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{{Short description|Extinct genus of fishes}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Early Devonian]]: Late [[Emsian]], {{Fossil range|393.3|ref=<ref name="Wang2">{{cite web | url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DCXZ501.002.htm | title=Age of the Jiucheng Formation of Wuding, Yunnan | publisher=Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology, Academia Sinica, Beijing | year=1995 | access-date=2013-05-20 | author=Wang Junqing & Min, Zhu}}</ref>}}
| image = Xiangshuiosteus_wui.jpg
| image = Xiangshuiosteus_wui.jpg
| image_caption = Artist's reconstruction
| image_caption = Artist's reconstruction
| taxon = Xiangshuiosteus
| fossil_range = Late [[Emsian]]<ref name="Wang2">{{cite web | url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DCXZ501.002.htm | title=Age of the Jiucheng Formation of Wuding,Yunnan | publisher=Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology, Academia Sinica, Beijing | year=1995 | accessdate=2013-05-20 | author=Wang Junqing & Min, Zhu}}</ref>
| authority = Wang, 1992
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| type_species = '''''Xiangshuiosteus wui'''''
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| type_species_authority = Wang, 1992
| subphylum = [[Vertebrata]]
| infraphylum = [[Gnathostomata]]
| classis = [[Placodermi]]
| ordo = [[Arthrodira]]
| subordo = [[Brachythoraci]]
| infraordo = [[Pachyosteomorphi]]
| superfamilia = [[Dunkleosteoidea]]
| familia = [[Dunkleosteidae]]
| genus = '''''Xiangshuiosteus'''''
| species = '''''X. wui'''''
| binomial = '''''Xiangshuiosteus wui'''''
| binomial_authority = [[Wang Junqing|Wang]], 1992<ref name="Wang1">{{cite journal | title=NEW DISCOVERY OF EARLY MIDDLE DEVONIAN BRACHY-THORACID (PLACODERM FISH) FROM WUDING REGION OF YUNNAN | author=Wang Junqing | journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |date=April 1992 | volume=30 | issue=2 | pages=111–119}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Xiangshuiosteus wui''''' is a [[brachythoraci]]d [[arthrodire]] [[placoderm]] from the Late Emsian [[Epoch (geology)|epoch]] of Wuding, [[Yunnan]]. It has recently been reassessed as a [[Dunkleosteidae|dunkleosteid]].<ref name="ZhuZhu" />
'''''Xiangshuiosteus wui''''' is an [[extinct]] [[monospecific]] [[genus]] of [[brachythoraci]]d [[arthrodire]] [[placoderm]] from the Late [[Emsian]] stage of the [[Early Devonian]] [[Epoch (geology)|epoch]], discovered in [[Wuding County]] of [[Yunnan]] province, [[China]]. It has recently been reassessed as a [[Dunkleosteidae|dunkleosteid]].<ref name="ZhuZhu" />

==Etymology==
The generic name literally translates as "{{zh|c=香水|l=perfume}}(Pinyin:Xiāngshuǐ) + bone," but actually refers to Xiangshui Valley,<ref group=note>Not to be confused with [[Xiangshui County]] ({{zh|c=响水县|l=noisy water}})(Pinyin:Xiǎng shuǐ) in [[Jiangsu]] province</ref> the district in [[Wuding County]] where the [[holotype]] was found. The specific name honors Wu Baosheng, the gentleman who provided the holotype to Wang Junqing, the species' [[scientific description|describer]].<ref name="Wang1">{{cite journal | title=NEW DISCOVERY OF EARLY MIDDLE DEVONIAN BRACHY-THORACID (PLACODERM FISH) FROM WUDING REGION OF YUNNAN | author=Wang Junqing | journal=[[Vertebrata PalAsiatica]] |date=April 1992 | volume=30 | issue=2 | pages=111–119}}</ref>


