Jump to content

Krembil Research Institute: Difference between revisions

Edit links
Coordinates: 43°39′12″N 79°24′20″W / 43.65338°N 79.40563°W / 43.65338; -79.40563
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→External links: {{Toronto hospitals}}
No edit summary
 
(35 intermediate revisions by 25 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Academic medical research institute in Toronto}}
[[File:Toronto Western Hospital (Krembil Neuroscience Centre).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Toronto Western Hospital's Krembil Neuroscience Centre.]]
[[File:Toronto Western Hospital (Krembil Neuroscience Centre).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Toronto Western Hospital's Krembil Neuroscience Centre]]
The '''Krembil Research Institute''' (Krembil), formerly known as the Toronto Western Research Institute, is a non-profit academic medical research institute located in Canada's largest city, Toronto. The Krembil is one the principal research institutes of the [[University Health Network]] of academic teaching hospitals associated with the [[University of Toronto]]; the Krembil is also one of the largest research institutes in Canada focusing on human neurological disease from both a basic science and clinical research perspective. Research within the Krembil is directed at the development of treatments for neurodegenerative diseases ([[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]]), [[epilepsy]], [[stroke]], [[brain tumours]], [[concussions]], [[spinal cord injuries]], neurophthalmologic and other ocular disorders, [[multiple sclerosis]] and [[autoimmune disorders]].
The '''Krembil Research Institute''', formerly known as the Toronto Western Research Institute, is an academic medical research institute in Toronto. It is one of the largest research institutes in Canada focusing on human [[Neurological disorder|neurological disease]].


Krembil is one of the principal research institutes of the [[University Health Network]] and is the research institute of the [[Toronto Western Hospital]].
The University Health Network (UHN) is Canada's largest academic medical centre, comprising four major teaching hospitals ([[Toronto Western Hospital]], [[Toronto General Hospital]], [[Princess Margaret Cancer Centre]], [[Toronto Rehabilitation Institute]]) and a strategic alliance with the [[Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto|Toronto Mount Sinai Hospital]]. The Krembil is the research institute of the Toronto Western Hospital and fulfills the mandate for [[neuroscience]] (including ophthalmology) and musculoskeletal health research within the UHN academic medical centre. In total, UHN devotes C$160 million a year to research and trains more than 3,200 undergraduate, graduate and medical students at its member hospitals and institutes in association with the University of Toronto. The University of Toronto is Canada's largest university and one of the biggest in North America, consistently ranking in the top 25 universities internationally in the [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]], the [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] and the [[QS World University Rankings]].

Krembil researches treatments for [[Alzheimer's disease]], Parkinson's disease, [[epilepsy]], stroke, [[brain tumours]], concussions, [[spinal cord injuries]], neuro-ophthalmologic and other ocular disorders, multiple sclerosis and [[autoimmune disorders]].


==History==
==History==
In 1895, twelve physicians in the west end of Toronto united to create the Toronto Western Hospital (TWH, or the "Western") in order to serve an overlooked culturally-diverse neighbourhood in Toronto. The Toronto Western Hospital first opened as a medication dispensary, followed by a 30-bed general hospital temporarily functioning out of two rented houses. By 1899 sufficient money was raised to purchase a nearby farmhouse and to build the Western on its present site. During construction, patients were treated year-round under large tents until the hospital officially opened in 1905. Throughout the 20th century, the Toronto Western Hospital functioned as a general hospital serving clients from culturally- and economically-diverse backgrounds. In the early 1980s, the Western took on additional neurological and neurosurgical care responsibilities for the UHN group of hospitals. Concomitant with this new clinical care focus, strength in applied neuroscience research began to emerge. In 1980, the Playfair Neuroscience Institute was created at the TWH to capitalize on this evolving neuroscience focus. In 1999, the Playfair Neuroscience Institute was renamed the Toronto Western Research Institute as it joined the Toronto General Research Institute and the Princess Margaret Research Institute as the three main hospital-based institutes within UHN. After this change, the Krembil also took on additional areas of research interest including ophthalmology, rheumatology and orthopaedics. By 2004, under the founding leadership of neurosurgeon C. Wallace, the Krembil had emerged as one of the largest research institutes in Canada with a neuroscience emphasis.<ref name="rutka">{{cite journal |last2=Wallace |first2=C |last1=Rutka |first1=J. T. |year=2010 |title=Excellence in neurosurgery program building: Enhancing the academic mission |journal=Clinical neurosurgery |volume=57 |pages=100–11 |pmid=21280502}}</ref>
In the early 1980s, Toronto Western took on additional neurological and [[Neurosurgery|neurosurgical]] care responsibilities for the UHN group. In 1980, the Playfair Neuroscience Institute was created. In 1999, it was renamed the Toronto Western Research Institute. The Institute added research areas in [[ophthalmology]], rheumatology and [[Orthopedic surgery|orthopaedics]]. By 2004, under the founding leadership of neurosurgeon C. Wallace, the Krembil had emerged as one of the largest research institutes in Canada with a neuroscience emphasis.<ref name="rutka">{{cite journal |last2=Wallace |first2=C |last1=Rutka |first1=J. T. |year=2010 |title=Excellence in neurosurgery program building: Enhancing the academic mission |journal=Clinical Neurosurgery |volume=57 |pages=100–11 |pmid=21280502}}</ref>


On November 13, 2015, the Krembil took on its current name. Prior to November 13, 2015, the Krembil was known as the Toronto Western Research Institute. The new name honours a family who knows the importance of giving. The Krembils are among Canada's leading investors in neuroscience research. Their impact at Toronto Western alone is $80 million, including the nine-storey, state-of-the-art Krembil Discovery Tower, which opened in 2013.
On November 13, 2015, the Krembil took on its current name from the Krembil family. In 2013, the Krembil Discovery Tower opened at Toronto Western.


