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==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
Roni Horn was born on September 25, 1955 in New York City. She was named for her grandmothers, both of whom were named Rose. In a 2009 interview, Horn reflected on her [[Gender neutrality|gender neutral]] name as an advantage, stating "when I was young I decided that my sex, my gender, was nobody’s business."
Horn was born on September 25, 1955, in New York City. She was named for her grandmothers, both of whom were named Rose. In a 2009 interview, Horn reflected on her [[Gender neutrality|gender neutral]] name as an advantage, stating "when I was young I decided that my sex, my gender, was nobody’s business."


She grew up in [[Rockland County, New York|Rockland County]], New York.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Roni Horn|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/roni-horn|access-date=2021-11-22|website=W Magazine|language=en}}</ref>
She grew up in [[Rockland County, New York|Rockland County]], New York.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Roni Horn|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/roni-horn|access-date=2021-11-22|website=W Magazine|language=en}}</ref>
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Horn graduated from high school early and enrolled in the [[Rhode Island School of Design]] at age 16. She graduated with BFA in 1975 at age 19. Describing her "fast jaunt" in [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], she stated "I had a studio in a bad neighborhood with very little daylight. It was dangerous and depressing."<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Quinlan|first=Adriane|date=2021-02-19|title=Roni Horn Shares a Timely Record of Solitude|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/19/t-magazine/roni-horn-art.html|access-date=2021-11-22|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
Horn graduated from high school early and enrolled in the [[Rhode Island School of Design]] at age 16. She graduated with BFA in 1975 at age 19. Describing her "fast jaunt" in [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], she stated "I had a studio in a bad neighborhood with very little daylight. It was dangerous and depressing."<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Quinlan|first=Adriane|date=2021-02-19|title=Roni Horn Shares a Timely Record of Solitude|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/19/t-magazine/roni-horn-art.html|access-date=2021-11-22|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>


Horn received an MFA in sculpture from [[Yale University]]. Since 1975 she has travelled often to [[Iceland]], whose landscape and isolation have strongly influenced her practice.
Horn received an MFA in sculpture from [[Yale University]] in 1978. Since 1975 she has travelled often to [[Iceland]], whose landscape and isolation have strongly influenced her practice.


==Work==
==Work and recognition==
[[File:Opposite of White, v.2 (Large) (A), 2006-2007, Roni Horn.jpg|thumb|right|''Opposite of White, v.2 (Large) (A)'' (2006-2007) at the [[National Gallery of Art]] in 2022]]
Horn has been intimately involved with the singular geography, geology, climate and culture of [[Iceland]]. She first travel to Iceland in the 1970s.<ref name="Phaidon Editors">{{cite book |last1=Phaidon Editors |title=Great women artists |date=2019 |publisher=Phaidon Press |isbn=978-0714878775 |page=194}}</ref> Since her first encounter with the island as a young arts graduate visiting on a fellowship from Yale, Horn has returned to Iceland frequently.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography|url=http://www.libraryofwater.is/biography_bibliography.html|website=Library of Water|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
Horn has been intimately involved with the singular geography, geology, climate and culture of [[Iceland]]. She first traveled to Iceland in the 1970s.<ref name="Phaidon Editors">{{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Karen |title=Great women artists |date=2019 |publisher=Phaidon Press |isbn=978-0714878775 |page=194}}</ref> Since her first encounter with the island as a young arts graduate visiting on a fellowship from Yale, Horn has returned to Iceland frequently.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography|url=http://www.libraryofwater.is/biography_bibliography.html|website=Library of Water|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>


===''To Place''===
===''To Place''===
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In 2004, [[Hauser & Wirth]] in London was the location of an installation by Horn entitled ''Agua Viva'' for the exhibition ''Rings of Lispector''. The installation consisted of interconnecting rubber tiles into which fragments of text from [[Hélène Cixous]]' English translation of [[Clarice Lispector]]'s ''[[Água Viva (novel)|Agua Viva]]'' (''The Stream of Life'') were embedded into the floor in contrasting shades of tan-colored rubber. Horn manipulated passages of the text to shape partial and overlapping rings and loops, playing with the order and coherence of Lispector's text. The rubber floor's dimensions at Hauser & Wirth London were approximately 1,500 square feet, with each rubber tile 69 inches square. It contained 25 "rubber floor drawings" with additional plain tiles so that the piece would fit wall to wall.<ref>Horn, Roni and Hélène Cixous. ''Rings of Lispector (Agua Viva)''. Göttigen: Steidl, 2005. P. 100. Print.</ref>
In 2004, [[Hauser & Wirth]] in London was the location of an installation by Horn entitled ''Agua Viva'' for the exhibition ''Rings of Lispector''. The installation consisted of interconnecting rubber tiles into which fragments of text from [[Hélène Cixous]]' English translation of [[Clarice Lispector]]'s ''[[Água Viva (novel)|Agua Viva]]'' (''The Stream of Life'') were embedded into the floor in contrasting shades of tan-colored rubber. Horn manipulated passages of the text to shape partial and overlapping rings and loops, playing with the order and coherence of Lispector's text. The rubber floor's dimensions at Hauser & Wirth London were approximately 1,500 square feet, with each rubber tile 69 inches square. It contained 25 "rubber floor drawings" with additional plain tiles so that the piece would fit wall to wall.<ref>Horn, Roni and Hélène Cixous. ''Rings of Lispector (Agua Viva)''. Göttigen: Steidl, 2005. P. 100. Print.</ref>