==Specimen and taxonomy==
==Specimen and taxonomy==
''X. wui'' is known from a flattened, "Buddhist cap" shaped skull roof.<ref name="Wang1" /> The skull roof is strongly reminiscent of those of [[Coccosteidae|coccosteids]], but also has anatomical features otherwise diagnostic of [[Buchanosteidae|buchanosteids]].<ref name="Wang1" /> This mix of anatomy lead its describer, Wang Junqing, to suggest that ''X. wui'' is the sister taxon of Coccosteidae, and represents a [[transitional form]] between Coccosteidae and Buchanosteidae.<ref name="Wang1" /> A reappraisal of ''[[Kiangyousteus]]'' and several other eubrachythoracid arthrodire genera by You-An Zhu and Min Zhu lead to the conclusion that ''X. wui'' not only does not represent a transitional form between coccosteids and buchanosteids, but is actually a [[dunkleosteidae|dunkleosteid]] closely related to the [[Gogo Reef]] ''[[Eastmanosteus calliaspis]]'' (which is, in turn, implied to be not of the genus ''[[Eastmanosteus]]'').<ref name="ZhuZhu">Zhu, You‐An, and Min Zhu. "A redescription of Kiangyousteus yohii (Arthrodira: Eubrachythoraci) from the Middle Devonian of China, with remarks on the systematics of the Eubrachythoraci." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society169.4 (2013): 798-819.</ref>
''X. wui'' is known from a flattened, "Buddhist cap" shaped skull roof. The skull roof is strongly reminiscent of those of [[Coccosteidae|coccosteids]], but also has anatomical features otherwise diagnostic of [[Buchanosteidae|buchanosteids]]. This mix of anatomy lead its describer, Wang Junqing, to suggest that ''X. wui'' is the [[sister taxon]] of [[Coccosteidae]], and represents a [[transitional form]] between [[Coccosteidae]] and [[Buchanosteidae]].<ref name="Wang1" />


A 2013 reappraisal of ''[[Kiangyousteus]]'' and several other [[eubrachythoraci]]d arthrodire genera by You-An Zhu and Min Zhu lead to the conclusion that ''X. wui'' not only does not represent a transitional form between coccosteids and buchanosteids, but is actually a [[dunkleosteidae|dunkleosteid]] closely related to the [[Gogo Reef]] ''[[Eastmanosteus calliaspis]]'' (which is, in turn, implied to be not of the genus ''[[Eastmanosteus]]'').<ref name="ZhuZhu">{{Cite journal |author1=You-An Zhu |author2=Min Zhu |title=A redescription of Kiangyousteus yohii (Arthrodira: Eubrachythoraci) from the Middle Devonian of China, with remarks on the systematics of the Eubrachythoraci | journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=169 |issue=4 |pages=798–819 |year=2013 |doi=10.1111/zoj12089 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[cladogram]] below from the 2013 Zhu & Zhu study shows the placement of ''Xiangshuiosteus'' within [[Dunkleosteidae]].<ref name="ZhuZhu" />
==Etymology==
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
The generic name literally translates as "{{zh|c=香水|l=perfume}}(Pinyin:Xiāngshuǐ) + bone," but actually refers to Xiangshui Valley,<ref group=note>Not to be confused with [[Xiangshui County]] ({{zh|c=响水县|l=noisy water}})(Pinyin:Xiǎng shuǐ) in [[Jiangsu]] province</ref> the district<ref name="Wang1" /> in [[Wuding County]] where the holotype was found.<ref name=Wang1 /> The specific name honors Wu Baosheng, the gentleman who provided the holotype to Wang Junqing, the species' describer.<ref name=Wang1 />
|grouplabel1={{clade labels |width=10em; |label1='''Pachyosteomorphi''' |top1=65% |color1=green}}
|label1='''[[Eubrachythoraci]]'''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1='''[[Coccosteomorphi]]'''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Coccosteus cuspidatus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Harrytoombsia elegans]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Mcnamaraspis kaprios]]''
|label2=[[Incisoscutoidea]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Compagopiscis croucheri]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Incisoscutum ritchiei]]''
|2=''[[Incisoscutum sarahae]]'' }}
|label3=[[Camuropiscidae]]
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Latocamurus coulthardi]]''
|2=''[[Camuropiscis laidlawi]]''
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Rolfosteus canningensis]]''
|2=''[[Tubonasus lennardensis]]''
|3=''[[Fallacosteus turneri]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }}
|label2='''[[Aspinothoracidi]]'''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dinichthys herzeri]]'' |barbegin1=green
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Hadrosteus rapax]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gorgonichthys clarki]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Heintzichthys gouldii]]'' |bar1=green
|label2=[[Selenosteidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Stenosteus angustopectus]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gymnotrachelus hydei]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rhinosteus parvulus]]'' |bar1=green
|2=''[[Pachyosteus bulla]]'' |bar2=green }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
|label2='''[[Dunkleosteoidea]]'''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Westralichthys uwagedensis]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Protitanichthys rockportensis]]'' |bar1=green
|label2=[[Panxiosteidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Panxiosteus ocullus]]'' |bar1=green
|2=''[[Janiosteus timanicus]]'' |bar2=green
|3=''[[Plourdosteus canadensis]]'' |bar3=green }} }}
|label2=[[Dunkleosteidae]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Eastmanosteus calliaspis]]'' |bar1=green
|2='''''Xiangshuiosteus wui''''' |bar2=green }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Eastmanosteus pustulosus]]'' |bar1=green
|2=''[[Kiangyousteus yohii]]'' |bar2=green
|3=''[[Golshanichthys asiatica]]'' |bar3=green
|4={{clade
|1=''[[Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus]]'' |bar1=green
|2=''[[Dunkleosteus terrelli]]'' |bar2=green
|3=''[[Dunkleosteus raveri]]'' |barend3=green }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