==Research Activities==
==Research Activities==
Krembil scientists are at work on a diverse array of human healthcare questions within multiple research programs. At the Krembil, neuroscientists explore the function of the nervous system as they develop treatments for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, spinal cord injuries, cerebral ischemia (stroke), vascular brain malformations, aneurysms, brain tumours and pain disorders. The Krembil is also home to the Vision Science Research Program, a joint UHN/University of Toronto Program. This research is directed into the following areas: molecular genetics of blinding eye diseases with brain disorders; treatment and biophysics of glaucoma; eye movement control mechanisms; neuronal damage; retinal degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Arthritis and associated rheumatological degenerative diseases are the focus of the researchers in the musculoskeletal research program at the Krembil as part of the UHN Arthritis and Autoimmunity Research Centre. Their investigations are aimed at revealing the causes of, and generating therapies for, these autoimmune and orthopaedic ailments.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}
Krembil neuroscientists explore the function of the [[nervous system]] as they develop treatments for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, [[Spinal cord injury|spinal cord injuries]], cerebral ischemia (stroke), vascular brain malformations, [[aneurysm]]s, brain tumours and [[pain disorder]]s.


The Krembil is also home to the Vision Science Research Program, a joint UHN/University of Toronto Program. This research is directed into the following areas: [[molecular genetics]] of blinding eye diseases with brain disorders; treatment and biophysics of [[glaucoma]]; eye movement control mechanisms; [[neuronal damage]]; retinal degeneration and [[diabetic retinopathy]].
==Historical Research Achievements of the Krembil and UHN Neuroscience==
⚫
{{Primary sources|section|date=September 2014}}
⚫
*First in world to describe Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP; Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome) as a unique form of dementia and neurodegenerative disease involving the gradual deterioration and death of specific volumes of the brain (J. Steele, J. Richardson & J. Olszewski, 1963)<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Steele |first2=J |last3=Olszewski |first3=J |last1=Richardson |first1=J. C. |year=1963 |title=Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia, Pseudobulbar Palsy, Nuchal Dystonia and Dementia. A Clinical Report on Eight Cases of 'heterogenous System Degeneration' |journal=Transactions of the American Neurological Association |volume=88 |pages=25–9 |pmid=14272249}}</ref>
⚫
*First in the world to show the reversibility of brain shrinkage and dysfunction from alcoholism with abstinence. (P. Carlen, 1978)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carlen |first1=P. |last2=Wortzman |first2=G |last3=Holgate |first3=R. |last4=Wilkinson |first4=D. |last5=Rankin |first5=J. |year=1978 |title=Reversible cerebral atrophy in recently abstinent chronic alcoholics measured by computed tomography scans |journal=Science |volume=200 |issue=4345 |pages=1076–8 |bibcode=1978Sci...200.1076C |pmid=653357 |doi=10.1126/science.653357}}</ref>
⚫
*Showed genetic predisposition to developing Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy. (A. Mailis, 1994)<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Wade |first2=J |year=1994 |last1=Mailis |first1=A |title=Profile of Caucasian women with possible genetic predisposition to reflex sympathetic dystrophy: A pilot study |journal=The Clinical Journal of Pain |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=210–7 |pmid=7833579 |doi=10.1097/00002508-199409000-00007}}</ref>
⚫
*Performed the first deep brain stimulation in Canada to effectively control Parkinson's symptoms. (A. Lozano, 1994),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ponce |first1=F. A. |last2=Lozano |first2=A. M. |year=2011 |title=The surgical management of Parkinson's disease |journal=CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=685–92 |pmid=21838672 |doi=10.2174/187152711797247795}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Castrioto |first1=Anna |last2=Lozano |first2=A. M. |last3=Poon |first3=Y. Y. |last4=Lang |first4=A. E. |last5=Fallis |first5=M |last6=Moro |first6=E |year=2011 |title=Ten-Year Outcome of Subthalamic Stimulation in Parkinson Diseas e|journal=Archives of Neurology |volume=68 |issue=12 |pages=1550–6 |pmid=21825213 |doi=10.1001/archneurol.2011.182}}</ref>
⚫
*Awake craniotomy with same day discharge for brain tumor removal using image guided approach. (M. Bernstein, 1996)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernstein |first1=Mark |year=1996 |title=Brain tumour surgery in the elderly: A brief reappraisal |journal=Canadian Journal of Surgery |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=147–50 |pmid=8769926 |pmc=3949854}}</ref>
⚫
*Identified genes responsible for hereditary blindness, Alzheimer's, Lou Gehrig's and Huntington's disease. (P. St. George Hyslop, 1990's),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=St George-Hyslop |first1=P. H. |year=2006 |title=Genetic Factors in the Genesis of Alzheimer's Disease |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=924 |pages=1–7 |bibcode=2000NYASA.924....1S |pmid=11193785 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05552.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sherrington |first1=R |last2=Rogaev |first2=E. I. |last3=Liang |first3=Y |last4=Rogaeva |first4=E. A. |last5=Levesque |first5=G |last6=Ikeda |first6=M |last7=Chi |first7=H |last8=Lin |first8=C |last9=Li |first9=G |last10=Holman |first10=K |last11=Tsuda |first11=T |last12=Mar |first12=L |last13=Foncin |first13=J. F. |last14=Bruni |first14=A. C. |last15=Montesi |first15=M. P. |last16=Sorbi |first16=S |last17=Rainero |first17=I |last18=Pinessi |first18=L |last19=Nee |first19=L |last20=Chumakov |first20=I |last21=Pollen |first21=D |last22=Brookes |first22=A |last23=Sanseau |first23=P |last24=Polinsky |first24=R. J. |last25=Wasco |first25=W |last26=Da Silva |first26=H. A. |last27=Haines |first27=J. L. |last28=Perkicak-Vance |first28=M. A. |last29=Tanzi |first29=R. E. |last30=Roses |first30=A. D. |display-authors=29 |year=1995 |title=Cloning of a gene bearing missense mutations in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease |journal=Nature |volume=375 |issue=6534 |pages=754–60 |bibcode=1995Natur.375..754S |pmid=7596406 |doi=10.1038/375754a0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=St George-Hyslop |first1=P |last2=McLachlan |first2=D. C. |last3=Tsuda |first3=T |last4=Rogaev |first4=E |last5=Karlinsky |first5=H |last6=Lippa |first6=C. F. |last7=Pollen |first7=D |year=1994 |title=Alzheimer's disease and possible gene interaction |journal=Science |volume=263 |issue=5146 |pages=537 |pmid=8290965 |doi=10.1126/science.8290965}}</ref>
