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{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Short description|Bantu kingdom in midwestern Uganda}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Tooro
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Tooro
| native_name = ''Obukama bwa Tooro'' ([[Tooro language|Tooro]])
|native_name = BuTooro
|common_name = Tooro
| common_name = Tooro
|image_flag = Flag of Toro, Uganda.svg
| image_flag = Flag of Toro.gif
|image_coat =
| image_coat =
|image_map = Kingdom of Toro (map).png
| image_map = Kingdom of Toro (map).png
|map_caption = {{map caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=red|region=Uganda|region_color=pink}}
| map_caption = {{map caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=red|region=Uganda|region_color=pink}}
|national_motto =
| national_motto =
|national_anthem = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xV3xoGOudao National Anthem of the Tooro Kingdom]
| national_anthem = "Agutamba" {{parabr}}<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Anthem of the Tooro Kingdom.oga]]</div>
|official_languages = [[Tooro language|Rutooro]], [[English language|English]]
| official_languages = [[Tooro language|Rutooro]], [[English language|English]]
|languages_type =
| languages_type =
|languages =
| languages =
|ethnic_groups = many ethnicities but the indigenous are; [[Toro people|Batooro]], [[Bakonzo]], [[Babwisi]], [[Bamba people|Bamba]]
| ethnic_groups = many ethnicities but the indigenous are; [[Tooro people|Batooro]], [[Bakonzo]], [[Babwisi]], [[Bamba people|Bamba]]
|ethnic_groups_year =
| ethnic_groups_year =
|demonym = Tooro
| demonym = Tooro
|capital = [[Fort Portal]]
| capital = [[Fort Portal]]
|largest_city =
| largest_city =
|government_type = [[Constitutional monarchy]]
| government_type = [[Constitutional monarchy]]
|leader_title1 = [[Omukama of Toro|Omukama]]
| leader_title1 = [[Omukama of Tooro|Omukama]]
|leader_name1 = [[Rukidi IV]]
| leader_name1 = [[Rukidi IV]]
|leader_title2 =
| leader_title2 = [[Omuhikirwa of Tooro|Omuhikirwa]] (Prime Minister)
|leader_name2 =
| leader_name2 = [[Steven Kiyingi]]
|leader_title3 =
| leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
| leader_name3 =
|legislature =
| legislature =
|area_rank =
| area_rank =
|area_magnitude =
| area_magnitude =
|area_sq_mi =
| area_sq_mi =
|percent_water =
| percent_water =
|population_estimate =
| population_estimate =
|population_estimate_rank =
| population_estimate_rank =
|population_census =
| population_census =
|population_census_year =
| population_census_year =
|population_density_km2 =
| population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi =
| population_density_sq_mi =
|population_density_rank =
| population_density_rank =
|sovereignty_type = Independence
| sovereignty_type = Independence
|established_event1 = from the [[Bunyoro|Kingdom of Bunyoro]]
| established_event1 = from the [[Bunyoro|Kingdom of Bunyoro]]
|established_date1 = 1830, 1876
| established_date1 = 1830, 1876
|established_event2 = Monarchy abolished
| established_event2 = Monarchy abolished
|established_date2 = 1967
| established_date2 = 1967
|established_event3 = Monarchy reinstated
| established_event3 = Monarchy reinstated
|established_date3 = 1993
| established_date3 = 1993
|currency = [[Ugandan shilling]]
| currency = [[Ugandan shilling]]
|time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
|utc_offset = +3
| utc_offset = +3
|calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Uganda|256]]
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Uganda|256]]
}}
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym|person='''Omu'''Tooro|people=[[Toro people|'''Aba'''Tooro]]|language=[[Tooro language|'''Olu'''Tooro]]|country=[[Tooro Kingdom|'''Bu'''Tooro]]|Tooro}}
{{Infobox ethnonym|person='''Omu'''tooro|people=[[Tooro people|'''Aba'''tooro]]|language=[[Tooro language|'''Oru'''tooro]]|country=[[Tooro Kingdom|'''Obukama bwa''' Tooro]]|Tooro|root=Tooro}}
[[File:Palace of the king of the Tooro Kingdom - Flickr - Dave Proffer.jpg|thumb|Tooro Palace]]
[[File:Palace of the king of the Tooro Kingdom - Flickr - Dave Proffer.jpg|thumb|Tooro Palace]]
[[File:The parliiament of Toro Kingdown 09.jpg|thumb|Parliment of Tooro Kingdom]]
[[File:The parliiament of Toro Kingdown 09.jpg|thumb|Parliament of Tooro Kingdom]]
[[Image:Kingdom of Toro (map of the original kingdom).png|thumb|The original Kingdom of Tooro (red) and its districts. [[Lake Victoria]] and other bodies of water are shaded blue.]]
[[Image:Kingdom of Toro (map of the original kingdom).png|thumb|The original Kingdom of Tooro (red) and its districts. [[Lake Victoria]] and other bodies of water are shaded blue.]]


