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{{Short description|Geological formation}}
{{Short description|Geological formation in the United States}}
{{Infobox Rockunit
{{Infobox Rockunit
| name = Cloverly Formation
| name = Cloverly Formation
Line 42: Line 42:
In contrast, Ostrom (1970) divided the formation into four units, which he named Units IV-VII:
In contrast, Ostrom (1970) divided the formation into four units, which he named Units IV-VII:


* '''Unit IV''' equates to the Pryor Conglomerate of Moberly and consists of a conglomerate or conglomeratic sandstone.
* ''Unit IV'' equates to the Pryor Conglomerate of Moberly and consists of a conglomerate or conglomeratic sandstone.
* '''Unit V''', overlaying Unit IV, consists of a lower grey-to-purple claystone with abundant fist-sized [[chalcedony]] and [[Baryte|barite]] concretions; the unit is highly bentonitic and contains occasional channel sands.
* ''Unit V'', overlaying Unit IV, consists of a lower grey-to-purple claystone with abundant fist-sized [[chalcedony]] and [[Baryte|barite]] concretions; the unit is highly bentonitic and contains occasional channel sands.
* '''Unit VI''' is a discontinuous "salt and pepper" cross-stratified channel sandstone with occasional conglomerate, considered by Moberly to be part of the Himes Member.
* ''Unit VI'' is a discontinuous "salt and pepper" cross-stratified channel sandstone with occasional conglomerate, considered by Moberly to be part of the Himes Member.
* '''Unit VII''', the uppermost, is a maroon to orange claystone with occasional highly rounded and polished pebbles of [[Silicon dioxide|silica]]. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Ostrom, John H.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/258060311|title=Stratigraphy and paleontology of the cloverly formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Bighorn Basin Area, Wyoming and Montana|date=1970|publisher=Peabody Mus. of Nat. History, Univ|oclc=258060311}}</ref>
* ''Unit VII'', the uppermost, is a maroon to orange claystone with occasional highly rounded and polished pebbles of [[Silicon dioxide|silica]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ostrom, John H.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/258060311|title=Stratigraphy and paleontology of the cloverly formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Bighorn Basin Area, Wyoming and Montana|date=1970|publisher=Peabody Mus. of Nat. History, Univ|oclc=258060311}}</ref>


==Age==
==Age==
A stratigraphic revision of the Cloverly Formation using new uranium lead dates reinterpret the formation as spanning the Valanginian-Cenomanian stages of the Cretaceous period. The individual ages of the members are listed below:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=D'Emic |first=Michael D. |last2=Foreman |first2=Brady Z. |last3=Jud |first3=Nathan A. |last4=Britt |first4=Brooks B. |last5=Schmitz |first5=Mark |last6=Crowley |first6=James L. |date=2019-04-01 |title=Chronostratigraphic Revision of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Western Interior, USA) |url= |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=3 |doi=10.3374/014.060.0101 |issn=0079-032X}}</ref>
A stratigraphic revision of the Cloverly Formation using new uranium lead dates reinterpret the formation as spanning the Valanginian-Cenomanian stages of the Cretaceous period. The individual ages of the members are listed below:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=D'Emic |first1=Michael D. |last2=Foreman |first2=Brady Z. |last3=Jud |first3=Nathan A. |last4=Britt |first4=Brooks B. |last5=Schmitz |first5=Mark |last6=Crowley |first6=James L. |date=2019-04-01 |title=Chronostratigraphic Revision of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Western Interior, USA) |url= |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=3 |doi=10.3374/014.060.0101 |s2cid=132032611 |issn=0079-032X}}</ref>


* Pryor Conglomerate; 140-130 Ma ([[Valanginian]]-[[Hauterivian]])
* Pryor Conglomerate; 140-130 Ma ([[Valanginian]]-[[Hauterivian]])
Line 58: Line 58:


== Vertebrate fauna ==
== Vertebrate fauna ==
Animals recovered include the dinosaurs ''[[Deinonychus]]'', ''[[Microvenator]]'', ''[[Tenontosaurus]]'', ''[[Zephyrosaurus]]'' and ''[[Sauropelta]]'' as well as fragmentary remains of [[Titanosauria|Titanosaurs]], [[Ankylosauria|Ankylosaurs]] and Ornithomimids. As well, two genera of turtle
Animals recovered include the dinosaurs ''[[Deinonychus]]'', ''[[Microvenator]]'', ''[[Tenontosaurus]]'', ''[[Zephyrosaurus]]'' and ''[[Sauropelta]]'' as well as fragmentary remains of [[Titanosauria|Titanosaurs]], [[Ankylosauria|Ankylosaurs]] and Ornithomimids. As well, two genera of turtle ''[[Naomichelys]]'' and ''[[Glyptops]]'' and the lungfish ''[[Ceratodus (genus)|Ceratodus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Oreska |first1=Matthew P. J. |last2=Carrano |first2=Matthew T. |last3=Dzikiewicz |first3=Katherine M. |date=2013 |title=Vertebrate paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), I: faunal composition, biogeographic relationships, and sampling |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2012.717567 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=264–292 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2012.717567 |bibcode=2013JVPal..33..264O |issn=0272-4634}}</ref> [[Dinosaur egg]]s have been found in Montana.<ref name="cloverly-mt" />
''[[Naomichelys]]'' and ''[[Glyptops]]'' and the lungfish ''[[Ceratodus]]''.