⚫
*First in Canada to use Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Therapy (IGMIT) during surgery allowing for real-time magnetic resonance imaging to guide surgeons to the location of a brain tumor. (M. Bernstein, 1998)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernstein |first1=Mark |last2=Al-Anazi |first2=Abdul Rahman |last3=Kucharczyk |first3=Walter |last4=Manninen |first4=Pirjo |last5=Bronskill |first5=Michael |last6=Henkelman |first6=Mark |year=2000 |title=Brain tumor surgery with the Toronto open magnetic resonance imaging system: Preliminary results for 36 patients and analysis of advantages, disadvantages, and future prospects |journal=Neurosurgery |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=900–7; discussion 907–9 |pmid=10764263 |doi=10.1097/00006123-200004000-00023}}</ref>
⚫
*Identified the individual brain cells that control pain. (K. Davis and A. Lozano, 1998)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=K. D. |last2=Lozano |first2=A. M. |last3=Tasker |first3=R. R. |last4=Dostrovsky |first4=J. O. |year=1998 |title=Brain targets for pain control |journal=Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=173–9 |pmid=10461103 |doi=10.1159/000029661}}</ref>
⚫
*Identified of protein that triggers autoimmune response in Sjögren's syndrome, as well as a vaccine to treat the condition. (A. Bookman, 2002)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winer |first1=Shawn |last2=Astsaturov |first2=Igor |last3=Cheung |first3=Roy |last4=Tsui |first4=Hubert |last5=Song |first5=Aihua |last6=Gaedigk |first6=Roger |last7=Winer |first7=Daniel |last8=Sampson |first8=Anastasia |last9=McKerlie |first9=Colin |last10=Bookman |first10=Arthur |last11=Dosch |first11=H-Michael |year=2002 |title=Primary Sjögren's syndrome and deficiency of ICA69 |journal=The Lancet |volume=360 |issue=9339 |pages=1063–9 |pmid=12383988 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11144-5}}</ref>
⚫
*Developed method for detecting gene mutations that enhance care for families with retinoblastoma. (B. Gallie, 2003)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Richter |first1=Suzanne |last2=Vandezande |first2=Kirk |last3=Chen |first3=Ning |last4=Zhang |first4=Katherine |last5=Sutherland |first5=Joanne |last6=Anderson |first6=Julie |last7=Han |first7=Liping |last8=Panton |first8=Rachel |last9=Branco |first9=Patricia |last10=Gallie |first10=Brenda |year=2003 |title=Sensitive and Efficient Detection of RB1 Gene Mutations Enhances Care for Families with Retinoblastoma |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=253–69 |pmid=12541220 |pmc=379221 |doi=10.1086/345651}}</ref>
⚫
*Performed the world's first deep brain stimulation for treatment resistant depression. (A. Lozano & S. Kennedy, 2003)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=Sidney H. |last2=Giacobbe |first2=P |last3=Rizvi |first3=S. J. |last4=Placenza |first4=F. M. |last5=Nishikawa |first5=Y |last6=Mayberg |first6=H. S. |last7=Lozano |first7=A. M. |year=2011 |title=Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Follow-Up After 3 to 6 Years |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=168 |issue=5 |pages=502–10 |pmid=21285143 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10081187}}</ref>
⚫
*Neural adult stem cell transplantation findings show promising results in repairing spinal cord damage and restoring mobility in rats. (M. Fehlings & S. Karimi, 2006)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karimi-Abdolrezaee |first1=S. |last2=Eftekharpour |first2=E |last3=Wang |first3=J |last4=Morshead |first4=C. M. |last5=Fehlings |first5=M. G. |date=29 March 2006 |title=Delayed Transplantation of Adult Neural Precursor Cells Promotes Remyelination and Functional Neurological Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury |journal=Journal of Neuroscience |volume=26 |issue=13 |pages=3377–89 |pmid=16571744 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4184-05.2006}}</ref>
⚫
*Performed the world's first deep brain stimulation for treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (A. Lozano, 2012),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Laxton |first1=A. W. |last2=Sankar |first2=T |last3=Lozano |first3=A. M. |last4=Hamani |first4=C |year=2012 |title=Deep brain stimulation effects on memory |journal=Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=341–4 |pmid=23111294}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Gwenn S. |last2=Laxton |first2=Adrian W. |last3=Tang-Wai |first3=David F. |last4=McAndrews |first4=Mary Pat |last5=Diaconescu |first5=Andreea Oliviana |last6=Workman |first6=Clifford I. |last7=Lozano |first7=Andres M. |year=2012 |title=Increased Cerebral Metabolism After 1 Year of Deep Brain Stimulation in Alzheimer Disease|journal=Archives of Neurology |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=1141–8 |pmid=22566505 |doi=10.1001/archneurol.2012.590}}</ref>
⚫
*Development of new experimental drug for the neuroprotectant treatment of stroke (M. Tymianski, 2012)<ref name="Kingwell">{{cite journal |last1=Kingwell |first1=Katie |year=2012 |title=Stroke: Neuroprotection for patients with stroke moves one step closer to the clinic |journal=Nature Reviews Neurology |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=178 |pmid=22430113 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2012.44}}</ref>


[[Arthritis]] and associated [[Rheumatism|rheumatological]] degenerative diseases are the focus of the researchers in the musculoskeletal research program at the Krembil as part of the UHN Arthritis and Autoimmunity Research Centre. Their investigations are aimed at revealing the causes of, and generating therapies for, these [[Autoimmunity|autoimmune]] and orthopaedic ailments.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}
⚫
==The Krembil Directors==
⚫
1980-1988 – William Tatton


