Climbing: Modern Technique | date=2003 | publisher=Mountaineers Books | edition=1st | isbn=978-0898867695 | first=Will | last=Gadd | author-link=Will Gadd| chapter=Chapter4. Leading and belaying | pages=92–117}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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===Further reading=== |
===Further reading=== |
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*{{cite book | title=How to Rock Climb | isbn=978-1493056262 | edition=6th | first1=John | last1=Long | first2=Bob | last2=Gaines | author-link=John Long (climber) | publisher=[[Globe Pequot Press|Falcon Guides]] | date=August 2022 | chapter=Chapter 9: Top roping | pages= |
*{{cite book | title=How to Rock Climb | isbn=978-1493056262 | edition=6th | first1=John | last1=Long | first2=Bob | last2=Gaines | author-link=John Long (climber) | publisher=[[Globe Pequot Press|Falcon Guides]] | date=August 2022 | chapter=Chapter 9: Top roping | pages=235–258}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Climbing navbox}} |
{{Climbing navbox}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Top Roping}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Top Roping}} |
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[[Category:Types of climbing]] |
[[Category:Types of climbing]] |
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Latest revision as of 12:00, 24 September 2024
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Top rope climbing (or top roping) is a form of rock climbing where the climber is securely attached to a climbing rope that runs through a fixed anchor at the top of the climbing route, and back down to the belayer (or "second") at the base of the climb. A climber who falls will just hang from the rope at the point of the fall, and can then either resume their climb or have the belayer lower them down in a controlled manner to the base of the climb. Climbers on indoor climbing walls can use mechanical auto belay devices to top rope alone.
By definition, top roping can only be done on routes that are less than half the length of a typical climbing rope, which means single-pitch routes that are below 25–30 metres (82–98 ft) in height. Top roping is also used in ice climbing, and the related sports of mixed climbing and dry-tooling, and it is used in combination with auto belay devices in both competition speed climbing and competition ice climbing.
Top roping is one of the relatively safest forms of rock climbing and is used by most beginners and novices of the sport. Before the era of sport climbing, top roping a route for practice (known as headpointing or hangdogging) was considered poor practice; however, it is now a legitimate technique in preparing for a redpoint ascent. Top roping a new route is not considered a first free ascent of a climb, and because of the ability of the belayer to give aid to the climber, it is not strictly free climbing (although some advocate that with slack, it is similar to free climbing), and is thus differentiated from 'normal' lead climbing.
Description
[edit]
In top-roping, the climber and their belayer (or "second"), arrange a fixed anchor at the top of the climb and then hang the rope down from this anchor at the rope's approximate mid-point (i.e. so that two parts of the rope are now hanging down the route). By definition, top-roping is only possible where the climber(s) can get to the top of the route by other means so that they can set up the anchor and pass the rope through it.[1]
Once the top rope is set up, the climber is then tied to one end of the rope (using a figure-eight loop follow-through knot), and the belayer clips their belay device into the other side of the hanging rope.[1] As the climber ascends the route, the belayer "takes in" the "slack" in the rope, so that a climber who falls can simply hang from the rope, unlike a lead climber who falls at least twice the distance to their last point of climbing protection.[1][2][3]
In top-roping, the climbing rope needs to be at least twice the length of the climbing route (i.e. this is because the rope goes to the top of the climbing route and back to the climber who is starting at the ground level). As typical climbing ropes are 50–60 metres (160–200 ft) in length, it means that top-roping is only done on routes that are 25–30 metres (82–98 ft) in height (if not shorter, for safety), which are single-pitch routes.[1][2][3]
A belayer who takes in all the slack and maintains a high level of tautness in the rope is giving the climber a source of artificial aid in ascending the route. A physically strong belayer, or a belayer with a light climber (i.e. a child), can physically haul the climber up the route by pulling on the rope.[1][4] Because of this aid that the belayer can give the climber, top roping is not considered free climbing (and nor is it considered lead climbing),[2][5] and a top rope ascent cannot be used to claim a first free ascent (FFA) of a new climb.[1][2][4][3]
Use by leading climbers
[edit]Before the arrival of sport climbing in the mid-1980s, practicing a traditional climbing route using a top rope before attempting to free climb the route was considered poor practice.[6] A first free ascent where the climber had practiced the route on a top rope (called headpointing or hangdogging), was noted in guidebooks to record its lesser status.[6][7] When the sport climbing definition of an FFA — the redpoint — became the standard definition in sport climbing and traditional climbing, such distinctions were dropped, and leading climbers now make extensive legitimate use of hangdogging and headpointing top-roping techniques when preparing (or projecting) for redpoint FFAs.[8][9]