[[Hélène Cixous]] penned the accompanying monograph for the installation.<ref>Horn, Roni and Hélène Cixous. ''Rings of Lispector (Agua Viva)''. Göttigen: Steidl, 2005. P. 19. Print.</ref>
[[Hélène Cixous]] wrote the accompanying monograph for the installation.<ref>Horn, Roni and Hélène Cixous. ''Rings of Lispector (Agua Viva)''. Göttigen: Steidl, 2005. P. 19. Print.</ref>


===Photo series===
===Photo series===
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The 45 color images of Horn's installation ''Pi'' (1998) were installed on all four walls of the [[Matthew Marks Gallery]] in New York.<ref>Roberta Smith (May 07, 1999) [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/07/arts/art-in-review-roni-horn.html Art in review: Roni Horn] ''New York Times''.</ref> The pictures were taken over a six-year period in Iceland.
The 45 color images of Horn's installation ''Pi'' (1998) were installed on all four walls of the [[Matthew Marks Gallery]] in New York.<ref>Roberta Smith (May 07, 1999) [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/07/arts/art-in-review-roni-horn.html Art in review: Roni Horn] ''New York Times''.</ref> The pictures were taken over a six-year period in Iceland.


''Still Water (The River Thames, for Example)'' (1999) is a single work composed of fifteen photographic offset lithographs, each 30 1/2 x 41 1/2". It is in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art.<ref name="MoMA">{{cite web |title=Roni Horn. Still Water (The River Thames, for Example). 1999 |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/106692 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |access-date=22 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> It was commissioned around 1998, and Horn has noted that it came about at the same time as the end of a long love relationship.<ref name="Horn, Roni 2009. P. 134">Horn, Roni. "Still Water." Ed. De Salvo, Donna, et al. ''Roni Horn aka Roni Horn: Subject Index''. Göttigen: Steidl, 2009. P. 134. Print.</ref> Each of the 15 lithographs features a photograph of the surface of the [[River Thames]] that has been annotated with many small white numerals that correspond to a bar of footnotes that runs along the lower border of each image.<ref name="Horn, Roni 2009. P. 134" />
''Still Water (The River Thames, for Example)'' (1999) is a single work composed of fifteen photographic offset lithographs, each {{frac|30|1|2}} x {{frac|41|1|2}} inches. It is in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art.<ref name="MoMA">{{cite web |title=Roni Horn. Still Water (The River Thames, for Example). 1999 |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/106692 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |access-date=22 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> It was commissioned around 1998, and Horn has noted that it came about at the same time as the end of a long love relationship.<ref name="Horn, Roni 2009. P. 134">Horn, Roni. "Still Water." Ed. De Salvo, Donna, et al. ''Roni Horn aka Roni Horn: Subject Index''. Göttigen: Steidl, 2009. P. 134. Print.</ref> Each of the 15 lithographs features a photograph of the surface of the [[River Thames]] that has been annotated with many small white numerals that correspond to a bar of footnotes that runs along the lower border of each image.<ref name="Horn, Roni 2009. P. 134" />


===Sculpture===
===Sculpture===
[[File:Untitled ("The peacock likes to sit on gates or fenceposts...).JPG|thumb|Untitled ("The peacock likes to sit on gates or fenceposts...) in display at the Corning Museum of Glass]]
[[File:Gold Mats, Paired-For Ross and Felix, 1994-1995, Roni Horn.jpg|thumb|left|''Gold Mats, Paired - For Ross and Felix'' (1994/1995) at the [[National Gallery of Art]] in 2022]]
[[File:Things That Happen Again, 1986, Roni Horn.jpg|thumb|right|''Things That Happen Again'' (1986) at the [[National Gallery of Art]] in 2022]]
[[Félix González-Torres]] had the opportunity to view Horn's sculpture ''Forms from the Gold Field'' in 1990 at the [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles]].<ref>[http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/exhibitions/past/exhibit/3155 Paired, Gold: Félix González-Torres and Roni Horn, October 2, 2009–January 6, 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429040027/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/exhibitions/past/exhibit/3155 |date=April 29, 2011 }} Guggenheim Museum, New York.</ref> In 1993, he made ''Untitled (Placebo-Landscape-for Roni)''. In response, Horn made a second gold field piece, ''Gold Mats, Paired-For Ross and Felix'' (1994-1995), dedicated to the late González-Torres and his partner Ross Laycock.<ref>[http://www.andrearosengallery.com/exhibitions/2005_3_felix-gonzalez-torres-and-roni-horn/ Félix González-Torres and Roni Horn, March 31 - April 30, 2005] Andrea Rosen Gallery, New York.</ref>
[[Félix González-Torres]] had the opportunity to view Horn's sculpture ''Forms from the Gold Field'' in 1990 at the [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles]].<ref>[http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/exhibitions/past/exhibit/3155 Paired, Gold: Félix González-Torres and Roni Horn, October 2, 2009–January 6, 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429040027/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/exhibitions/past/exhibit/3155 |date=April 29, 2011 }} Guggenheim Museum, New York.</ref> In 1993, he made ''Untitled (Placebo-Landscape-for Roni)''. In response, Horn made a second gold field piece, ''Gold Mats, Paired-For Ross and Felix'' (1994-1995), dedicated to the late González-Torres and his partner Ross Laycock.<ref>[http://www.andrearosengallery.com/exhibitions/2005_3_felix-gonzalez-torres-and-roni-horn/ Félix González-Torres and Roni Horn, March 31 - April 30, 2005] Andrea Rosen Gallery, New York.</ref>