[[Dinosaur egg]]s have been found in Montana.<ref name="cloverly-mt" />


References for data: Ostrom 1970; Cifelli et al. 1998; Cifelli 1999; Nydam and Cifelli 2002. Possible [[goniopholidid]] remains are known from the formation.
References for data: Ostrom 1970; Cifelli et al. 1998; Cifelli 1999; Nydam and Cifelli 2002. Possible [[goniopholidid]] remains are known from the formation.
=== Dinosaurs ===

===Ornithischians===
====Ornithischians====
===== Ankylosaurs =====
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Ornithischian]]s reported from the Cloverly Formation'''
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Ankylosaur]]s reported from the Cloverly Formation'''
|-
|-
! Genus
! Genus
Line 79: Line 77:
|-
|-
|
|
''[[Sauropelta]]''<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
''[[Aquilops]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Farke |first=Andrew A. |last2=Maxwell |first2=W. Desmond |last3=Cifelli |first3=Richard L. |last4=Wedel |first4=Mathew J. |date=2014-12-10 |title=A Ceratopsian Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Western North America, and the Biogeography of Neoceratopsia |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112055 |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=e112055 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0112055 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4262212 |pmid=25494182}}</ref>
|
|
''S. edwardsorum''<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
''A. americanus''
|
|
*Montana
* Montana<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
|Cloverly VII; Himes Member<ref name=":0" />
* Wyoming<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
|
|
|
|
Known from "several articulated skeletons" and common armor plates.<ref name="cloverlybigsky" /> Only one partial skull is known.<ref name="table-17-1-365">"Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 365.</ref>
A basal [[neoceratopsian]].
|
| rowspan="99" |
Articulated skeletons are often encased in carbonate caliche deposits that require acid to be removed safely.<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
[[Image:Aquilops NT small.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Aquilops]]'']]
[[Image:Sauropelta jconway.png|thumb|center|200px|''[[Sauropelta]]'']]
| rowspan = 2| [[Image:Sauropelta jconway.png|thumb|center|200px|''[[Sauropelta]]'']]
[[Image:Tenontosaurus BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Tenontosaurus]]'']]
[[File:Zephyrosaurus in Copenhagen.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Zephyrosaurus]]'']]
|-
|-
|''[[Tatankacephalus]]''<ref name="Tatankacephalus">{{cite journal |last1=Parsons |first1=William L. |last2=Parsons |first2=Kristen M. |year=2009 |title=A new ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of central Montana |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=46 |issue=10 |pages=721–738 |bibcode=2009CaJES..46..721S |doi=10.1139/E09-045}}</ref>
|''T. cooneyorum''<ref name="Tatankacephalus" />
|
|
''[[Sauropelta]]''<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
* Montana<ref name="Tatankacephalus" />
|Cloverly VII<ref name="Tatankacephalus" />
|Partial cranium, rib fragments, and osteoderms.<ref name="Tatankacephalus" />
|Originally described as an ankylosaurid but has since been reclassified as a [[Nodosauridae|nodosaurid]].<ref name="ThompsonEtAl">{{Cite journal |author=Richard S. Thompson |author2=Jolyon C. Parish |author3=Susannah C. R. Maidment |author4=Paul M. Barrett |name-list-style=amp |year=2012 |title=Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=301–312 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2011.569091 |bibcode=2012JSPal..10..301T |s2cid=86002282}}</ref>
|-
|}
===== Ceratopsians =====
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Ceratopsian]]s reported from the Cloverly Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! State
! Stratigraphic position
! width="20%"| Material
! width="30%"| Notes
! Images
|-
|
|
''[[Aquilops]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Farke |first1=Andrew A. |last2=Maxwell |first2=W. Desmond |last3=Cifelli |first3=Richard L. |last4=Wedel |first4=Mathew J. |date=2014-12-10 |title=A Ceratopsian Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Western North America, and the Biogeography of Neoceratopsia |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=e112055 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0112055 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4262212 |pmid=25494182|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9k2055F |doi-access=free }}</ref>
''S. edwardsorum''<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
|
|
''A. americanus''
* Montana<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
* Wyoming<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
|
|
*Montana
|Cloverly VII; Himes Member<ref name=":0" />
|
|
Known from "several articulated skeletons" and its armor plates are common fossils.<ref name="cloverlybigsky" /> Only one partial skull is known."."<ref name="table-17-1-365">"Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 365.</ref>
|
|
A basal [[neoceratopsian]].
Articulated skeletons are often encased in carbonate caliche deposits that require acid to be removed safely.<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
|
[[Image:Aquilops NT small.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Aquilops]]'']]
|-
|}
===== Ornithopods =====
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Ornithopod]]s reported from the Cloverly Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! State
! Stratigraphic position
! width="20%"| Material
! width="30%"| Notes
! Images
|-
|-
|
|
Line 118: Line 150:
Its remains are the most common of any dinosaur of the formation.<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
Its remains are the most common of any dinosaur of the formation.<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
|
|
Juvenile remains are sometimes found together, suggesting that young ''Tenontosaurus'' lived in sibling groups. ''[[Deinonychus]]'' teeth are sometimes associated with ''Tenontosaurus'' remains suggesting a predator–prey relationship between the two.<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
Juvenile remains are sometimes found together, suggesting that young ''Tenontosaurus'' lived in sibling groups. ''[[Deinonychus]]'' teeth are sometimes associated with ''Tenontosaurus'', suggesting a predator-prey relationship between the two.<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
| rowspan="100" | [[Image:Tenontosaurus BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Tenontosaurus]]'']]
[[File:Zephyrosaurus in Copenhagen.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Zephyrosaurus]]'']]
|-
|-
|
|
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|
|
Its remains are "very rare."<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
Its remains are "very rare."<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
| An [[orodromine]] ornithopod.
|
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Saurischians===
====Saurischians====
Theropod eggshell fragments are known from the formation. Unidentifiable ornithomimid remains are present and most commonly represented by toe bones.<ref name="cloverlybigsky" /> Indeterminate allosauroid remains are known from the formation. Remains identified by [[John Ostrom]] as ''Ornithomimus'' are suspected by [[John R. Horner|Jack Horner]] to be of a new ornithomimid genus.<ref name="cloverlybigsky" /> Possible remains of a microraptorian, a troodontid, and a basal tyrannosauroid similar to [[Moros intrepidus|''Moros'']] have also been found here as well.
Theropod eggshell fragments are known from the formation. Unidentifiable ornithomimid remains are present and most commonly represented by toe bones.<ref name="cloverlybigsky" /> Indeterminate allosauroid remains are known from the formation. Remains identified by [[John Ostrom]] as ''Ornithomimus'' are suspected by [[John R. Horner|Jack Horner]] to be of a new ornithomimid genus.<ref name="cloverlybigsky" /> Possible remains of a microraptorian, a troodontid, and a basal tyrannosauroid similar to [[Moros intrepidus|''Moros'']] have also been found here as well.