In the 1998 climbing film Hard Grit, leading British traditional climber Johnny Dawes advocated for the use of a top rope — with enough slack in the rope to avoid any implication of aid (i.e. in a fall, the climber would fall a few metres before the rope became taut)— to qualify as a free ascent on extreme traditional climbing routes, however, his view was not adopted by the wider climbing community.[10]
Equipment
[edit]
In common with lead climbing, top roping requires the standard equipment of a harness attached to one end of a dynamic kernmantle rope (usually via a figure-eight knot). The second, who is belaying, will use a standard mechanical belay device that is clipped into the rope (i.e. same as that used in all lead climbing), and which pays out the rope as needed but can grip the rope tightly to catch the climber in the event of a fall.[1][4]
Anchors
[edit]Top roping requires a fixed anchor at the top of the climb, from which two sides of the rope can be hung back down to the base. Because top roping is either done by novice climbers, or by experienced climbers practicing to attempt a route at the limit of their capabilities, there is a high probability that the anchor will experience a load, and it, therefore, needs to be strong.[11] Some climbing areas place fixed artificial anchors (i.e. iron rings or cement blocks) at the top of routes to assist top rope climbers in creating a strong fixed anchor.[1]
Auto belays
[edit]Some indoor climbing walls offer auto belay devices that enable a solo climber to top rope without a belay partner. The auto belay is fixed to the top of the route and the climber clips into a wire that pays out from the device, which enables the device to belay the climber as if they were on a top rope. Top roping with auto belay devices is the format used in competition speed climbing and in the speed elements of competition ice climbing.[12]
Top rope solo climbing
[edit]Top rope solo climbing is where a single-length static fixed rope, anchored to the top of the route, is laid along the length of the climb (unlike normal top roping, the two sides of the rope are not needed). The climber then clips-into the fixed rope using at least one progress capture device (PCD) such as a Petzl Micro Traxion or a Camp Lift, that will allow the rope to pay-through as the climber ascends but will grip the rope tightly in the event of a fall.[13]
Big wall climbing can also use top rope solo climbing for the "second" (and other non-lead climbers), to speed up their follow-on ascent, and give the lead climber time to rest and/or look after other tasks (i.e. gear hauling).[14]
Use in ice climbing
[edit]_Montana.jpg)
Ice climbing, and the related sports of mixed climbing and dry tooling, also use top-roping techniques to provide greater safety to climbers as an alternative to lead climbing the routes. Lead climbing on ice is considered even more challenging than on rock, as the placement of secure ice screws is a complex task that requires judgment on ice quality and stability. The technique of top roping in ice climbing is identical to that of rock climbing but sometimes the creation of a secure anchor point at the top of the route can be more complex if it involves securing into the ice (e.g. it may require the creation of an Abalakov thread anchor point).[15]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h Anderson, Sam (1 February 2022). "Climbing Explainer: Belaying for Top Roping vs. Leading". GearJunkie. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d Bisharat, Andrew (6 October 2009). "Chapter 1: Ethics, Style and Emergence of Sport Climbing". Sport Climbing: From Toprope to Redpoint, Techniques for Climbing Success. Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-1594852701. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ a b c Long, John; Gaines, Bob (August 2022). "Chapter 9: Top roping". How to Rock Climb (6th ed.). Falcon Guides. pp. 235–258. ISBN 978-1493056262.
- ^ a b c Ritter, Max (22 April 2022). "How to Top Rope Belay". Climbing. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ^ Potter, Stephen (23 August 2022). "A Beginner's Guide to Lead Climbing". Climbing. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ a b Pardy, Aaron (5 November 2022). "Redpoint, Pinkpoint, and Headpoint – What Do They Mean?". Gripped Magazine. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
- ^ Cookson, Franco (15 January 2019). "Franco Cookson's Guide to Headpointing". UKClimbing. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ^ "Five Reasons Why Top Roping is Cool". Gripped Magazine. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ^ Huttom, Mike (3 November 2022). "How the World's Boldest Climbing Area Got that Way: How headpointing became a legitimate, go-to tactic on Peak District gritstone". Climbing. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ^ Brown, Nick (21 March 2016). "The Last Great Problems on Grit". UKClimbing. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
Johnny believes that moving forward, there has to be less emphasis on leading routes. "What's wrong with a slack top rope?"
- ^ "Climb Safe: Top Roping is Not So Safe". Rock & Ice. 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ^ Miller, Delaney (21 September 2023). "Gym and Auto Belay Manufacturer to Pay $6M in Settlement for Auto Belay Accident". Climbing. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- ^ Black, Christian (3 February 2022). "Rope Solo Rock Climbing: Understanding How It's Done". GearJunkie. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
- ^ Wharton, Josh (25 August 2022). "Top-rope soloing: How Josh Wharton Climbs Multi-pitches Faster and With Less Energy". Climbing. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ^ Gadd, Will (2003). "Chapter4. Leading and belaying". Ice & Mixed Climbing: Modern Technique (1st ed.). Mountaineers Books. pp. 92–117. ISBN 978-0898867695.
Further reading
[edit]- Long, John; Gaines, Bob (August 2022). "Chapter 9: Top roping". How to Rock Climb (6th ed.). Falcon Guides. pp. 235–258. ISBN 978-1493056262.