Horn's 1993 series ''When Dickinson shut her eyes'' comprises eight square aluminium poles of different lengths leaning against the gallery wall, each bearing a line from [[Emily Dickinson]]'s poem ''A Wind that rose''.<ref>[http://www.phillipsdepury.com/auctions/lot-detail/RONI-HORN/UK010310/7/1/1/12/detail.aspx# Roni Horn, When Dickinson Shut Her Eyes, no. 1259, 1993-2004] Phillips de Pury & Company, London.</ref>
Horn's 1993 series ''When Dickinson shut her eyes'' comprises eight square aluminium poles of different lengths leaning against the gallery wall, each bearing a line from [[Emily Dickinson]]'s poem ''A Wind that rose''.<ref>[http://www.phillipsdepury.com/auctions/lot-detail/RONI-HORN/UK010310/7/1/1/12/detail.aspx# Roni Horn, When Dickinson Shut Her Eyes, no. 1259, 1993-2004] Phillips de Pury & Company, London.</ref>


''Pink Tons'' (2008) is a solid cast glass cube 1219 x 1219 x 1219&nbsp;mm, weighing 4536&nbsp;kg manufactured by Schott, a German glass manufacturing company with whom she has worked since her student times. They also manufactured the columns of her Library of Water in Iceland.<ref name="Schott">{{cite web |title=Complex Glass Artworks of Great Dept |url=https://www.us.schott.com/magazine/english/sol207/sol207_12_glassartworks.html |website=Schott North America |access-date=22 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
''Pink Tons'' (2008) is a solid cast glass cube 1219 x 1219 x 1219 mm, weighing 4536 kg manufactured by Schott, a German glass manufacturing company with whom she has worked since her student times. They also manufactured the columns of her Library of Water in Iceland.<ref name="Schott">{{cite web |title=Complex Glass Artworks of Great Dept |url=https://www.us.schott.com/magazine/english/sol207/sol207_12_glassartworks.html |website=Schott North America |access-date=22 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>


Horn's 2009-2010 work ''Well and Truly'' consists of ten solid cast glass parts, each measuring 91.5&nbsp;cm in diameter and 45.5&nbsp;cm in height. ''Well and Truly'' is part of a private collection, but was included in an exhibition of the same title at [[Kunsthaus Bregenz]] from April 24 to July 4, 2010.<ref name="Art Daily1">{{cite web |title=American Artist Roni Horn Conceives Exhibition Specifically for Kunsthaus Bregenz |url=https://artdaily.cc/news/37648/American-Artist-Roni-Horn-Conceives-Exhibition-Specifically-for-Kunsthaus-Bregenz#.Xf_cX1VKj4Y |website=Art Daily |access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> The ten glass elements are cylinders in shades of blue and pale blue greens.
Horn's 2009-2010 work ''Well and Truly'' consists of ten solid cast glass parts, each measuring 91.5 cm in diameter and 45.5 cm in height. ''Well and Truly'' is part of a private collection, but was included in an exhibition of the same title at [[Kunsthaus Bregenz]] from April 24 to July 4, 2010.<ref name="Art Daily1">{{cite web |title=American Artist Roni Horn Conceives Exhibition Specifically for Kunsthaus Bregenz |url=https://artdaily.cc/news/37648/American-Artist-Roni-Horn-Conceives-Exhibition-Specifically-for-Kunsthaus-Bregenz#.Xf_cX1VKj4Y |website=Art Daily |access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> The ten glass elements are cylinders in shades of blue and pale blue greens.

⚫
===Documentary===
⚫
Horn was one of the artists featured on PBS' ''Art:21'' series of biographies of contemporary artists.<ref name="PBS" />