{{paleobiota-key-compact}}
{{paleobiota-key-compact}}
===== Sauropods =====
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Saurischian]]s reported from the Cloverly Formation'''
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Sauropod]]s reported from the Cloverly Formation'''
|-
|-
! Genus
! Genus
Line 149: Line 184:
! Images
! Images
|-
|-
|
|''[[Acrocanthosaurus]]''<ref name=acro>{{cite journal |last=D'Emic |first=Michael D. |author2=Melstrom, Keegan M. |author3= Eddy, Drew R. |year=2012 |title=Paleobiology and geographic range of the large-bodied Cretaceous theropod dinosaur ''Acrocanthosaurus atokensis'' |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=333–334 |pages=13–23 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.003 }}</ref>
''[[Rugocaudia]]''<ref name=Rugocaudia>{{cite journal |author=D. Cary Woodruff |year=2012 |title=A new titanosauriform from the Early Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Montana |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=36 |pages= 58–66|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2012.02.003 |bibcode=2012CrRes..36...58W }}</ref>
|
''R. cooneyi''<ref name="Rugocaudia"/>
|
* Montana<ref name="Rugocaudia"/>
|Cloverly VII; Himes Member<ref name="Rugocaudia" />
|
|
| rowspan = 2| [[File:Sauroposeidon proteles.jpg|thumb|center|150px|''[[Sauroposeidon]]'']]
|-
|''[[Sauroposeidon]]''<ref name=sauro>D'Emic, M.D., and B.Z. Foreman. (2012). The beginning of the sauropod dinosaur hiatus in North America: insights from Wyoming's Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation. ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'' '''32'''(4):883–902.</ref>
|''S. proteles''
|
* Wyoming<ref name=acro/>
|Cloverly VII; Himes Member<ref name=acro/>
|
|
|}
===== Theropods =====
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Theropod]]s reported from the Cloverly Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! State
! Stratigraphic position
! width="20%"| Material
! width="30%"| Notes
! Images
|-
|''[[Acrocanthosaurus]]''<ref name=acro>{{cite journal |last=D'Emic |first=Michael D. |author2=Melstrom, Keegan M. |author3= Eddy, Drew R. |year=2012 |title=Paleobiology and geographic range of the large-bodied Cretaceous theropod dinosaur ''Acrocanthosaurus atokensis'' |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=333–334 |pages=13–23 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.003 |bibcode=2012PPP...333...13D }}</ref>
| ''A. atokensis''<ref name=acro/>
| ''A. atokensis''<ref name=acro/>
|
|
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[[File:Deinonychus ewilloughby.png|thumb|center|150px|''[[Deinonychus]]'']]
[[File:Deinonychus ewilloughby.png|thumb|center|150px|''[[Deinonychus]]'']]
[[Image:Microvenator.jpg|thumb|center|150px|''[[Microvenator]]'']]
[[Image:Microvenator.jpg|thumb|center|150px|''[[Microvenator]]'']]
[[File:Sauroposeidon proteles.jpg|thumb|center|150px|''[[Sauroposeidon]]'']]
|-
|-
|
|
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Its remains are "very rare."<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
Its remains are "very rare."<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
|
|
''[[Tenontosaurus]]'' remains have been recovered in association with ''Deinonychus'' teeth on several occasions suggesting a predator–prey relationship between the two.<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
''[[Tenontosaurus]]'' remains have been recovered in association with ''Deinonychus'' teeth, suggesting a predator-prey relationship between the two.<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
|-
|-
|
|
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Later found to be indeterminate ornithomimid remains.<ref name="both" />
Later found to be indeterminate ornithomimid remains.<ref name="both" />
|-
|-
|
''[[Rugocaudia]]''<ref name=Rugocaudia>{{cite journal |author=D. Cary Woodruff |year=2012 |title=A new titanosauriform from the Early Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Montana |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=36 |pages= 58–66|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2012.02.003 }}</ref>
|
''R. cooneyi''<ref name="Rugocaudia"/>
|
* Montana<ref name="Rugocaudia"/>
|Cloverly VII; Himes Member<ref name="Rugocaudia" />
|
|
|-
|''[[Sauroposeidon]]''<ref name=sauro>D'Emic, M.D., and B.Z. Foreman. (2012). The beginning of the sauropod dinosaur hiatus in North America: insights from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Wyoming. ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'' '''32'''(4):883–902.</ref>
|''S. proteles''
|
* Wyoming<ref name=acro/>
|Cloverly VII; Himes Member<ref name=acro/>
|
|
|}
|}