In September 2021, Krembil took ownership of the [[World Community Grid]] from [[IBM]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Community Grid finds a new home at Krembil Research Institute|url=https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/about_us/viewNewsArticle.do?articleId=732|access-date=2021-09-13|website=www.worldcommunitygrid.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913180104/https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/about_us/viewNewsArticle.do?articleId=732 |archive-date=2021-09-13 |url-status=live}}</ref>
⚫
1988-1990 – Charles Tator (interim)


==Krembil and UHN Neuroscience achievements==
⚫
1990-1999 – Peter Carlen
⚫
{{Primary sources|section|date=September 2014}}
⚫
*First in world to describe [[Progressive supranuclear palsy|Progressive Supranuclear Palsy]] (PSP; Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome) as a unique form of dementia and neurodegenerative disease involving the gradual deterioration and death of specific volumes of the brain (J. Steele, J. Richardson & J. Olszewski, 1963)<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Steele |first2=J |last3=Olszewski |first3=J |last1=Richardson |first1=J. C. |year=1963 |title=Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia, Pseudobulbar Palsy, Nuchal Dystonia and Dementia. A Clinical Report on Eight Cases of 'heterogenous System Degeneration' |journal=Transactions of the American Neurological Association |volume=88 |pages=25–9 |pmid=14272249}}</ref>
⚫
*First in world to show the reversibility of [[brain shrinkage]] and dysfunction from [[alcoholism]] with abstinence. (P. Carlen, 1978)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carlen |first1=P. |last2=Wortzman |first2=G |last3=Holgate |first3=R. |last4=Wilkinson |first4=D. |last5=Rankin |first5=J. |year=1978 |title=Reversible cerebral atrophy in recently abstinent chronic alcoholics measured by computed tomography scans |journal=Science |volume=200 |issue=4345 |pages=1076–8 |bibcode=1978Sci...200.1076C |pmid=653357 |doi=10.1126/science.653357}}</ref>
⚫
*Showed genetic predisposition to developing Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy. (A. Mailis, 1994)<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Wade |first2=J |year=1994 |last1=Mailis |first1=A |title=Profile of Caucasian women with possible genetic predisposition to reflex sympathetic dystrophy: A pilot study |journal=The Clinical Journal of Pain |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=210–7 |pmid=7833579 |doi=10.1097/00002508-199409000-00007|s2cid=22469520 }}</ref>
⚫
*Performed the first [[deep brain stimulation]] in Canada to effectively control [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]] symptoms. (A. Lozano, 1994),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ponce |first1=F. A. |last2=Lozano |first2=A. M. |year=2011 |title=The surgical management of Parkinson's disease |journal=CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=685–92 |pmid=21838672 |doi=10.2174/187152711797247795}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Castrioto |first1=Anna |last2=Lozano |first2=A. M. |last3=Poon |first3=Y. Y. |last4=Lang |first4=A. E. |last5=Fallis |first5=M |last6=Moro |first6=E |year=2011 |title=Ten-Year Outcome of Subthalamic Stimulation in Parkinson Disease|journal=Archives of Neurology |volume=68 |issue=12 |pages=1550–6 |pmid=21825213 |doi=10.1001/archneurol.2011.182|doi-access=free }}</ref>
⚫
*[[Awake craniotomy]] with same day discharge for brain tumor removal using image guided approach. (M. Bernstein, 1996)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernstein |first1=Mark |year=1996 |title=Brain tumour surgery in the elderly: A brief reappraisal |journal=Canadian Journal of Surgery |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=147–50 |pmid=8769926 |pmc=3949854}}</ref>
⚫
*Identified genes responsible for hereditary blindness, [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's]], [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|ALS]] and [[Huntington's disease]]. (P. St. George Hyslop, 1990s),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=St George-Hyslop |first1=P. H. |year=2006 |title=Genetic Factors in the Genesis of Alzheimer's Disease |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=924 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |bibcode=2000NYASA.924....1S |pmid=11193785 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05552.x|s2cid=13054535 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sherrington |first1=R |last2=Rogaev |first2=E. I. |last3=Liang |first3=Y |last4=Rogaeva |first4=E. A. |last5=Levesque |first5=G |last6=Ikeda |first6=M |last7=Chi |first7=H |last8=Lin |first8=C |last9=Li |first9=G |last10=Holman |first10=K |last11=Tsuda |first11=T |last12=Mar |first12=L |last13=Foncin |first13=J. F. |last14=Bruni |first14=A. C. |last15=Montesi |first15=M. P. |last16=Sorbi |first16=S |last17=Rainero |first17=I |last18=Pinessi |first18=L |last19=Nee |first19=L |last20=Chumakov |first20=I |last21=Pollen |first21=D |last22=Brookes |first22=A |last23=Sanseau |first23=P |last24=Polinsky |first24=R. J. |last25=Wasco |first25=W |last26=Da Silva |first26=H. A. |last27=Haines |first27=J. L. |last28=Perkicak-Vance |first28=M. A. |last29=Tanzi |first29=R. E. |last30=Roses |first30=A. D. |display-authors=29 |year=1995 |title=Cloning of a gene bearing missense mutations in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease |journal=Nature |volume=375 |issue=6534 |pages=754–60 |bibcode=1995Natur.375..754S |pmid=7596406 |doi=10.1038/375754a0|s2cid=4308372 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=St George-Hyslop |first1=P |last2=McLachlan |first2=D. C. |last3=Tsuda |first3=T |last4=Rogaev |first4=E |last5=Karlinsky |first5=H |last6=Lippa |first6=C. F. |last7=Pollen |first7=D |year=1994 |title=Alzheimer's disease and possible gene interaction |journal=Science |volume=263 |issue=5146 |pages=537 |pmid=8290965 |doi=10.1126/science.8290965|bibcode=1994Sci...263..537S |doi-access=free }}</ref>