However, the subsequent 2016 Zhu ''et al.'' study using a larger [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] dataset recovered ''Xiangshuiosteus'' well outside of [[Dunkleosteoidea]] and even [[Eubrachythoraci]], more in-line with Wang's original 1992 [[phylogenetic]] assessment of ''Xiangshuiosteus'', as shown in the cladogram below:<ref name=Zhu2016>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=You-An |last2=Zhu |first2=Min |last3=Wang |first3=Jun-Qing |date=1 April 2016 |title=Redescription of Yinostius major (Arthrodira: Heterostiidae) from the Lower Devonian of China, and the interrelationships of Brachythoraci |journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=176 |issue=4 |pages=806–834 |doi=10.1111/zoj.12356|issn=0024-4082 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|grouplabel1={{clade labels |width=10em; |label1='''"Phlyctaenii"''' |top1=5% |color1=green}}
|label1=[[Phlyctaenioidei]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Elvaspis tuberculata]]'' |barbegin1=green
|2=''[[Dicksonosteus arcticus]]'' |bar2=green
|3=''[[Turrisaspis elektor]]'' |bar3=green
|4=''[[Groenlandaspis antarcticus]]'' |bar4=green
|5=''[[Holonema westolli]]'' |barend5=green
|label6='''[[Brachythoraci]]'''
|6={{clade
|label1=[[Homostiidae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Homostius sulcatus]]''
|2=''[[Antineosteus lehmani]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Buchanosteoidea]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Buchanosteus confertituberculatus]]''
|2=''[[Goodradigbeeon australianum]]''
|3=''[[Parabuchanosteus murrumbidgeeni]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dhanguura johnstoni]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gemuendenaspis angusta]]''
|2={{clade
|1='''''Xiangshuiosteus wui'''''
|label2='''[[Eubrachythoraci]]'''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Coccosteomorphi]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Coccosteoidea]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Coccosteidae]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Millerosteus minor]]''
|2=''[[Coccosteus cuspidatus]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dickosteus threiplandi]]''
|2=''[[Watsonosteus fletti]]''
|3=''[[Protitanichthys rockportensis]]'' }} }}
|label2=[[Panxiosteidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Plourdosteus canadensis]]''
|2=''[[Panxiosteus ocullus]]''
|3=''[[Janiosteus timanicus]]'' }} }}
|label2=[[Incisoscutoidea]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Harrytoombsia elegans]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Torosteus tuberculatus]]''
|2=''[[Torosteus pulchellus]]'' }}
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Mcnamaraspis kaprios]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Compagopiscis croucheri]]''
|2=''[[Trematosteus fontanellus]]''
|label3=[[Camuropiscidae]]
|3={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Incisoscutum ritchiei]]''
|2=''[[Incisoscutum sarahae]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rolfosteus canningensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Tubonasus lennardensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Fallacosteus turneri]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Camuropiscis laidlawi]]''
|2=''[[Latocamurus coulthardi]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
|label2=[[Pachyosteomorphi]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rhachiosteus pterygiatus]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Dunkleosteoidea]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Eastmanosteus calliaspis]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Eastmanosteus pustulosus]]''
|2=''[[Kiangyousteus yohii]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Golshanichthys asiatica]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Westralichthys uwagedensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Dunkleosteus raveri]]''
|2=''[[Dunkleosteus terrelli]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus]]''
|label2=[[Heterostiidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Heterosteus ingens]]''
|2=''[[Yinosteus major]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
|label2=[[Aspinothoracidi]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Tapinosteus heintzi]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Bullerichthys fascidens]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Kendrickichthys cavernosus]]''
|2=''[[Bruntonichthys multidens]]'' }} }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dinichthys herzeri]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Hadrosteus rapax]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gorgonichthys clarki]]''
|label2=[[Selenosteidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Heintzichthys gouldii]]''
|2=''[[Pachyosteus bulla]]''
|3=''[[Gymnotrachelus hydei]]''
|4=''[[Stenosteus angustopectus]]''
|5=''[[Brachyosteus dietrichi]]''
|6={{clade
|1=''[[Melanosteus occitanus]]''
|2=''[[Rhinosteus parvulus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 36: Line 220:
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Arthrodira|P.}}
{{Arthrodira|Ar.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q13402864}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q13402864|from2=Q36676380}}