Line 231: Line 280:
! Notes
! Notes
! Images
! Images
|-
|
''[[Astroconodon]]''
|
''A. ''sp.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Simone |last2=Kirk |first2=E. Christopher |last3=Rowe |first3=Timothy B. |last4=Cifelli |first4=Richard L. |date=2023-08-05 |title=Petrosal morphology of the Early Cretaceous triconodontid Astroconodon from the Cloverly Formation (Montana, USA) |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-023-09673-5 |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=819–844 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10914-023-09673-5 |issn=1573-7055}}</ref>
|
|
|
|Previously referred as "Cloverly triconodont"
| rowspan="99" |[[File:GobiconodonDB15.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Gobiconodon]]'']]
|-
|
cf. ''[[Atokatheridium]]''
|Indeterminate
|
|
|
|
|-
|
''[[Bryceomys]]''
|
''B. ''sp.
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 240: Line 316:
|
|
|
|
| rowspan="99" |
[[File:GobiconodonDB15.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Gobiconodon]]'']]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 247: Line 321:
|
|
''G. ostromi''
''G. ostromi''
|
|
|
|
|-
|
''[[Janumys]]''
|
''J. ''sp.
|
|
|
|
Line 261: Line 344:
|
|
|-
|-
|
cf. ''[[Oklatheridium]]''
|Indeterminate
|
|
|
|
|-
|
cf. ''[[Paracimexomys]]''
|
Indeterminate
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Spalacotheriidae]]
|Indeterminate
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Crocodyliforms===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Crocodyliform]]s reported from the Cloverly Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! State
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
<!-- ! Images -->
|-
|
cf. [[Atoposauridae]]
|Indeterminate
|
|
|
|
|-
|
cf. [[Bernissartidae]]
|Indeterminate
|
|
|
|
|-
|
cf. [[Goniopholididae]]
|
Indeterminate|
|
|
|
|-
|
cf. [[Pholidosauridae]]
|Indeterminate
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