⚫
*First in Canada to use Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Therapy (IGMIT) during surgery allowing for real-time [[magnetic resonance imaging]] to guide surgeons to the location of a brain tumor. (M. Bernstein, 1998)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernstein |first1=Mark |last2=Al-Anazi |first2=Abdul Rahman |last3=Kucharczyk |first3=Walter |last4=Manninen |first4=Pirjo |last5=Bronskill |first5=Michael |last6=Henkelman |first6=Mark |year=2000 |title=Brain tumor surgery with the Toronto open magnetic resonance imaging system: Preliminary results for 36 patients and analysis of advantages, disadvantages, and future prospects |journal=Neurosurgery |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=900–7; discussion 907–9 |pmid=10764263 |doi=10.1097/00006123-200004000-00023}}</ref>
⚫
*Identified the individual brain cells that control pain. (K. Davis and A. Lozano, 1998)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=K. D. |last2=Lozano |first2=A. M. |last3=Tasker |first3=R. R. |last4=Dostrovsky |first4=J. O. |year=1998 |title=Brain targets for pain control |journal=Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=173–9 |pmid=10461103 |doi=10.1159/000029661|s2cid=22329600 }}</ref>
⚫
*Identified of protein that triggers [[autoimmune response]] in [[Sjögren syndrome|Sjögren's syndrome]], as well as a vaccine to treat the condition. (A. Bookman, 2002)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winer |first1=Shawn |last2=Astsaturov |first2=Igor |last3=Cheung |first3=Roy |last4=Tsui |first4=Hubert |last5=Song |first5=Aihua |last6=Gaedigk |first6=Roger |last7=Winer |first7=Daniel |last8=Sampson |first8=Anastasia |last9=McKerlie |first9=Colin |last10=Bookman |first10=Arthur |last11=Dosch |first11=H-Michael |year=2002 |title=Primary Sjögren's syndrome and deficiency of ICA69 |journal=The Lancet |volume=360 |issue=9339 |pages=1063–9 |pmid=12383988 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11144-5|s2cid=22039999 }}</ref>
⚫
*Developed method for detecting [[Mutation|gene mutations]] that enhance care for families with [[retinoblastoma]]. (B. Gallie, 2003)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Richter |first1=Suzanne |last2=Vandezande |first2=Kirk |last3=Chen |first3=Ning |last4=Zhang |first4=Katherine |last5=Sutherland |first5=Joanne |last6=Anderson |first6=Julie |last7=Han |first7=Liping |last8=Panton |first8=Rachel |last9=Branco |first9=Patricia |last10=Gallie |first10=Brenda |year=2003 |title=Sensitive and Efficient Detection of RB1 Gene Mutations Enhances Care for Families with Retinoblastoma |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=253–69 |pmid=12541220 |pmc=379221 |doi=10.1086/345651}}</ref>
⚫
*Performed the world's first deep brain stimulation for treatment resistant [[Depression (mood)|depression]]. (A. Lozano & S. Kennedy, 2003)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=Sidney H. |last2=Giacobbe |first2=P |last3=Rizvi |first3=S. J. |last4=Placenza |first4=F. M. |last5=Nishikawa |first5=Y |last6=Mayberg |first6=H. S. |last7=Lozano |first7=A. M. |year=2011 |title=Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Follow-Up After 3 to 6 Years |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=168 |issue=5 |pages=502–10 |pmid=21285143 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10081187}}</ref>
⚫
*Neural adult stem cell transplantation findings show promising results in repairing spinal cord damage and restoring mobility in rats. (M. Fehlings & S. Karimi, 2006)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karimi-Abdolrezaee |first1=S. |last2=Eftekharpour |first2=E |last3=Wang |first3=J |last4=Morshead |first4=C. M. |last5=Fehlings |first5=M. G. |date=29 March 2006 |title=Delayed Transplantation of Adult Neural Precursor Cells Promotes Remyelination and Functional Neurological Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury |journal=Journal of Neuroscience |volume=26 |issue=13 |pages=3377–89 |pmid=16571744 | pmc=6673854 | doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4184-05.2006|doi-access=free }}</ref>
⚫
*Performed the world's first deep brain stimulation for treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (A. Lozano, 2012),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Laxton |first1=A. W. |last2=Sankar |first2=T |last3=Lozano |first3=A. M. |last4=Hamani |first4=C |year=2012 |title=Deep brain stimulation effects on memory |journal=Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=341–4 |pmid=23111294}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Gwenn S. |last2=Laxton |first2=Adrian W. |last3=Tang-Wai |first3=David F. |last4=McAndrews |first4=Mary Pat |last5=Diaconescu |first5=Andreea Oliviana |last6=Workman |first6=Clifford I. |last7=Lozano |first7=Andres M. |year=2012 |title=Increased Cerebral Metabolism After 1 Year of Deep Brain Stimulation in Alzheimer Disease|journal=Archives of Neurology |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=1141–8 |pmid=22566505 |doi=10.1001/archneurol.2012.590|doi-access=free }}</ref>
⚫
*Development of new experimental drug for the [[neuroprotectant]] treatment of stroke (M. Tymianski, 2012)<ref name="Kingwell">{{cite journal |last1=Kingwell |first1=Katie |year=2012 |title=Stroke: Neuroprotection for patients with stroke moves one step closer to the clinic |journal=Nature Reviews Neurology |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=178 |pmid=22430113 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2012.44|doi-access=free }}</ref>