[[Category:Dunkleosteidae]]
[[Category:Dunkleosteidae]]

Latest revision as of 17:32, 24 September 2024

Xiangshuiosteus
Temporal range: Early Devonian: Late Emsian, 393.3 Ma[1]
↓
Artist's reconstruction
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: †Placodermi
Order: †Arthrodira
Suborder: †Brachythoraci
Family: †Dunkleosteidae
Genus: †Xiangshuiosteus
Wang, 1992
Type species
Xiangshuiosteus wui
Wang, 1992

Xiangshuiosteus wui is an extinct monospecific genus of brachythoracid arthrodire placoderm from the Late Emsian stage of the Early Devonian epoch, discovered in Wuding County of Yunnan province, China. It has recently been reassessed as a dunkleosteid.[2]

Etymology

[edit]

The generic name literally translates as "Chinese: 香水; lit. 'perfume'(Pinyin:Xiāngshuǐ) + bone," but actually refers to Xiangshui Valley,[note 1] the district in Wuding County where the holotype was found. The specific name honors Wu Baosheng, the gentleman who provided the holotype to Wang Junqing, the species' describer.[3]

Specimen and taxonomy

[edit]

X. wui is known from a flattened, "Buddhist cap" shaped skull roof. The skull roof is strongly reminiscent of those of coccosteids, but also has anatomical features otherwise diagnostic of buchanosteids. This mix of anatomy lead its describer, Wang Junqing, to suggest that X. wui is the sister taxon of Coccosteidae, and represents a transitional form between Coccosteidae and Buchanosteidae.[3]

A 2013 reappraisal of Kiangyousteus and several other eubrachythoracid arthrodire genera by You-An Zhu and Min Zhu lead to the conclusion that X. wui not only does not represent a transitional form between coccosteids and buchanosteids, but is actually a dunkleosteid closely related to the Gogo Reef Eastmanosteus calliaspis (which is, in turn, implied to be not of the genus Eastmanosteus).[2] The cladogram below from the 2013 Zhu & Zhu study shows the placement of Xiangshuiosteus within Dunkleosteidae.[2]

Eubrachythoraci
Dunkleosteoidea
Pachyosteomorphi

However, the subsequent 2016 Zhu et al. study using a larger morphological dataset recovered Xiangshuiosteus well outside of Dunkleosteoidea and even Eubrachythoraci, more in-line with Wang's original 1992 phylogenetic assessment of Xiangshuiosteus, as shown in the cladogram below:[4]

Phlyctaenioidei

Elvaspis tuberculata

Dicksonosteus arcticus

Turrisaspis elektor

Groenlandaspis antarcticus

Holonema westolli

Brachythoraci
Homostiidae
Buchanosteoidea

Dhanguura johnstoni

Gemuendenaspis angusta

Xiangshuiosteus wui

Eubrachythoraci
Coccosteomorphi
Pachyosteomorphi
"Phlyctaenii"

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Not to be confused with Xiangshui County (Chinese: 响水县; lit. 'noisy water')(Pinyin:Xiǎng shuǐ) in Jiangsu province

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Wang Junqing & Min, Zhu (1995). "Age of the Jiucheng Formation of Wuding, Yunnan". Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology, Academia Sinica, Beijing. Retrieved 2013-05-20.
  2. ^ a b c You-An Zhu; Min Zhu (2013). "A redescription of Kiangyousteus yohii (Arthrodira: Eubrachythoraci) from the Middle Devonian of China, with remarks on the systematics of the Eubrachythoraci". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 169 (4): 798–819. doi:10.1111/zoj12089.
  3. ^ a b Wang Junqing (April 1992). "NEW DISCOVERY OF EARLY MIDDLE DEVONIAN BRACHY-THORACID (PLACODERM FISH) FROM WUDING REGION OF YUNNAN". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 30 (2): 111–119.
  4. ^ Zhu, You-An; Zhu, Min; Wang, Jun-Qing (1 April 2016). "Redescription of Yinostius major (Arthrodira: Heterostiidae) from the Lower Devonian of China, and the interrelationships of Brachythoraci". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 176 (4): 806–834. doi:10.1111/zoj.12356. ISSN 0024-4082.
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