Line 278: Line 431:
|-
|-
|
|
[[Cryptodira]]
''[[Glyptops]]''<ref name="cloverlybigsky">Horner. Pp. 93-100.</ref>
|Indeterminate
|
''G. pervicax''<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
|
|
|
|
Line 287: Line 439:
<!-- | rowspan="99" |
<!-- | rowspan="99" |
[[Image:placeholder.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Placeholder]]'']] -->
[[Image:placeholder.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Placeholder]]'']] -->
|-
|
"''[[Glyptops]]''"<ref name="cloverlybigsky">Horner. Pp. 93-100.</ref>
|
''"G". pervicax''<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 292: Line 453:
|
|
''N. speciosa''<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
''N. speciosa''<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
|
|
|
|
|-
|
[[Testudinata]]
|Indeterminate
|
|
|
|
Line 299: Line 468:
|}
|}


===Bony fish===
===Lepidosaurs===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
Indeterminate [[amiiformes]] are known from the formation.
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Lepidosaur]]s reported from the Cloverly Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! State
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
<!-- ! Images -->
|-
|
''[[Paramacellodus]]''
|
''P. keebleri''
|
|
|
|
|-
|
[[Paramacellodidae]]?
|Indeterminate
|
|
|
|
|-
|
''[[Ptilotodon]]''
|
''P. wilsoni''
|
|
|
|Also known from the [[Antlers Formation]]
|-
|
[[Teiidae]]
|Indeterminate
|
|
|
|
|}


===Amphibians===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Amphibian]]s reported from the Cloverly Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! State
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
|
''[[Albanerpeton]]''
|
''A. ektopistikon''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carrano |first1=Matthew T. |last2=Oreska |first2=Matthew P. J. |last3=Murch |first3=Abree |last4=Trujillo |first4=Kelli C. |last5=Chamberlain |first5=Kevin R. |date=2021-08-27 |title=Vertebrate paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), III: a new species of ''Albanerpeton'', with biogeographic and paleoecological implications |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.2003372 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=41 |issue=5 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.2003372 |bibcode=2021JVPal..41E3372C |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
| rowspan="99" |
[[File:Albanerpeton_inexpectatum.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Albanerpeton]]'']]
|-
|[[Anura (frog)|Anura]]
|
Indeterminate
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Batrachosauroididae]]
|
Indeterminate
|
|
|
|
|-
|
cf. [[Scapherpetontidae]]
|
Indeterminate
|
|
|
|
|-
|
cf. ''[[Scotiophryne]]''
|
Indeterminate
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Bony fish===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
|-
Line 315: Line 590:
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
''[[Ceratodus]]''<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
''[[Ceratodus (genus)|Ceratodus]]''<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
|
|
''C. frazieri''<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
''C. frazieri''<ref name="cloverlybigsky" />
Line 322: Line 597:
|
|
|
|
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Ceratodus.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Ceratodus (genus)|Ceratodus]]'']]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 329: Line 606:
|
|
|
|
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Ceratodus.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Ceratodus]]'']]
|-
|-
|
aff. ''[[Lepidotes]]''
|
Indeterminate
|
|
|
|
|-
|
aff. [[Pycnodontidae]]
|
Indeterminate
|
|
|
|
|-
|
[[Vidalamiinae]]
|
Indeterminate
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Cartilaginous fish ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Chondrichthyes]] reported from the Cloverly Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! State
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
<!-- ! Images -->
|-
|
''[[Egertonodus]]''
|
''E.'' sp.
|
|
|
|
|-
|
''[[Hybodus]]''
|''H. parvidens''
|
|
|
|
|-
|
''[[Lonchidion]]''
|
''L. ''sp.
|
|
|
|
|-
|
''[[Parvodus]]''
|''P.'' sp.
|
|
|
|
|-
|
''[[Pseudohypolophus]]''
|''P.'' sp.
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 01:09, 25 September 2024

Cloverly Formation
Stratigraphic range: Valanginian-Cenomanian
Brightly colored strata of the Himes Member of the Cloverly Formation near Shell, Wyoming
TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsPryor Conglomerate, Little Sheep Member, Himes Member
UnderliesThermopolis Shale
OverliesMorrison Formation
Thickness150–400 ft (46–122 m)
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone
OtherConglomerate, sandstone
Location
Region Wyoming,  Montana,

 Colorado,

 Utah
Country USA
Type section
Named forCloverly post office, Wyoming
Named byNelson Horatio Darton, 1904[1]

