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{{short description|Series of six manned and unmanned Soviet orbiting spacecraft}}
{{Infobox Rocket
{{Infobox Rocket
|image = Semyorka Rocket R7 by Sergei Korolyov in VDNH Ostankino RAF0540.jpg
|image = Semyorka Rocket R7 by Sergei Korolyov in VDNH Ostankino RAF0540.jpg
|caption = Vostok 8K72K rocket on display in Moscow at the [[All-Russia_Exhibition_Centre|All Russia Exhibition Centre]]
|caption = Vostok 8K72K rocket on display in Moscow at the [[Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy]]
|name = Vostok
|name = Vostok
|function = Carrier rocket
|function = Carrier rocket
|manufacturer = [[RKK Energia]]
|manufacturer = [[RKK Energia]]
|country-origin = USSR
|country-origin = Soviet Union
|stages = 2
|stages = 3
|capacities =
|capacities = <!--insert one of the following templates for each payload:-->
{{Infobox Rocket/Payload
{{Infobox Rocket/Payload
|location = [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|location = [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|kilos = {{convert|4725|kg}}
|kilos = {{convert|4725|kg}}
}}
}}
|mass = {{convert|280,000-290,000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|family = [[R-7 (rocket family)|R-7]]
|comparable = [[Atlas (rocket family)|Atlas]]<br/>[[Titan (rocket family)|Titan]]
|family = [[R-7 (rocket family)|R-7]]
|comparable = [[Atlas (rocket family)|Atlas]]<br/>[[Titan (rocket family)|Titan]]
|status = Retired
|status = Retired
|sites = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]]: [[Gagarin's Start|LC-1/5]], [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31|31/6]]<br/>[[Plesetsk Cosmodrome|Plesetsk]]: [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 41|LC-41/1]], [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43|43/3, 43/4]]
|sites = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]]: [[Gagarin's Start|LC-1/5]], [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31|31/6]]<br/>[[Plesetsk Cosmodrome|Plesetsk]]: [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 41|LC-41/1]], [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43|43/3, 43/4]]
|launches = Vostok-L: 4<br/>Vostok-K: 13<br/>Vostok-2: 45<br/>Vostok-2M: 94<br/>Soyuz/Vostok: 2
|launches = Vostok-L: 4<br/>Vostok-K: 13<br/>Vostok-2: 45<br/>Vostok-2M: 94<br/>Soyuz/Vostok: 2
|success = Vostok-L: 3<br/>Vostok-K: 11<br/>Vostok-2: 40<br/>Vostok-2M: 92<br/>Soyuz/Vostok: 2
|success = Vostok-L: 3<br/>Vostok-K: 11<br/>Vostok-2: 40<br/>Vostok-2M: 92<br/>Soyuz/Vostok: 2
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|first = 15 May 1960 (Vostok-L)
|first = 15 May 1960 (Vostok-L)
|last = 29 August 1991 (Vostok-2M)
|last = 29 August 1991 (Vostok-2M)
|payloads = [[Vostok spacecraft|Vostok]]<br/>[[Zenit (satellite)|Zenit]]<br/>[[Meteor (satellite)|Meteor]]
|payloads = [[Vostok spacecraft|Vostok]]<br/>[[Zenit (satellite)|Zenit]]<br/>[[Meteor (satellite)|Meteor]]
|stagedata =
<!--Stages/boosters (optional)-->
|stagedata = <!--insert one of the following templates for each stage:-->
{{Infobox Rocket/Stage
{{Infobox Rocket/Stage
|type = booster
|type = stage
|diff = Vostok-K
|diff = Block B, V, G, D
|number = 4
|stageno = First
|engines = 1 [[RD-107|RD-107-8D74-1959]]
|engines = 1 [[RD-107|RD-107-8D74-1959]]
|thrust = 970.86 kN
|thrust = 970.86 kN
|total = 3,883.4 kN
|total = 3,883.4 kN
|burntime = 118 seconds
|burntime = 118 seconds
|fuel = [[RP-1]]/[[LOX]]
|fuel = [[Kerosene]]/[[LOX]]
}}
}}
{{Infobox Rocket/Stage
{{Infobox Rocket/Stage
|type = stage
|type = stage
|diff = Vostok-K
|diff = Block A
|stageno = First
|stageno = Second
|engines = 1 [[RD-108|RD-108-8D75-1959]]
|engines = 1 [[RD-108|RD-108-8D75-1959]]
|thrust = 912 kN
|thrust = 912 kN
|burntime = 301 seconds
|burntime = 301 seconds
|fuel = [[RP-1]]/[[LOX]]
|fuel = [[RP-1]]/[[LOX]]
}}
}}
{{Infobox Rocket/Stage
{{Infobox Rocket/Stage
|type = stage
|type = stage
|diff = Vostok-K
|diff = Block E
|stageno = Second
|stageno = Third
|engines = 1 [[RD-0109]]
|engines = 1 [[RD-0109]]
|thrust = 54.5 kN
|thrust = 54.5 kN
|burntime = 365 seconds
|burntime = 365 seconds
|fuel = [[RP-1]]/[[LOX]]
|fuel = [[Kerosene]]/[[LOX]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
'''Vostok''' (Russian Восток, translated as ''"East"'') was a family of rockets derived from the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[R-7 Semyorka]] [[ICBM]] designed for the [[human spaceflight]] [[Vostok programme|programme]]. This family of rockets launched the first artificial satellite ("[[sputnik]]") and the first [[Vostok (spacecraft)|manned spacecraft]] in human history. It was a subset of the [[R-7 (rocket family)|R-7]] family of rockets.
'''Vostok''' (Russian: Восток, translated as "East") was a family of rockets derived from the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[R-7 Semyorka]] [[ICBM]] and was designed for the [[human spaceflight]] [[Vostok programme|programme]]. This family of rockets launched the first artificial satellite ([[Sputnik 1]]) and the first crewed spacecraft ([[Vostok (spacecraft)|Vostok]]) in human history. It was a subset of the [[R-7 (rocket family)|R-7]] family of rockets.