==Exhibitions==
==Exhibitions==
Horn's first solo exhibition (outside the university) was held in 1980 at the Kunstraum München.<ref name="guggenheim" /> With two New York shows at the Paula Cooper and [[Leo Castelli]] galleries, Horn's career accelerated in the late 1980s.<ref>William Wilson (April 22, 1990), [http://articles.latimes.com/1990-04-22/entertainment/ca-228_1_performance-art Roni Horn and the Art of Abstraction] ''Los Angeles Times''</ref> Horn received the [[Alpert Awards in the Arts|CalArts/Alpert Award in the Arts]] in 1998, several [[National Endowment for the Arts|NEA]] fellowships, and a Guggenheim fellowship.<ref name="guggenheim" /> She has had one-person exhibitions at the [[Art Institute of Chicago]] (2004); [[Centre Georges Pompidou]], Paris (2003); [[Dia Art Foundation|Dia Center for the Arts]], New York, and [[Serralves Foundation|Museu Serralves]], Porto (2001); [[Whitney Museum of American Art]], New York; [[Kunsthalle Basel]] (1995); [[Rencontres d'Arles]] festival, France (2009)<ref name="guggenheim" /> and [[Tate Modern]], London (2009).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.tate.org.uk/modern/exhibitions/ronihorn/about.shtm| title = Roni Horn aka Roni Horn| date = 2009-01-21| access-date = 2009-04-13| publisher = tate.org| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090512211836/http://www.tate.org.uk/modern/exhibitions/ronihorn/about.shtm| archive-date = 2009-05-12}}</ref> Group exhibitions include the [[Whitney Biennial]] (1991, 2004); [[Documenta]] (1992); and [[Venice Biennale]] (1997), among others.<ref name="PBS"/> In 2004 she was a visiting critic at [[Columbia University]].
Horn's first solo exhibition (outside the university) was held in 1980 at the Kunstraum München.<ref name="guggenheim" /> With two New York shows at the Paula Cooper and [[Leo Castelli]] galleries, Horn's career accelerated in the late 1980s.<ref>William Wilson (April 22, 1990), [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-04-22-ca-228-story.html Roni Horn and the Art of Abstraction] ''Los Angeles Times''</ref> Horn received the [[Alpert Awards in the Arts|CalArts/Alpert Award in the Arts]] in 1998, [[National Endowment for the Arts|NEA]] fellowships in 1984, 1986 and 1990, and a Guggenheim fellowship, also in 1990.<ref name="guggenheim" /> She has had one-person exhibitions at the [[Nasher Sculpture Center]] (2017); the [[Art Institute of Chicago]] (2004); [[Centre Georges Pompidou]], Paris (2003); [[Dia Art Foundation|Dia Center for the Arts]], New York, and [[Serralves Foundation|Museu Serralves]], Porto (2001); [[Whitney Museum of American Art]], New York; [[Kunsthalle Basel]] (1995); [[Rencontres d'Arles]] festival, France (2009)<ref name="guggenheim" /> and [[Tate Modern]], London (2009).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.tate.org.uk/modern/exhibitions/ronihorn/about.shtm| title = Roni Horn aka Roni Horn| date = 2009-01-21| access-date = 2009-04-13| publisher = tate.org| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090512211836/http://www.tate.org.uk/modern/exhibitions/ronihorn/about.shtm| archive-date = 2009-05-12}}</ref> Group exhibitions include the [[Whitney Biennial]] (1991, 2004); [[Documenta]] (1992); and [[Venice Biennale]] (1997), among others.<ref name="PBS"/> In 2004 she was a visiting critic at [[Columbia University]].


In November 2009, the [[Whitney Museum of American Art]] opened a survey show of Horn's work. Titled "Roni Horn aka Roni Horn", the show travelled to the [[Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston|Institute of Contemporary Art]] in Boston (2010),the [[Tate Modern]], London (25 February - 25 May 2009), and the Collection Lambert in Avignon (21 June - 4 October 2009).<ref name="guggenheim" />
In November 2009, the [[Whitney Museum of American Art]] opened a survey show of Horn's work. Titled "Roni Horn aka Roni Horn", the show travelled to the [[Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston|Institute of Contemporary Art]] in Boston (2010),the [[Tate Modern]], London (25 February - 25 May 2009), and the Collection Lambert in Avignon (21 June - 4 October 2009).<ref name="guggenheim" />
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In February 2019, [[Menil Collection|The Menil Collection]] in Houston, Texas held a two part solo exhibition, "When I Breathe, I Draw". The first part, features Horn's large scale works on paper, and the second, was devoted to works created from cutting, housed in the Menil Drawing Institute's main gallery. She was also commissioned to install her "Wits' End Sampler" wall drawing in the entry space of the Menil Drawing Institute.<ref name="Menil">{{cite web |title=Roni Horn When I Breathe I Draw Part I |url=https://www.menil.org/exhibitions/297-roni-horn-when-i-breathe-i-draw-part-i |website=The Menil Collection |access-date=22 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
In February 2019, [[Menil Collection|The Menil Collection]] in Houston, Texas held a two part solo exhibition, "When I Breathe, I Draw". The first part, features Horn's large scale works on paper, and the second, was devoted to works created from cutting, housed in the Menil Drawing Institute's main gallery. She was also commissioned to install her "Wits' End Sampler" wall drawing in the entry space of the Menil Drawing Institute.<ref name="Menil">{{cite web |title=Roni Horn When I Breathe I Draw Part I |url=https://www.menil.org/exhibitions/297-roni-horn-when-i-breathe-i-draw-part-i |website=The Menil Collection |access-date=22 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>