⚫
==Krembil Directors==
⚫
1999-2004 – Christopher Wallace


⚫
* 1980–1988 – William Tatton
⚫
2004-2011 – [[Peter St George-Hyslop]]
⚫
* 1988–1990 – [[Charles Tator]] (interim)

2011-2013 – Peter Carlen (interim)
* 1990–1999 – Peter Carlen
⚫
* 1999–2004 – Christopher Wallace

⚫
* 2004–2011 – [[Peter St George-Hyslop]]
⚫
2013–present – Donald Weaver
⚫
* 2011–2013 – Peter Carlen (interim)

⚫
* 2013–2022 – [[Donald F. Weaver]]
⚫
Christopher Wallace MD, MSc, FRCSC, a neurosurgeon and neurophysiologist, was the first official director of the Krembil; his research focussed on therapeutic approaches to vascular brain injury.<ref name="rutka" /> [[Peter St George-Hyslop]] MD, PhD, FRCPC, a neurologist and PhD geneticist, was the second full-time director of the Krembil; his research focussed on the genetic basis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's dementia.<ref>http://www.cimr.cam.ac.uk/investigators/st-george-hyslop/index.html{{full|date=October 2014}}</ref>
* 2022–present – [[Jaideep Bains]]
⚫
Christopher Wallace MD, MSc, FRCSC, a neurosurgeon and neurophysiologist, was the first official director of the Krembil; his research focussed on therapeutic approaches to vascular [[Brain Injury|brain injury]].<ref name="rutka" /> Peter St George-Hyslop MD, PhD, FRCPC, a [[Neurology|neurologist]] and PhD geneticist, was the second full-time director of the Krembil; his research focussed on the genetic basis of [[Neurodegeneration|neurodegenerative]] diseases such as Alzheimer's dementia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peter St George-Hyslop — Cambridge Institute for Medical Research |url=https://www.cimr.cam.ac.uk/research/principal-investigators/principal-investigators-q-z/stgeorgehyslop |website= |access-date=18 January 2022 |date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401070055/https://www.cimr.cam.ac.uk/research/principal-investigators/principal-investigators-q-z/stgeorgehyslop |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uhnresearch.ca/news/krembil-welcomes-new-director | title=Krembil Welcomes New Director &#124; UHN Research }}</ref>


==Facilities==
==Facilities==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2014}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2014}}Since its inception, the Krembil has been co-located with the Toronto Western Hospital at the corner of Bathurst Street and Dundas Street West in Toronto, Canada. Within this location, the Krembil occupies {{Convert|105000|ft2|m2|abbr=on}} dedicated to a full range of basic science, clinical, imaging and epidemiological research. In 2013, the Krembil expands into an additional {{Convert|325000|ft2|m2|abbr=on}} of space, spanning nine floors, in the newly constructed Krembil Discovery Centre attached to the TWH. The Krembil Discovery Centre space includes {{Convert|150000|ft2|m2|abbr=on}} of "wet" laboratory bench space for Krembil basic science researchers.
⚫
Krembil occupies {{Convert|105000|ft2|m2|abbr=on}} at Toronto Western Hospital for basic science, clinical, imaging and [[Epidemiology|epidemiological]] research. In 2011, the Krembil was home to 122 [[biomedical]] researchers, 206 technical/support staff and 157 research trainees, who collectively produced 515 [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] publications supported by more than $43,612,000 of external research funding.


In 2013, Krembil expanded into an additional {{Convert|325000|ft2|m2|abbr=on}} of space, spanning nine floors, in the Krembil Discovery Tower. The Tower space includes {{Convert|150000|ft2|m2|abbr=on}} of "wet" laboratory bench space for Krembil basic science researchers.
⚫
In 2011, the Krembil was home to 122 biomedical researchers, 206 technical/support staff and 157 research trainees, who collectively produced 515 peer-reviewed publications supported by more than $43,612,000 of external research funding.


In addition to conventional peer-review funding, the Krembil receives support from the Toronto General/Toronto Western Hospital Foundation which is currently embarked upon a $200 million "Brain Campaign" to support neuroscience research within the Krembil.
Krembil receives support from the Toronto General/Toronto Western Hospital Foundation which is currently embarked upon a $200 million "Brain Campaign" to support [[neuroscience]] research at Krembil. The campaign had raised over $273 million as of January 2016.


==Strategic Research Alliances==
==Strategic research alliances==
The Krembil has many strategic research alliances, nationally and internationally, to facilitate and enhance the delivery of its research mandate. Two of the notable strategic research alliances are as follows:
The Krembil has many strategic research alliances, nationally and internationally, to facilitate and enhance the delivery of its research mandate. Two of the strategic research alliances are:
*The Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (Tanz CRND) is a research institute at the University of Toronto, under the umbrella of the Faculty of Medicine, with a focus on the spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases.
*The [[Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases]] (Tanz CRND) is a research institute at the [[University of Toronto]], under the umbrella of the Faculty of Medicine, with a focus on the spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases.
*Toronto Dementia Research Alliance (TDRA) is a Toronto-wide network of researchers focused on the understanding and treatment of all forms of dementia.
*Toronto Dementia Research Alliance (TDRA) is a Toronto-wide network of researchers focused on the understanding and treatment of all forms of [[dementia]].


==References==
==References==
Line 63: Line 69:
==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.uhnres.utoronto.ca/institutes/twri/ Toronto Western Research Institute]
* [http://www.uhnres.utoronto.ca/institutes/twri/ Toronto Western Research Institute]
* [http://www.uhn.ca/Research/Research_Institutes/Krembil]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061004160954/http://www.uhn.ca/twh/ Toronto Western Hospital]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061004160954/http://www.uhn.ca/twh/ Toronto Western Hospital]
* [http://www.uhn.ca/ University Health Network]
* [http://www.uhn.ca/ University Health Network]
Line 70: Line 77:
{{Toronto teaching hospitals}}
{{Toronto teaching hospitals}}
{{coord|43.65338|N|79.40563|W|display=title}}
{{coord|43.65338|N|79.40563|W|display=title}}

{{authority control}}


[[Category:University of Toronto]]
[[Category:University of Toronto]]

Latest revision as of 15:13, 24 September 2024

Toronto Western Hospital's Krembil Neuroscience Centre

The Krembil Research Institute, formerly known as the Toronto Western Research Institute, is an academic medical research institute in Toronto. It is one of the largest research institutes in Canada focusing on human neurological disease.

Krembil is one of the principal research institutes of the University Health Network and is the research institute of the Toronto Western Hospital.

Krembil researches treatments for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, stroke, brain tumours, concussions, spinal cord injuries, neuro-ophthalmologic and other ocular disorders, multiple sclerosis and autoimmune disorders.