On March 18, 1980 a Vostok-2M rocket exploded on its launch pad at [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome|Plesetsk]] during a fueling operation, killing 48 people. An investigation into a similar{{spaced ndash}}but avoided{{spaced ndash}}accident revealed that the substitution of lead-based for tin-based solder in [[hydrogen peroxide]] filters allowed the breakdown of the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, thus causing the resultant explosion.
On March 18, 1980, a Vostok-2M rocket [[1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster|exploded]] on its launch pad at [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome|Plesetsk]] during a fueling operation, killing 48 people. An investigation into a similar{{spaced ndash}}but avoided{{spaced ndash}}accident revealed that the substitution of lead-based for tin-based solder in [[hydrogen peroxide]] filters allowed the breakdown of the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, thus causing the resultant explosion.


==Versions==
== Variants ==
The major versions of the rocket were:
The major versions of the rocket were:


*[[Luna (rocket)|Luna]] 8K72 - used to launch the early [[Luna programme|Luna]] spacecraft
* [[Luna (rocket)|Luna]] 8K72 – used to launch the early [[Luna programme|Luna]] spacecraft<ref name=":0" />
*[[Vostok-L]] 8K72 - Variant of the Luna, used to launch prototype [[Vostok spacecraft]]
* [[Vostok-L]] 8K72 – Variant of the Luna, used to launch prototype [[Vostok spacecraft]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vostok-L 8K72 |url=http://www.astronautix.com/v/vostok-l8k72.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>
*[[Vostok-K]] 8K72K - a refined version of the above. This was the version actually used for human spaceflight
* [[Vostok-K]] 8K72K – a refined version of the above. This was the version actually used for human spaceflight<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Vostok 8K72K |url=http://www.astronautix.com/v/vostok8k72k.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>
*[[Vostok-2 (rocket)|Vostok-2]] 8A92 - used for launching [[Zenit spy satellite|Zenit]] [[reconnaissance satellite]]s throughout the 1960s
* [[Vostok-2 (rocket)|Vostok-2]] 8A92 – used for launching [[Zenit spy satellite|Zenit]] [[reconnaissance satellite]]s throughout the 1960s<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vostok 8A92 |url=http://www.astronautix.com/v/vostok8a92.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>
*[[Vostok-2M]] 8A92M - modified version for launching [[Meteor (satellite)|Meteor]] [[weather satellite]]s into higher orbits.
* [[Vostok-2M]] 8A92M – modified version for launching [[Meteor (satellite)|Meteor]] [[weather satellite]]s into higher orbits.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vostok 8A92M |url=http://www.astronautix.com/v/vostok8a92m.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>
*[[Soyuz/Vostok]] 11A110 - hybrid of [[Soyuz (rocket)|Soyuz]] and Vostok rockets used as an interim for two launches
* [[Soyuz/Vostok]] 11A110 – hybrid of [[Soyuz (rocket)|Soyuz]] and Vostok rockets used as an interim for two launches<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soyuz 11A510 |url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/soyuz11a510.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>