==Notable works in public collections==
==Collections==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
Horn's work is in the permanent collections of the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]],<ref name="ArtNet" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Her, Her, Her, and Her|url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/17547|access-date=2021-01-15|website=The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation}}</ref> the [[Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=When Dickinson Shut Her Eyes No. 859: A Doubt If It Be Us – Works – Roni Horn – Artists – Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art|url=http://collection.crystalbridges.org/objects/5322/when-dickinson-shut-her-eyes-no-859-a-doubt-if-it-be-us;jsessionid=B84FF2B086805B827C9AB3A8F9B47D6E|access-date=2021-01-15|language=en}}</ref> the [[The Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery|Tang Teaching Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Untitled|url=https://tang.skidmore.edu/collection/artworks/559-untitled|access-date=2021-01-15|website=Tang Teaching Museum|language=en}}</ref> the [[Kunstmuseum Basel]],<ref name="ArtNet" /> the [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exchange: Key and Cue No. 1182 (Remembrance has a rear and front)|url=https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/6770|access-date=2021-01-15|website=exchange.umma.umich.edu}}</ref> and the [[Museum of Modern Art]].<ref name="ArtNet">{{cite web |title=Roni Horn |url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/roni-horn/ |website=ArtNet |access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref>
*''Gold Field'' (1980-1982, 1982/2013), [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]], [[New York City|New York]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Gold Field |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/14665 |website=Guggenheim |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726155041/https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/14665 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Glenstone]], [[Potomac, Maryland]]<ref name="Glenstone listing" />
*''Things That Happen Again, Pair Object VII (For a Here and a There)'' (1986-1988), [[Chinati Foundation]], [[Marfa, Texas]] (longterm loan from [[Donald Judd#Judd Foundation|Judd Foundation]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Roni Horn |url=https://chinati.org/collection/roni-horn/ |website=Chinati |publisher=[[Chinati Foundation]] |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309060547/https://chinati.org/collection/roni-horn/ |archive-date=9 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Asphere'' (1988-1990, 1998/2001), [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Asphere |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/35405/asphere? |website=MFA |publisher=[[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712015017/https://collections.mfa.org/objects/35405/asphere |archive-date=12 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Glenstone, Potomac, Maryland<ref name="Glenstone listing">{{cite web |title=Roni Horn |url=https://www.glenstone.org/artist/roni-horn/ |website=[[Glenstone]] |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712011329/https://www.glenstone.org/artist/roni-horn/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Kafka's Palindrome'' (1991), [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kafka's Palindrome |url=https://www.moca.org/collection/work/kafkas-palindrome |website=MOCA |publisher=[[Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807033755/https://www.moca.org/collection/work/kafkas-palindrome |archive-date=7 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Pair Field: Group IV'' (1991), [[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Pair Field: Group IV |url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/52954/pair-field-group-iv |website=MFAH |publisher=[[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]] |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712015529/https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/52954/pair-field-group-iv |archive-date=12 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Steven's Bouquet'' (1991), [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York<ref>{{cite web |title=Steven's Bouquet |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/100280? |website=MoMA |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419213734/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/100280 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Lava Fields of Iceland'' (1992), [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lava Fields of Iceland |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.95647.html |website=NGA |year=1992 |publisher=[[National Gallery of Art]] |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107010042/https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.95647.html |archive-date=7 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''How Dickinson Stayed Home'' (1993), Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles<ref>{{cite web |title=How Dickinson Stayed Home |url=https://www.moca.org/collection/work/how-dickinson-stayed-home |website=MOCA |publisher=[[Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles]] |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807043757/https://www.moca.org/collection/work/how-dickinson-stayed-home |archive-date=7 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''When Dickinson Shut Her Eyes No. 859: A Doubt If It Be Us'' (1993), [[Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art]], [[Bentonville, Arkansas]]<ref>{{cite web |title=When Dickinson Shut Her Eyes No. 859: A Doubt If It Be Us |url=https://collection.crystalbridges.org/objects/5322/when-dickinson-shut-her-eyes-no-859-a-doubt-if-it-be-us? |website=Crystal Bridges |publisher=[[Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art]] |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331025841/https://collection.crystalbridges.org/objects/5322/when-dickinson-shut-her-eyes-no-859-a-doubt-if-it-be-us |archive-date=31 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Key and Cue No. 1182 (Remembrance has a rear and front)'' (1994), [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]], [[Ann Arbor]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Key and Cute No. 1182 |url=https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/6770/view |website=UMMA |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421225353/https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/6770/view |archive-date=21 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Gold Mats, Paired - for Ross and Felix'' (1994/1995), [[Art Institute of Chicago]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Gold Mats, Paired - for Ross and Felix |url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/184106/gold-mats-paired-for-ross-and-felix |website=ArtIC |publisher=[[Art Institute of Chicago]] |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711030011/https://www.artic.edu/artworks/184106/gold-mats-paired-for-ross-and-felix |archive-date=11 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Deeps and Skies'' (1995-1996), Art Institute of Chicago<ref>{{cite web |title=Deeps and Skies |url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/192336/deeps-and-skies |website=ArtIC |publisher=[[Art Institute of Chicago]] |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515170152/https://www.artic.edu/artworks/192336/deeps-and-skies |archive-date=15 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Untitled (Flannery)'' (1996-1997), The Guggenheim, New York<ref>{{cite web |title=Untitled (Flannery) |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/4328 |website=Guggenheim |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621160144/https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/4328 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Still Water (The River Thames, for Example)'' (1999), Museum of Modern Art, New York<ref>{{cite web |title=Still Water (The River Thames, for Example) |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/106692 |website=MoMA |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419213841/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/106692 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Key and Cue, No. 288'' (1994-2004), [[Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Key and Cue, No. 288 |url=https://www.icaboston.org/art/roni-horn/key-and-cue-no-288 |website=ICABoston |year=1994 |publisher=[[Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston]] |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414234452/https://www.icaboston.org/art/roni-horn/key-and-cue-no-288 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Untitled (Aretha)'' (2002-2004), Museum of Modern Art, New York<ref>{{cite web |title=Untitled (Aretha) |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/102070? |website=MoMA |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726043502/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/102070 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Doubt by Water'' (2003-2004), [[Whitney Museum]], New York<ref>{{cite web |title=Doubt by Water |url=https://whitney.org/collection/works/63187 |website=Whitney |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703121049/https://whitney.org/collection/works/63187 |archive-date=3 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''White Dickinson I THINK OF YOUR FOREST AND SEA AS A FAR OFF SHERBET'' (2006), Glenstone, Potomac, Maryland<ref name="Glenstone listing" />
*''Opposite of White, v.2 (Large) (A)'' (2006-2007), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web |title=Opposite of White, v.2 (Large) (A) |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.198645.html |website=NGA |publisher=[[National Gallery of Art]] |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712011657/https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.198645.html |archive-date=12 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Opposites of White'', 2006-2007, [[Kröller-Müller Museum]], Otterlo (KM 133.928).<ref>{{cite web|title=Opposites of white |url=https://krollermuller.nl/roni-horn-opposites-of-white |accessdate=28 May 2024}}</ref>
*''Pink Tons'' (2009, 2008-2011), [[Tate]], [[London]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Pink Tons |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/horn-pink-tons-t14525 |website=[[Tate]] |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422041409/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/horn-pink-tons-t14525 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Glenstone, Potomac, Maryland<ref name="Glenstone listing" />
*''Untitled ("The sensation of satisfaction at having outstared a baby.")'' (2013), [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Untitled ("The sensation of satisfaction at having outstared a baby.") |url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/2114289 |website=LACMA |publisher=[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021223/https://collections.lacma.org/node/2114289 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Water Double, v. 3'' (2013-2015), Glenstone, Potomac, Maryland<ref name="Glenstone listing" />