History

[edit]

In the early 1980s, Toronto Western took on additional neurological and neurosurgical care responsibilities for the UHN group. In 1980, the Playfair Neuroscience Institute was created. In 1999, it was renamed the Toronto Western Research Institute. The Institute added research areas in ophthalmology, rheumatology and orthopaedics. By 2004, under the founding leadership of neurosurgeon C. Wallace, the Krembil had emerged as one of the largest research institutes in Canada with a neuroscience emphasis.[1]

On November 13, 2015, the Krembil took on its current name from the Krembil family. In 2013, the Krembil Discovery Tower opened at Toronto Western.

Research Activities

[edit]

Krembil neuroscientists explore the function of the nervous system as they develop treatments for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, spinal cord injuries, cerebral ischemia (stroke), vascular brain malformations, aneurysms, brain tumours and pain disorders.

The Krembil is also home to the Vision Science Research Program, a joint UHN/University of Toronto Program. This research is directed into the following areas: molecular genetics of blinding eye diseases with brain disorders; treatment and biophysics of glaucoma; eye movement control mechanisms; neuronal damage; retinal degeneration and diabetic retinopathy.

Arthritis and associated rheumatological degenerative diseases are the focus of the researchers in the musculoskeletal research program at the Krembil as part of the UHN Arthritis and Autoimmunity Research Centre. Their investigations are aimed at revealing the causes of, and generating therapies for, these autoimmune and orthopaedic ailments.[citation needed]

In September 2021, Krembil took ownership of the World Community Grid from IBM.[2]

Krembil and UHN Neuroscience achievements

[edit]
  • First in world to describe Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP; Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome) as a unique form of dementia and neurodegenerative disease involving the gradual deterioration and death of specific volumes of the brain (J. Steele, J. Richardson & J. Olszewski, 1963)[3]
  • First in world to show the reversibility of brain shrinkage and dysfunction from alcoholism with abstinence. (P. Carlen, 1978)[4]
  • Showed genetic predisposition to developing Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy. (A. Mailis, 1994)[5]
  • Performed the first deep brain stimulation in Canada to effectively control Parkinson's symptoms. (A. Lozano, 1994),[6][7]
  • Awake craniotomy with same day discharge for brain tumor removal using image guided approach. (M. Bernstein, 1996)[8]
  • Identified genes responsible for hereditary blindness, Alzheimer's, ALS and Huntington's disease. (P. St. George Hyslop, 1990s),[9][10][11]
  • First in Canada to use Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Therapy (IGMIT) during surgery allowing for real-time magnetic resonance imaging to guide surgeons to the location of a brain tumor. (M. Bernstein, 1998)[12]
  • Identified the individual brain cells that control pain. (K. Davis and A. Lozano, 1998)[13]
  • Identified of protein that triggers autoimmune response in Sjögren's syndrome, as well as a vaccine to treat the condition. (A. Bookman, 2002)[14]
  • Developed method for detecting gene mutations that enhance care for families with retinoblastoma. (B. Gallie, 2003)[15]
  • Performed the world's first deep brain stimulation for treatment resistant depression. (A. Lozano & S. Kennedy, 2003)[16]
  • Neural adult stem cell transplantation findings show promising results in repairing spinal cord damage and restoring mobility in rats. (M. Fehlings & S. Karimi, 2006)[17]
  • Performed the world's first deep brain stimulation for treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (A. Lozano, 2012),[18][19]
  • Development of new experimental drug for the neuroprotectant treatment of stroke (M. Tymianski, 2012)[20]

Krembil Directors

[edit]

Christopher Wallace MD, MSc, FRCSC, a neurosurgeon and neurophysiologist, was the first official director of the Krembil; his research focussed on therapeutic approaches to vascular brain injury.[1] Peter St George-Hyslop MD, PhD, FRCPC, a neurologist and PhD geneticist, was the second full-time director of the Krembil; his research focussed on the genetic basis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's dementia.[21] [22]

Facilities

[edit]

Krembil occupies 105,000 sq ft (9,800 m2) at Toronto Western Hospital for basic science, clinical, imaging and epidemiological research. In 2011, the Krembil was home to 122 biomedical researchers, 206 technical/support staff and 157 research trainees, who collectively produced 515 peer-reviewed publications supported by more than $43,612,000 of external research funding.

In 2013, Krembil expanded into an additional 325,000 sq ft (30,200 m2) of space, spanning nine floors, in the Krembil Discovery Tower. The Tower space includes 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) of "wet" laboratory bench space for Krembil basic science researchers.

Krembil receives support from the Toronto General/Toronto Western Hospital Foundation which is currently embarked upon a $200 million "Brain Campaign" to support neuroscience research at Krembil. The campaign had raised over $273 million as of January 2016.

Strategic research alliances

[edit]