The Cloverly Formation is a geological formation of Early and Late Cretaceous age (Valanginian to Cenomanian stage) that is present in parts of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and Utah in the western United States. It was named for a post office on the eastern side of the Bighorn Basin in Wyoming by N.H. Darton in 1904.[1][2] The sedimentary rocks of formation were deposited in floodplain environments and contain vertebrate fossils, including a diverse assemblage of dinosaur remains. In 1973, the Cloverly Formation Site was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.[3]

Stratigraphy

[edit]

The Cloverly Formation rests disconformably on the Morrison Formation and is conformably overlain by the Thermopolis Shale. It is subdivided into a variety of members, depending on the location.[2][4] In the Bighorn Basin along the Montana-Wyoming border, Moberly (1960) divided the Cloverly into the following three members:

  • The Pryor Conglomerate lies at the base and contains abundant black chert. It is named from thick beds exposed on the west side of the Pryor Mountains.
  • The Little Sheep Member lies in the middle and is composed of pale-purple, gray to almost white, bentonitic mudstone.
  • The uppermost unit is the Himes Member, which contains some coarse-grained channel sandstone deposits, but consists primarily of brightly multicolored (variegated) mudstones.

In contrast, Ostrom (1970) divided the formation into four units, which he named Units IV-VII:

  • Unit IV equates to the Pryor Conglomerate of Moberly and consists of a conglomerate or conglomeratic sandstone.
  • Unit V, overlaying Unit IV, consists of a lower grey-to-purple claystone with abundant fist-sized chalcedony and barite concretions; the unit is highly bentonitic and contains occasional channel sands.
  • Unit VI is a discontinuous "salt and pepper" cross-stratified channel sandstone with occasional conglomerate, considered by Moberly to be part of the Himes Member.
  • Unit VII, the uppermost, is a maroon to orange claystone with occasional highly rounded and polished pebbles of silica.[5]

Age

[edit]

A stratigraphic revision of the Cloverly Formation using new uranium lead dates reinterpret the formation as spanning the Valanginian-Cenomanian stages of the Cretaceous period. The individual ages of the members are listed below:[6]

Depositional environment

[edit]

The sediments of the Cloverly Formation were deposited in alluvial and floodplain environments. The basal conglomerates probably represent braided river deposits, while the sandstones were deposited in fluvial channels. The mudstones that contain most of the fossils represent overbank, lacustrine, and pedogenic deposits.[2][4][7]

Vertebrate fauna

[edit]

Animals recovered include the dinosaurs Deinonychus, Microvenator, Tenontosaurus, Zephyrosaurus and Sauropelta as well as fragmentary remains of Titanosaurs, Ankylosaurs and Ornithomimids. As well, two genera of turtle Naomichelys and Glyptops and the lungfish Ceratodus.[8] Dinosaur eggs have been found in Montana.[9]

References for data: Ostrom 1970; Cifelli et al. 1998; Cifelli 1999; Nydam and Cifelli 2002. Possible goniopholidid remains are known from the formation.

Dinosaurs

[edit]

Ornithischians

[edit]
Ankylosaurs
[edit]
Ankylosaurs reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Sauropelta[10]

S. edwardsorum[10]

Known from "several articulated skeletons" and common armor plates.[10] Only one partial skull is known.[11]

Articulated skeletons are often encased in carbonate caliche deposits that require acid to be removed safely.[10]

Sauropelta
Tatankacephalus[12] T. cooneyorum[12] Cloverly VII[12] Partial cranium, rib fragments, and osteoderms.[12] Originally described as an ankylosaurid but has since been reclassified as a nodosaurid.[13]
Ceratopsians
[edit]
Ceratopsians reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Aquilops[14]

A. americanus

  • Montana
 Cloverly VII; Himes Member[14]

A basal neoceratopsian.

Aquilops
Ornithopods
[edit]
Ornithopods reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Tenontosaurus[10]

T. tilleti[10]

Its remains are the most common of any dinosaur of the formation.[10]

Juvenile remains are sometimes found together, suggesting that young Tenontosaurus lived in sibling groups. Deinonychus teeth are sometimes associated with Tenontosaurus, suggesting a predator-prey relationship between the two.[10]

Tenontosaurus
Zephyrosaurus

Zephyrosaurus[10]

Z. schaffi[10]

Himes Member

Its remains are "very rare."[10]

An orodromine ornithopod.

Saurischians

[edit]

Theropod eggshell fragments are known from the formation. Unidentifiable ornithomimid remains are present and most commonly represented by toe bones.[10] Indeterminate allosauroid remains are known from the formation. Remains identified by John Ostrom as Ornithomimus are suspected by Jack Horner to be of a new ornithomimid genus.[10] Possible remains of a microraptorian, a troodontid, and a basal tyrannosauroid similar to Moros have also been found here as well.