{{Div col end}}
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==Documentary==
⚫
Horn was one of the artists featured on PBS' ''Art:21'' series of biographies of contemporary artists.<ref name="PBS" />


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 21:05, 24 September 2024

Roni Horn
Horn at Barcelona's Fundació Joan Miró, where she was given the Joan Miró Award
BornSeptember 25, 1955
New York City
NationalityAmerican
EducationRhode Island School of Design,
Yale University
Known forVisual arts
AwardsJoan Miró Award 2013 by Fundació Miró

Roni Horn (born September 25, 1955[1]) is an American visual artist and writer. The granddaughter of Eastern European immigrants,[2] she was born in New York City, where she lives and works. She is currently represented by Xavier Hufkens in Brussels and Hauser & Wirth. She is openly gay.[3]

Early life and education

[edit]

Horn was born on September 25, 1955, in New York City. She was named for her grandmothers, both of whom were named Rose. In a 2009 interview, Horn reflected on her gender neutral name as an advantage, stating "when I was young I decided that my sex, my gender, was nobody’s business."

She grew up in Rockland County, New York.[4]

Horn graduated from high school early and enrolled in the Rhode Island School of Design at age 16. She graduated with BFA in 1975 at age 19. Describing her "fast jaunt" in Providence, she stated "I had a studio in a bad neighborhood with very little daylight. It was dangerous and depressing."[4][5]

Horn received an MFA in sculpture from Yale University in 1978. Since 1975 she has travelled often to Iceland, whose landscape and isolation have strongly influenced her practice.

Work and recognition

[edit]
Opposite of White, v.2 (Large) (A) (2006-2007) at the National Gallery of Art in 2022

Horn has been intimately involved with the singular geography, geology, climate and culture of Iceland. She first traveled to Iceland in the 1970s.[6] Since her first encounter with the island as a young arts graduate visiting on a fellowship from Yale, Horn has returned to Iceland frequently.[7]

To Place

[edit]

The ongoing series of books entitled To Place (1990-) concern Iceland.[8]

Reproducing 13 watercolour and graphite drawings, Bluff Life (1990) was produced in 1982 during a two-month stay in a lighthouse off the southern coast of Iceland in a town called Dyrhólaey. The series totals thirteen drawings, all made on note cards.[9] The second book, Folds (1991), is a collection of photographs documenting extant sheepfolds. To Place: Verne's Journey (1995) is the fifth in the series.[10] A photographic essay, the seventh volume Arctic Circles (1998) records the endless horizon of the North Sea, the feathers of an eider nest, and the rotating beacon of a lighthouse. Doubt Box (Book IX) (2006) is a collection of cards rather than a bound volume. Printed on both sides, the cards show pictures of glacial water, taxidermied birds, and a face.

In 2004-2006, the books were selected as some of the most important photobooks in history.[11][12] A 2009 journal article stated that the nine To Place books "together constitute one of the most important groups of artists' books since Ed Ruscha's 1960s books and Bernd and Hilla Becher's publications on industrial architecture."[13] Other publications include Dictionary of Water, This is Me, This is You, Cabinet of, If on a Winter's Night, Her, Her, Her, & Her, Wonderwater (Alice Offshore), and Index Cixous, 2003 – 05.

Installations

[edit]
Vatnasafn, Horn's Library of Water in Stykkishólmur

Weather has played an important role in Horn's work. She has created several public artworks, including You Are the Weather—Munich (1996–97), a permanent installation for the Deutscher Wetterdienst bureau in Munich. You in You (1997), a rubber-tiled walkway in Basel's east train station, mimics an unusual basalt formation of Iceland.[1] Some Thames (2000), a permanent installation at the University of Akureyri in Iceland, consists of 80 photographs of water dispersed throughout the university's public spaces. In 2007 she undertook Artangel’s first international commission, creating Vatnasafn / Library of Water, a long-term installation in the town of Stykkishólmur, Iceland. The installation is made up of water collected from Icelandic glaciers.[14]

The "Library of Water" is housed in a former library building in Stykkisholmur on the west coast of Iceland. Horn noticed the building in the 1990s. It is located at the high point of the town, overlooking the harbour and the sea. It was conceived by Horn in 2004 as a sculpture installation and a community center.