=== Vostok 8K72K<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> ===
==Gallery==
⚫
<gallery>
⚫
Image:Vostok rocket drawing.png|Vostok Rocket

==Vostok 8K72K==


*'''First Stage — Block B, V, G, D''' (four strap-on boosters)
*Stage Number: 1 - Strap-on Boosters; 4 x Vostok 8K72K-0
**Gross Mass: 43,300 kg
**Gross mass: 43,300&nbsp;kg
**Empty Mass: 3,710 kg
**Empty mass: 3,710&nbsp;kg
**Thrust (vac): 4 x 99,000 [[kilogram-force|kgf]] (971 kN) = 3.88 MN
**Thrust (vac): 4 x 99,000 [[kilogram-force|kgf]] (971&nbsp;kN) = 3.88 MN
**[[Specific impulse|Isp]]: {{convert|313|isp}}
**Isp: 313 s (3.07 kN·s/kg)
**Burn time: 118 s
**Burn time: 118 s
**Isp(sl): 256 s (2.51 kN·s/kg)
**Isp(sl): {{convert|256|isp}}
**Diameter: 2.68 m
**Diameter: 2.68 m
**Span: 8.35 m
**Span: 8.35 m
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**Propellants: Lox/Kerosene
**Propellants: Lox/Kerosene
**Engines: 1 x [[RD-107]]-8D74-1959 per booster = 4
**Engines: 1 x [[RD-107]]-8D74-1959 per booster = 4
*'''Second Stage — Block A''' (core stage)

**Gross mass: 100,400&nbsp;kg
*Stage Number: 2 - Core stage; 1 x Vostok 8K72K-1
**Gross Mass: 100,400 kg
**Empty mass: 6,800&nbsp;kg
⚫
**Thrust (vac): 912&nbsp;kN
**Empty Mass: 6,800 kg
**Isp: {{convert|315|isp}}
⚫
**Thrust (vac): 912 kN
**Isp: 315 s (3.09 kN·s/kg)
**Burn time: 301 s
**Burn time: 301 s
**Isp(sl): 248 s (2.43 kN·s/kg)
**Isp(sl): {{convert|248|isp}}
**Diameter: 2.99 m
**Diameter: 2.99 m
**Length: 28.00 m
**Length: 28.00 m
**Propellants: Lox/Kerosene
**Propellants: Lox/Kerosene
**Engine: 1 x RD-108-8D75-1959
**Engine: 1 x RD-108-8D75-1959
*'''Third Stage — Block E'''

**Gross mass: 7,775&nbsp;kg
*Stage Number: 3 - Final stage; 1 x Vostok 8K72K-2
**Gross Mass: 7,775 kg
**Empty mass: 1,440&nbsp;kg
⚫
**Thrust (vac): 54.5&nbsp;kN
**Empty Mass: 1,440 kg
**Isp: {{convert|326|isp}}
⚫
**Thrust (vac): 54.5 kN
**Isp: 326 s (3.20 kN·s/kg)
**Burn time: 365 s
**Burn time: 365 s
**Diameter: 2.56 m
**Diameter: 2.56 m
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**Engine: 1 x RD-0109
**Engine: 1 x RD-0109


== References ==
== Gallery ==
⚫
<gallery>
⚫
{{reflist}}
⚫
File:Vostok rocket drawing.png|Vostok rocket
File:The Soviet Union 1969 CPA 3732 stamp (Vostok on Launching Pad).jpg|Vostok rocket
File:030523-Moscow-IMG 9595-2.jpg|Vostok Rocket, [[Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy|VDNKh]], [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
File:030523-Moscow-IMG 9586-2.jpg|Vostok Rocket, [[Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy|VDNKh]], [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
</gallery>


==See also==
== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight|Soviet Union}}
⚫
*[[Vostok spacecraft]]
⚫
*[[Vostok programme]]
*[[Vostok 1]]
*[[Vostok 1]]
⚫
*[[Vostok programme]]
⚫
*[[Vostok spacecraft]]

== References ==
⚫
{{reflist}}


{{Russian launch vehicles}}
{{Russian launch vehicles}}
{{Expendable launch systems}}
{{Expendable launch systems}}
{{R-7 rockets}}
{{R-7 rockets}}
{{authority control}}