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Sauropods
[edit]
Sauropods reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Rugocaudia[16]

R. cooneyi[16]

Cloverly VII; Himes Member[16]
Sauroposeidon
Sauroposeidon[17] S. proteles Cloverly VII; Himes Member[18]
Theropods
[edit]
Theropods reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Acrocanthosaurus[18] A. atokensis[18] Cloverly VII; Himes Member[18]
Acrocanthosaurus
Deinonychus
Microvenator

Deinonychus[10]

D. antirrhopus[10]

Its remains are "very rare."[10]

Tenontosaurus remains have been recovered in association with Deinonychus teeth, suggesting a predator-prey relationship between the two.[10]

Microvenator[10]

M. celer[10]

Himes Member

Its remains are "extremely rare."[10] Known only from a "[p]artial skeleton with partial skull."[19] The specimen lacks feet and is catalogued as AMNH 3041.[20]

The type specimen AMNH 3041[10] was recovered by Barnum Brown from Cloverly strata in Montana in 1933.

Ornithomimus[21]

O. velox[21]

Later found to be indeterminate ornithomimid remains.[21]

Mammals

[edit]
Mammals reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Astroconodon

A. sp.[22]

Previously referred as "Cloverly triconodont"
Gobiconodon

cf. Atokatheridium

Indeterminate

Bryceomys

B. sp.

Corviconodon

C. montanensis

Gobiconodon

G. ostromi

Janumys

J. sp.

Montanalestes

M. keeblerorum

cf. Oklatheridium

Indeterminate

cf. Paracimexomys

Indeterminate

Spalacotheriidae Indeterminate

Crocodyliforms

[edit]
Crocodyliforms reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes

cf. Atoposauridae

Indeterminate

cf. Bernissartidae

Indeterminate

cf. Goniopholididae

Indeterminate|

cf. Pholidosauridae

Indeterminate

Turtles

[edit]
Turtles reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes

Cryptodira

Indeterminate

"Glyptops"[10]

"G". pervicax[10]

Naomichelys[10]

N. speciosa[10]

Testudinata

Indeterminate

Lepidosaurs

[edit]
Lepidosaurs reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes

Paramacellodus

P. keebleri

Paramacellodidae?

Indeterminate

Ptilotodon

P. wilsoni

Also known from the Antlers Formation

Teiidae

Indeterminate

Amphibians

[edit]
Amphibians reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Albanerpeton

A. ektopistikon[23]

Albanerpeton
Anura

Indeterminate

Batrachosauroididae

Indeterminate

cf. Scapherpetontidae

Indeterminate

cf. Scotiophryne

Indeterminate

Bony fish

[edit]
Osteichthyes reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Ceratodus[10]