In 2004, Hauser & Wirth in London was the location of an installation by Horn entitled Agua Viva for the exhibition Rings of Lispector. The installation consisted of interconnecting rubber tiles into which fragments of text from Hélène Cixous' English translation of Clarice Lispector's Agua Viva (The Stream of Life) were embedded into the floor in contrasting shades of tan-colored rubber. Horn manipulated passages of the text to shape partial and overlapping rings and loops, playing with the order and coherence of Lispector's text. The rubber floor's dimensions at Hauser & Wirth London were approximately 1,500 square feet, with each rubber tile 69 inches square. It contained 25 "rubber floor drawings" with additional plain tiles so that the piece would fit wall to wall.[15]

Hélène Cixous wrote the accompanying monograph for the installation.[16]

Photo series

[edit]

Horn's first photographic installation, You Are The Weather (1994-1996), is a photographic cycle featuring 100 close-up shots of the same woman, Margret,[17] in a variety of Icelandic geothermal pools.[18] Notes written by Horn about this work were included in the catalogue that accompanied Horn's 2009 traveling retrospective Roni Horn aka Roni Horn. The two-volume book includes a Subject Index that brought together writings and reflections on works, themes, titles and topics related to Horn's practice. Curator Donna De Salvo says, "You are the Weather depicts a living, rather than an inert, thing. Horn complicated the notion of surface and skin. This treatment of the face smudges the distinction between object and subject. Just who is the 'you'? Of course all answers are completely dependent upon who chooses to inhabit the role of 'you.' It's a discovery process, which in some ways reflects the making of the work itself. The subtle and not so subtle difference in these photographs make it difficult for a viewer to dismiss any one image as being identical to the one next to it. 'You' have to look hard."[19]

Many of the images in You Are the Weather were published in one of the To Place volumes. You are the Weather, Part 2, follows the same form as You are the Weather and features the same model, 15 years later.[20]

The 45 color images of Horn's installation Pi (1998) were installed on all four walls of the Matthew Marks Gallery in New York.[21] The pictures were taken over a six-year period in Iceland.

Still Water (The River Thames, for Example) (1999) is a single work composed of fifteen photographic offset lithographs, each 30+1⁄2 x 41+1⁄2 inches. It is in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art.[22] It was commissioned around 1998, and Horn has noted that it came about at the same time as the end of a long love relationship.[23] Each of the 15 lithographs features a photograph of the surface of the River Thames that has been annotated with many small white numerals that correspond to a bar of footnotes that runs along the lower border of each image.[23]

Sculpture

[edit]
Gold Mats, Paired - For Ross and Felix (1994/1995) at the National Gallery of Art in 2022
Things That Happen Again (1986) at the National Gallery of Art in 2022

Félix González-Torres had the opportunity to view Horn's sculpture Forms from the Gold Field in 1990 at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles.[24] In 1993, he made Untitled (Placebo-Landscape-for Roni). In response, Horn made a second gold field piece, Gold Mats, Paired-For Ross and Felix (1994-1995), dedicated to the late González-Torres and his partner Ross Laycock.[25]

Horn's 1993 series When Dickinson shut her eyes comprises eight square aluminium poles of different lengths leaning against the gallery wall, each bearing a line from Emily Dickinson's poem A Wind that rose.[26]

Pink Tons (2008) is a solid cast glass cube 1219 x 1219 x 1219 mm, weighing 4536 kg manufactured by Schott, a German glass manufacturing company with whom she has worked since her student times. They also manufactured the columns of her Library of Water in Iceland.[27]

Horn's 2009-2010 work Well and Truly consists of ten solid cast glass parts, each measuring 91.5 cm in diameter and 45.5 cm in height. Well and Truly is part of a private collection, but was included in an exhibition of the same title at Kunsthaus Bregenz from April 24 to July 4, 2010.[28] The ten glass elements are cylinders in shades of blue and pale blue greens.

Documentary

[edit]

Horn was one of the artists featured on PBS' Art:21 series of biographies of contemporary artists.[18]

Exhibitions

[edit]

Horn's first solo exhibition (outside the university) was held in 1980 at the Kunstraum München.[1] With two New York shows at the Paula Cooper and Leo Castelli galleries, Horn's career accelerated in the late 1980s.[29] Horn received the CalArts/Alpert Award in the Arts in 1998, NEA fellowships in 1984, 1986 and 1990, and a Guggenheim fellowship, also in 1990.[1] She has had one-person exhibitions at the Nasher Sculpture Center (2017); the Art Institute of Chicago (2004); Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris (2003); Dia Center for the Arts, New York, and Museu Serralves, Porto (2001); Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Kunsthalle Basel (1995); Rencontres d'Arles festival, France (2009)[1] and Tate Modern, London (2009).[30] Group exhibitions include the Whitney Biennial (1991, 2004); Documenta (1992); and Venice Biennale (1997), among others.[18] In 2004 she was a visiting critic at Columbia University.