The '''Tooro Kingdom''', or '''BuTooro''' ("Land of the [[Toro people|AbaTooro]], or Tooro people") is a [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] kingdom located within the borders of [[Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /> The current [[Omukama of Toro]] is King Oyo Nyimba Kabamba Iguru [[Rukidi IV of Toro|Rukidi IV]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Today in History: Toro king passes on|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1506226/history-toro-king-passes|website=www.newvision.co.ug|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> King Oyo Nyimba Kabamba Iguru [[Rukidi IV of Toro|Rukidi IV]] took to the throne of Tooro kingdom in 1995 at the age of just three years, after the death of his father [[Olimi III of Toro|Omukama Patrick David Matthew Kaboyo Rwamuhokya Olimi III]] on August 26, 1995, at the age of 50.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=The Kingdom of Toro|url=http://www.torokingdom.org/Toro.htm|website=www.torokingdom.org|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
The '''Tooro Kingdom'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|'|t|ɔː|r|oʊ}}, {{IPA-all|tóːɾo|Tooro pronunciation:}}}} is a [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] kingdom located within the borders of [[Uganda]].<ref name=":0" /> The current [[Omukama of Tooro]] is King Oyo Nyimba Kabamba Iguru [[Rukidi IV of Tooro|Rukidi IV]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Today in History: Toro king passes on|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1506226/history-toro-king-passes|website=www.newvision.co.ug|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> King Oyo Nyimba Kabamba Iguru [[Rukidi IV of Tooro|Rukidi IV]] took to the throne of Tooro kingdom in 1995 at the age of just three years, after the death of his father [[Olimi III of Tooro|Omukama Patrick David Matthew Kaboyo Rwamuhokya Olimi III]] on August 26, 1995, at the age of 50.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Kingdom of Toro |url=http://www.torokingdom.org/Toro.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812171403/http://torokingdom.org/ |archive-date=2020-08-12 |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=www.torokingdom.org}}</ref>


The people native to the kingdom are the [[Toro people|Batooro]], and their language is likewise called [[Rutooro]], [[Bakonzo]], [[Babwisi/Bamba]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Turyahikayo|first=B.|date=1976|title=Review of A DYNASTIC HISTORY "THE KINGDOM OF TORO IN UGANDA"|journal=Transafrican Journal of History|volume=5|issue=2|pages=194–200|jstor=24520247|issn=0251-0391}}</ref> The Batoro and Banyoro speak closely related languages, Rutoro and Runyoro, and share many other similar cultural traits.<ref name=":1" /> The Batoro live on Uganda's western border, south of Lake Albert.<ref name=":0" />
The people native to the kingdom are the [[Tooro people|Batooro]], and their language is likewise called [[Rutooro]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Turyahikayo|first=B.|date=1976|title=Review of A Dynastic History "The Kingdom of Toro in Uganda"|journal=Transafrican Journal of History|volume=5|issue=2|pages=194–200|jstor=24520247|issn=0251-0391}}</ref> The Batooro and Banyoro speak closely related languages, Rutooro and Runyoro, and share many other similar cultural traits.<ref name=":1" /> The Batooro live on Uganda's western border, south of Lake Albert.<ref name=":0" />