C. frazieri[10]

Ceratodus

C. nirumbee[24]

aff. Lepidotes

Indeterminate

aff. Pycnodontidae

Indeterminate

Vidalamiinae

Indeterminate

Cartilaginous fish

[edit]
Chondrichthyes reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes

Egertonodus

E. sp.

Hybodus

H. parvidens

Lonchidion

L. sp.

Parvodus

P. sp.

Pseudohypolophus

P. sp.

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Darton, N.H. 1904. Comparison of the stratigraphy of the Black Hills, Bighorn Mountains, and Rocky Mountain Front Range. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 15, p. 379-448.
  2. ^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey (1993). "Geologic Unit: Cloverly". Retrieved 2014-12-23.
  3. ^ "National Natural Landmarks - National Natural Landmarks (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2019-03-22. Year designated: 1973
  4. ^ a b Moberly, R.M., Jr., 1960, Morrison, Cloverly, and Sykes Mountain formations, northern Bighorn basin, Wyoming and Montana: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 71, no. 8, p. 1137-1176.
  5. ^ Ostrom, John H. (1970). Stratigraphy and paleontology of the cloverly formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Bighorn Basin Area, Wyoming and Montana. Peabody Mus. of Nat. History, Univ. OCLC 258060311.
  6. ^ D'Emic, Michael D.; Foreman, Brady Z.; Jud, Nathan A.; Britt, Brooks B.; Schmitz, Mark; Crowley, James L. (2019-04-01). "Chronostratigraphic Revision of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Western Interior, USA)". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 60 (1): 3. doi:10.3374/014.060.0101. ISSN 0079-032X. S2CID 132032611.
  7. ^ May, M.T. 1992. Intra- and extrabasinal tectonism, climate and intrinsic threshold cycles as possible controls on Early Cretaceous fluvial architecture, Wind River basin, Wyoming. In: Sundell, K.A., and Anderson, T.C., eds., Rediscover the Rockies: Wyoming Geological Association Field Conference Guidebook, 43rd Annual Field Conference, Casper, WY, September 12–19, 1992, no. 43, p. 61-74.
  8. ^ Oreska, Matthew P. J.; Carrano, Matthew T.; Dzikiewicz, Katherine M. (2013). "Vertebrate paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), I: faunal composition, biogeographic relationships, and sampling". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (2): 264–292. Bibcode:2013JVPal..33..264O. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.717567. ISSN 0272-4634.
  9. ^ a b "3.11 Montana, United States; 1. Cloverly Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Horner. Pp. 93-100.
  11. ^ "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 365.
  12. ^ a b c d e Parsons, William L.; Parsons, Kristen M. (2009). "A new ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of central Montana". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 46 (10): 721–738. Bibcode:2009CaJES..46..721S. doi:10.1139/E09-045.
  13. ^ Richard S. Thompson; Jolyon C. Parish; Susannah C. R. Maidment & Paul M. Barrett (2012). "Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (2): 301–312. Bibcode:2012JSPal..10..301T. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.569091. S2CID 86002282.
  14. ^ a b Farke, Andrew A.; Maxwell, W. Desmond; Cifelli, Richard L.; Wedel, Mathew J. (2014-12-10). "A Ceratopsian Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Western North America, and the Biogeography of Neoceratopsia". PLOS ONE. 9 (12): e112055. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k2055F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112055. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4262212. PMID 25494182.
  15. ^ a b c d "3.12 Wyoming, United States; 2. Cloverly Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.
  16. ^ a b c d D. Cary Woodruff (2012). "A new titanosauriform from the Early Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Montana". Cretaceous Research. 36: 58–66. Bibcode:2012CrRes..36...58W. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.02.003.
  17. ^ D'Emic, M.D., and B.Z. Foreman. (2012). The beginning of the sauropod dinosaur hiatus in North America: insights from Wyoming's Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(4):883–902.
  18. ^ a b c d e f D'Emic, Michael D.; Melstrom, Keegan M.; Eddy, Drew R. (2012). "Paleobiology and geographic range of the large-bodied Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 333–334: 13–23. Bibcode:2012PPP...333...13D. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.003.
  19. ^ "Table 8.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 167.
  20. ^ "Table 5.1," in Varricchio (2001). Page 44.
  21. ^ a b c "3.11 Wyoming, United States; 1. Cloverly Formation" and "3.12 Montana, United States; 2. Cloverly Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.
  22. ^ Hoffmann, Simone; Kirk, E. Christopher; Rowe, Timothy B.; Cifelli, Richard L. (2023-08-05). "Petrosal morphology of the Early Cretaceous triconodontid Astroconodon from the Cloverly Formation (Montana, USA)". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (4): 819–844. doi:10.1007/s10914-023-09673-5. ISSN 1573-7055.
  23. ^ Carrano, Matthew T.; Oreska, Matthew P. J.; Murch, Abree; Trujillo, Kelli C.; Chamberlain, Kevin R. (2021-08-27). "Vertebrate paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), III: a new species of Albanerpeton, with biogeographic and paleoecological implications". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (5). Bibcode:2021JVPal..41E3372C. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.2003372. ISSN 0272-4634.
  24. ^ Frederickson J.A. and Cifelli R.L. (2016) New Cretaceous lungfishes (Dipnoi, Ceratodontidae) from western North America. Journal of Paleontology.

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cloverly Formation.
  • Burton, D., Greenhalgh, B.W., Britt, B.B., Kowallis, B.J., Elliott, W.S., and Barrick, R. 2006. New radiometric ages from the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah and the Cloverly Formation, Wyoming: implications for contained dinosaur faunas. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 38(7): 52.
  • Chen, Z.-Q. and Lubin, S. 1997. A fission track study of the terrigenous sedimentary sequences of the Morrison and Cloverly Formations in northeastern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. The Mountain Geologist 34:51-62.
  • Cifelli, R.L. 1999. Tribosphenic mammal from the North American Early Cretaceous. Nature 401:363-366.
  • Cifelli, R.L., Wible, J.R., and Jenkins, F.A. 1998. Triconodont mammals from the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Montana and Wyoming. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18: 237-241.
  • Horner, John R. Dinosaurs Under the Big Sky (Cloverly Formation). Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 93–100. ISBN 0-87842-445-8.
  • Nydam, R.L., and Cifelli, R.L. 2002. Lizards from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) Antlers and Cloverly Formations. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 286-298.
  • Ostrom, J. H. 1970. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Bighorn Basin area, Wyoming and Montana. Peabody Museum Bulletin 35:1-234
  • Varricchio, D. J. 2001. Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Theropoda) dinosaurs from Montana. pp. 42–57 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, Indiana.
  • Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
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