In November 2009, the Whitney Museum of American Art opened a survey show of Horn's work. Titled "Roni Horn aka Roni Horn", the show travelled to the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston (2010),the Tate Modern, London (25 February - 25 May 2009), and the Collection Lambert in Avignon (21 June - 4 October 2009).[1]

In 2016 Horn had a solo exhibition in Tilburg, The Netherlands, at De Pont Museum of Contemporary Art.[31]

In February 2019, The Menil Collection in Houston, Texas held a two part solo exhibition, "When I Breathe, I Draw". The first part, features Horn's large scale works on paper, and the second, was devoted to works created from cutting, housed in the Menil Drawing Institute's main gallery. She was also commissioned to install her "Wits' End Sampler" wall drawing in the entry space of the Menil Drawing Institute.[32]

Notable works in public collections

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Roni Horn Guggenheim Collection.
  2. ^ Julie L. Belcove (November 2009), Roni Horn Archived 2012-10-03 at the Wayback Machine W Magazine.
  3. ^ "Roni Horn". W Magazine.
  4. ^ a b "Roni Horn". W Magazine. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
  5. ^ Quinlan, Adriane (2021-02-19). "Roni Horn Shares a Timely Record of Solitude". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
  6. ^ Wright, Karen (2019). Great women artists. Phaidon Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0714878775.
  7. ^ "Biography". Library of Water. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  8. ^ "Roni Horn" (interview with Claudia Spinelli). Journal of Contemporary Art, June 1995.
  9. ^ Huseman, Beth (2008). Roni Horn aka Roni Horn. Germany: Seidl Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86521-831-5.
  10. ^ Elements and Unknowns, September 4 – November 23, 2008 MoMA, New York.
  11. ^ Roth, Andrew, editor. The Open Book: a History of the Photographic Book from 1878 to the Present. Göteborg, Sweden: Hasselblad Center, 2004.
  12. ^ Parr, Martin, and Gerry Badger. The Photobook: a History. Volume II. London & New York: Phaidon, 2006. ISBN 0-7148-4433-0
  13. ^ Godfrey, Mark. "Roni Horn's Icelandic Encyclopedia." Art History, volume 32, issue 5, December 2009, pages 932-953.
  14. ^ Lossin, R.H. (January 2010). "Roni Horn aka Roni Horn". The Brooklyn Rail.
  15. ^ Horn, Roni and Hélène Cixous. Rings of Lispector (Agua Viva). Göttigen: Steidl, 2005. P. 100. Print.
  16. ^ Horn, Roni and Hélène Cixous. Rings of Lispector (Agua Viva). Göttigen: Steidl, 2005. P. 19. Print.
  17. ^ Art21: Roni Horn PBS.
  18. ^ a b c "ART21 | PBS" – via www.pbs.org.
  19. ^ De Salvo, Donna. "You are the Weather." Ed. De Salvo, Donna, et al. Roni Horn aka Roni Horn. Göttigen: Steidl, 2009. P. 195. Print.
  20. ^ "Exhibitions — Roni Horn Recent Work". Hauser & Wirth. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  21. ^ Roberta Smith (May 07, 1999) Art in review: Roni Horn New York Times.
  22. ^ "Roni Horn. Still Water (The River Thames, for Example). 1999". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  23. ^ a b Horn, Roni. "Still Water." Ed. De Salvo, Donna, et al. Roni Horn aka Roni Horn: Subject Index. Göttigen: Steidl, 2009. P. 134. Print.
  24. ^ Paired, Gold: Félix González-Torres and Roni Horn, October 2, 2009–January 6, 2010 Archived April 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Guggenheim Museum, New York.
  25. ^ Félix González-Torres and Roni Horn, March 31 - April 30, 2005 Andrea Rosen Gallery, New York.
  26. ^ Roni Horn, When Dickinson Shut Her Eyes, no. 1259, 1993-2004 Phillips de Pury & Company, London.
  27. ^ "Complex Glass Artworks of Great Dept". Schott North America. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  28. ^ "American Artist Roni Horn Conceives Exhibition Specifically for Kunsthaus Bregenz". Art Daily. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  29. ^ William Wilson (April 22, 1990), Roni Horn and the Art of Abstraction Los Angeles Times
  30. ^ "Roni Horn aka Roni Horn". tate.org. 2009-01-21. Archived from the original on 2009-05-12. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
  31. ^ "Roni Horn at Museum de Pont". Contemporary Art Daily. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  32. ^ "Roni Horn When I Breathe I Draw Part I". The Menil Collection. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  33. ^ "Gold Field". Guggenheim. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  34. ^ a b c d e "Roni Horn". Glenstone. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  35. ^ "Roni Horn". Chinati. Chinati Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  36. ^ "Asphere". MFA. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  37. ^ "Kafka's Palindrome". MOCA. Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020.
  38. ^ "Pair Field: Group IV". MFAH. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  39. ^ "Steven's Bouquet". MoMA. Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  40. ^ "Lava Fields of Iceland". NGA. National Gallery of Art. 1992. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  41. ^ "How Dickinson Stayed Home". MOCA. Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  42. ^ "When Dickinson Shut Her Eyes No. 859: A Doubt If It Be Us". Crystal Bridges. Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  43. ^ "Key and Cute No. 1182". UMMA. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  44. ^ "Gold Mats, Paired - for Ross and Felix". ArtIC. Art Institute of Chicago. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  45. ^ "Deeps and Skies". ArtIC. Art Institute of Chicago. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  46. ^ "Untitled (Flannery)". Guggenheim. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  47. ^ "Still Water (The River Thames, for Example)". MoMA. Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  48. ^ "Key and Cue, No. 288". ICABoston. Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston. 1994. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  49. ^ "Untitled (Aretha)". MoMA. Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  50. ^ "Doubt by Water". Whitney. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  51. ^ "Opposite of White, v.2 (Large) (A)". NGA. National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  52. ^ "Opposites of white". Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  53. ^ "Pink Tons". Tate. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  54. ^ "Untitled ("The sensation of satisfaction at having outstared a baby.")". LACMA. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
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