== History ==
== History ==
The Tooro Kingdom evolved out of a breakaway segment of [[Bunyoro]] sometime before the nineteenth century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uganda Batoro - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System|url=https://photius.com/countries/uganda/society/uganda_society_batoro.html|website=photius.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> It was founded in 1830 when [[Omukama of Toro|Omukama]] [[Olimi I of Toro|Kaboyo Olimi I]], the eldest son of [[Omukama of Bunyoro]] [[Nyamutukura Kyebambe III of Bunyoro]], seceded and established his own independent kingdom.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Absorbed into Bunyoro-Kitara in 1876, it reasserted its independence in 1891.
The Tooro Kingdom evolved out of a breakaway segment of [[Bunyoro]] sometime before the nineteenth century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uganda Batoro - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System|url=https://photius.com/countries/uganda/society/uganda_society_batoro.html|website=photius.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> It was founded in 1830 when [[Omukama of Tooro|Omukama]] [[Olimi I of Tooro|Kaboyo Olimi I]], the eldest son of [[Omukama of Bunyoro]] [[Nyamutukura Kyebambe III of Bunyoro]], seceded and established his own independent kingdom.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Absorbed into Bunyoro-Kitara in 1876, it reasserted its independence in 1891.


As with [[Buganda]], [[Bunyoro]], and [[Busoga]], Tooro's monarchy was abolished in 1967 by the Government of Uganda, but was reinstated in 1993.<ref name=":0" />
As with [[Buganda]], [[Bunyoro]], and [[Busoga]], Tooro's monarchy was abolished in 1967 by the Government of Uganda, but was reinstated in 1993.<ref name=":0" />


{{clear left}}
{{clear left}}
[[File:Tooro Palace.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Aerial view of the Tooro Palace at Karuzika Hill overlooking Fort Portal Town]]


== Cultural influence ==
== Cultural influence ==
{{Main|Friedensreich Hundertwasser|Empaako}}
⚫
The Austrian painter [[Friedensreich Hundertwasser]] (1928–2000) spent some time there in the 1960s where he painted a number of works and named them after the kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hundertwasser.com/malerei/664_one_toro_in_the_kingdom_of_the_mountains_of_the_moon_582 |title = Hundertwasser - ONE TORO IN THE KINGDOM OF THE MOUNTAINS OF THE MOON}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artnet.de/k%C3%BCnstler/friedensreich-hundertwasser/kingdom-of-the-toro-whJKzg5Y-STsW60_az42Fg2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731234515/http://www.artnet.de/k%C3%BCnstler/friedensreich-hundertwasser/kingdom-of-the-toro-whJKzg5Y-STsW60_az42Fg2 |archive-date=2020-07-31 |title=Kingdom of the Toro von Friedensreich Hundertwasser auf artnet}}</ref> The Batooro people have a strong culture but similar in stratification to Banyoro.<ref name=":3" /> They have got a strong cultural naming system (PET NAME) known as Empaako.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Empaako tradition of the Batooro, Banyoro, Batuku, Batagwenda and Banyabindi of western Uganda|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists|website=ich.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Empaako Ceremony, Origin and meaning. {{!}} The Ugandan - Discover the Pearl of Africa|url=https://www.theugandan.info/empaako-ceremony-origin-and-meaning/|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> With the Empaako naming system, children are given one of twelve names shared across the communities in addition to their given and family names.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://crossculturalfoundation.or.ug/|website=Cross-Cultural Foundation of Uganda|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> Addressing someone by his or her Empaako is a positive affirmation of cultural ties. It can be used as a form of greeting or a declaration of affection, respect, honour or love.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Use of Empaako can defuse tension or anger and sends a strong message about social identity and unity, peace and reconciliation.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=PET NAMES (EMPAAKO) and Their Meaning|url=https://bigeye.ug/pet-names-empaako-and-their-meaning/|last=BigEyeUg3|date=2015-11-02|website=BigEye.UG|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> The Empaako names are: '''''<small>AMOOTI, ABOOKI, AKIIKI, ATEENYI, ADYEERI, ATWOOKI, ABWOOLI, ARAALI, ACAALI, BBALA and OKAALI</small>'''''.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />
The Austrian painter [[Friedensreich Hundertwasser]] (1928–2000) spent some time there in the 1960s where he painted a number of works and named them after the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hundertwasser - One Toro in the Kingdom of the Mountains of the Moon |url=https://hundertwasser.com/malerei/664_one_toro_in_the_kingdom_of_the_mountains_of_the_moon_582 |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=hundertwasser.com |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artnet.de/k%C3%BCnstler/friedensreich-hundertwasser/kingdom-of-the-toro-whJKzg5Y-STsW60_az42Fg2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731234515/http://www.artnet.de/k%C3%BCnstler/friedensreich-hundertwasser/kingdom-of-the-toro-whJKzg5Y-STsW60_az42Fg2 |archive-date=2020-07-31 |title=Kingdom of the Toro von Friedensreich Hundertwasser auf artnet}}</ref>