{{commons category|Vostok (rocket)}}


[[Category:1958 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:1958 in spaceflight]]
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[[Category:Space launch vehicles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Space launch vehicles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:R-7 (rocket family)]]
[[Category:R-7 (rocket family)]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1960]]

Latest revision as of 18:41, 24 September 2024

Vostok
Vostok 8K72K rocket on display in Moscow at the Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy
FunctionCarrier rocket
ManufacturerRKK Energia
Country of originSoviet Union
Size
Mass280,000–290,000 kg (620,000–640,000 lb)
Stages3
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Mass4,725 kilograms (10,417 lb)
Associated rockets
FamilyR-7
ComparableAtlas
Titan
Launch history
StatusRetired
Launch sitesBaikonur: LC-1/5, 31/6
Plesetsk: LC-41/1, 43/3, 43/4
Total launchesVostok-L: 4
Vostok-K: 13
Vostok-2: 45
Vostok-2M: 94
Soyuz/Vostok: 2
Success(es)Vostok-L: 3
Vostok-K: 11
Vostok-2: 40
Vostok-2M: 92
Soyuz/Vostok: 2
Failure(s)Vostok-L: 1
Vostok-K: 2
Vostok-2: 5
Vostok-2M: 2
First flight15 May 1960 (Vostok-L)
Last flight29 August 1991 (Vostok-2M)
Type of passengers/cargoVostok
Zenit
Meteor
First stage (Block B, V, G, D)
Powered by1 RD-107-8D74-1959
Maximum thrust970.86 kN
Burn time118 seconds
PropellantKerosene/LOX
Second stage (Block A)
Powered by1 RD-108-8D75-1959
Maximum thrust912 kN
Burn time301 seconds
PropellantRP-1/LOX
Third stage (Block E)
Powered by1 RD-0109
Maximum thrust54.5 kN
Burn time365 seconds
PropellantKerosene/LOX
[edit on Wikidata]

Vostok (Russian: Восток, translated as "East") was a family of rockets derived from the Soviet R-7 Semyorka ICBM and was designed for the human spaceflight programme. This family of rockets launched the first artificial satellite (Sputnik 1) and the first crewed spacecraft (Vostok) in human history. It was a subset of the R-7 family of rockets.

On March 18, 1980, a Vostok-2M rocket exploded on its launch pad at Plesetsk during a fueling operation, killing 48 people. An investigation into a similar – but avoided – accident revealed that the substitution of lead-based for tin-based solder in hydrogen peroxide filters allowed the breakdown of the H2O2, thus causing the resultant explosion.

Variants

[edit]

The major versions of the rocket were:

Vostok 8K72K[2][1]

[edit]
  • First Stage — Block B, V, G, D (four strap-on boosters)
    • Gross mass: 43,300 kg
    • Empty mass: 3,710 kg
    • Thrust (vac): 4 x 99,000 kgf (971 kN) = 3.88 MN
    • Isp: 313 seconds (3.07 km/s)
    • Burn time: 118 s
    • Isp(sl): 256 seconds (2.51 km/s)
    • Diameter: 2.68 m
    • Span: 8.35 m
    • Length: 19.00 m
    • Propellants: Lox/Kerosene
    • Engines: 1 x RD-107-8D74-1959 per booster = 4
  • Second Stage — Block A (core stage)
    • Gross mass: 100,400 kg
    • Empty mass: 6,800 kg
    • Thrust (vac): 912 kN
    • Isp: 315 seconds (3.09 km/s)
    • Burn time: 301 s
    • Isp(sl): 248 seconds (2.43 km/s)
    • Diameter: 2.99 m
    • Length: 28.00 m
    • Propellants: Lox/Kerosene
    • Engine: 1 x RD-108-8D75-1959
  • Third Stage — Block E
    • Gross mass: 7,775 kg
    • Empty mass: 1,440 kg
    • Thrust (vac): 54.5 kN
    • Isp: 326 seconds (3.20 km/s)
    • Burn time: 365 s
    • Diameter: 2.56 m
    • Span: 2.56 m
    • Length: 2.84 m
    • Propellants: Lox/Kerosene
    • Engine: 1 x RD-0109
[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Vostok-L 8K72". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  2. ^ a b "Vostok 8K72K". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  3. ^ "Vostok 8A92". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  4. ^ "Vostok 8A92M". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  5. ^ "Soyuz 11A510". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-07-30.


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