The Krembil has many strategic research alliances, nationally and internationally, to facilitate and enhance the delivery of its research mandate. Two of the strategic research alliances are:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Rutka, J. T.; Wallace, C (2010). "Excellence in neurosurgery program building: Enhancing the academic mission". Clinical Neurosurgery. 57: 100–11. PMID 21280502.
  2. ^ "World Community Grid finds a new home at Krembil Research Institute". www.worldcommunitygrid.org. Archived from the original on 2021-09-13. Retrieved 2021-09-13.
  3. ^ Richardson, J. C.; Steele, J; Olszewski, J (1963). "Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia, Pseudobulbar Palsy, Nuchal Dystonia and Dementia. A Clinical Report on Eight Cases of 'heterogenous System Degeneration'". Transactions of the American Neurological Association. 88: 25–9. PMID 14272249.
  4. ^ Carlen, P.; Wortzman, G; Holgate, R.; Wilkinson, D.; Rankin, J. (1978). "Reversible cerebral atrophy in recently abstinent chronic alcoholics measured by computed tomography scans". Science. 200 (4345): 1076–8. Bibcode:1978Sci...200.1076C. doi:10.1126/science.653357. PMID 653357.
  5. ^ Mailis, A; Wade, J (1994). "Profile of Caucasian women with possible genetic predisposition to reflex sympathetic dystrophy: A pilot study". The Clinical Journal of Pain. 10 (3): 210–7. doi:10.1097/00002508-199409000-00007. PMID 7833579. S2CID 22469520.
  6. ^ Ponce, F. A.; Lozano, A. M. (2011). "The surgical management of Parkinson's disease". CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets. 10 (6): 685–92. doi:10.2174/187152711797247795. PMID 21838672.
  7. ^ Castrioto, Anna; Lozano, A. M.; Poon, Y. Y.; Lang, A. E.; Fallis, M; Moro, E (2011). "Ten-Year Outcome of Subthalamic Stimulation in Parkinson Disease". Archives of Neurology. 68 (12): 1550–6. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.182. PMID 21825213.
  8. ^ Bernstein, Mark (1996). "Brain tumour surgery in the elderly: A brief reappraisal". Canadian Journal of Surgery. 39 (2): 147–50. PMC 3949854. PMID 8769926.
  9. ^ St George-Hyslop, P. H. (2006). "Genetic Factors in the Genesis of Alzheimer's Disease". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 924 (1): 1–7. Bibcode:2000NYASA.924....1S. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05552.x. PMID 11193785. S2CID 13054535.
  10. ^ Sherrington, R; Rogaev, E. I.; Liang, Y; Rogaeva, E. A.; Levesque, G; Ikeda, M; Chi, H; Lin, C; Li, G; Holman, K; Tsuda, T; Mar, L; Foncin, J. F.; Bruni, A. C.; Montesi, M. P.; Sorbi, S; Rainero, I; Pinessi, L; Nee, L; Chumakov, I; Pollen, D; Brookes, A; Sanseau, P; Polinsky, R. J.; Wasco, W; Da Silva, H. A.; Haines, J. L.; Perkicak-Vance, M. A.; Tanzi, R. E.; et al. (1995). "Cloning of a gene bearing missense mutations in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease". Nature. 375 (6534): 754–60. Bibcode:1995Natur.375..754S. doi:10.1038/375754a0. PMID 7596406. S2CID 4308372.
  11. ^ St George-Hyslop, P; McLachlan, D. C.; Tsuda, T; Rogaev, E; Karlinsky, H; Lippa, C. F.; Pollen, D (1994). "Alzheimer's disease and possible gene interaction". Science. 263 (5146): 537. Bibcode:1994Sci...263..537S. doi:10.1126/science.8290965. PMID 8290965.
  12. ^ Bernstein, Mark; Al-Anazi, Abdul Rahman; Kucharczyk, Walter; Manninen, Pirjo; Bronskill, Michael; Henkelman, Mark (2000). "Brain tumor surgery with the Toronto open magnetic resonance imaging system: Preliminary results for 36 patients and analysis of advantages, disadvantages, and future prospects". Neurosurgery. 46 (4): 900–7, discussion 907–9. doi:10.1097/00006123-200004000-00023. PMID 10764263.
  13. ^ Davis, K. D.; Lozano, A. M.; Tasker, R. R.; Dostrovsky, J. O. (1998). "Brain targets for pain control". Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 71 (4): 173–9. doi:10.1159/000029661. PMID 10461103. S2CID 22329600.
  14. ^ Winer, Shawn; Astsaturov, Igor; Cheung, Roy; Tsui, Hubert; Song, Aihua; Gaedigk, Roger; Winer, Daniel; Sampson, Anastasia; McKerlie, Colin; Bookman, Arthur; Dosch, H-Michael (2002). "Primary Sjögren's syndrome and deficiency of ICA69". The Lancet. 360 (9339): 1063–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11144-5. PMID 12383988. S2CID 22039999.
  15. ^ Richter, Suzanne; Vandezande, Kirk; Chen, Ning; Zhang, Katherine; Sutherland, Joanne; Anderson, Julie; Han, Liping; Panton, Rachel; Branco, Patricia; Gallie, Brenda (2003). "Sensitive and Efficient Detection of RB1 Gene Mutations Enhances Care for Families with Retinoblastoma". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 253–69. doi:10.1086/345651. PMC 379221. PMID 12541220.
  16. ^ Kennedy, Sidney H.; Giacobbe, P; Rizvi, S. J.; Placenza, F. M.; Nishikawa, Y; Mayberg, H. S.; Lozano, A. M. (2011). "Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Follow-Up After 3 to 6 Years". American Journal of Psychiatry. 168 (5): 502–10. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10081187. PMID 21285143.
  17. ^ Karimi-Abdolrezaee, S.; Eftekharpour, E; Wang, J; Morshead, C. M.; Fehlings, M. G. (29 March 2006). "Delayed Transplantation of Adult Neural Precursor Cells Promotes Remyelination and Functional Neurological Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury". Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (13): 3377–89. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4184-05.2006. PMC 6673854. PMID 16571744.
  18. ^ Laxton, A. W.; Sankar, T; Lozano, A. M.; Hamani, C (2012). "Deep brain stimulation effects on memory". Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 56 (4): 341–4. PMID 23111294.
  19. ^ Smith, Gwenn S.; Laxton, Adrian W.; Tang-Wai, David F.; McAndrews, Mary Pat; Diaconescu, Andreea Oliviana; Workman, Clifford I.; Lozano, Andres M. (2012). "Increased Cerebral Metabolism After 1 Year of Deep Brain Stimulation in Alzheimer Disease". Archives of Neurology. 69 (9): 1141–8. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2012.590. PMID 22566505.
  20. ^ Kingwell, Katie (2012). "Stroke: Neuroprotection for patients with stroke moves one step closer to the clinic". Nature Reviews Neurology. 8 (4): 178. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.44. PMID 22430113.
  21. ^ "Peter St George-Hyslop — Cambridge Institute for Medical Research". 1 April 2019. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  22. ^ "Krembil Welcomes New Director | UHN Research".
[edit]

43°39′12″N 79°24′20″W / 43.65338°N 79.40563°W / 43.65338; -79.40563

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Krembil_Research_Institute&oldid=1247499298"