⚫
The Batooro people have a strong culture but similar in stratification to Banyoro.<ref name=":3" /> They have got a strong cultural naming system (PET NAME) known as Empaako.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Empaako tradition of the Batooro, Banyoro, Batuku, Batagwenda and Banyabindi of western Uganda|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists|website=ich.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Empaako Ceremony, Origin and meaning. |website=The Ugandan |url=https://www.theugandan.info/empaako-ceremony-origin-and-meaning/|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> With the Empaako naming system, children are given one of twelve names shared across the communities in addition to their given and family names.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://crossculturalfoundation.or.ug/|website=Cross-Cultural Foundation of Uganda|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> Addressing someone by his or her Empaako is a positive affirmation of cultural ties. It can be used as a form of greeting or a declaration of affection, respect, honour or love.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Use of Empaako can defuse tension or anger and sends a strong message about social identity and unity, peace and reconciliation.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Pet Names (Empaako) and Their Meaning|url=https://bigeye.ug/pet-names-empaako-and-their-meaning/|last=BigEyeUg3|date=2015-11-02|website=BigEye.UG|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> The Empaako names are: Amooti, Abbooki, Akiiki, Ateenyi, Adyeri, Atwoki, Abwoli, Araali, Acaali, Bbala, and Okaali.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />
⚫
== ''Abakama'' of Tooro ==
⚫
The following is a list of the ''Abakama'' of Tooro since 1800:{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}


⚫
== ''Abakama ba'' ''Tooro'' (Kings of Tooro) ==
# [[Olimi I of Toro|Olimi I]]: 1822–1865
⚫
The following is a list of the ''Abakama'' of Tooro since 1800:
# [[Ruhaga of Toro]]: 1865–1866
# [[Nyaika of Toro|Nyaika Kyebambe I]]: 1866–1871 and 1871–1872
# [[Olimi I of Tooro|Olimi I]]: 1822–1865
# [[Rukidi I of Toro|Rukidi I]]: 1871
# [[Ruhaga of Tooro]]: 1865–1866
# [[Nyaika of Tooro|Nyaika Kyebambe I]]: 1866–1871 and 1871–1872
⚫
# [[Olimi II of Toro|Olimi II]]: 1872–1875
# [[Rukidi II of Toro|Rukidi II]]: 1875–1875
# [[Rukidi I of Tooro|Rukidi I]]: 1871
# [[Rububi Kyebambe II of Toro|Rububi Kyebambe II]]: 1875 and 1877–1879
# [[Olimi II of Tooro|Olimi II]]: 1872–1875
⚫
# [[Rukidi II of Tooro|Rukidi II]]: 1875–1875
⚫
# [[Kakende of Toro|Kakende Nyamuyonjo]]: 1875–1876 and 1879–1880
# [[Rububi Kyebambe II of Tooro|Rububi Kyebambe II]]: 1875 and 1877–1879
# [[Katera of Toro|Katera]]: 1876–1877
⚫
# [[Kakende of Tooro|Kakende Nyamuyonjo]]: 1875–1876 and 1879–1880
⚫
##''[[Interregnum]], reverted to [[Bunyoro]]'': 1880–1891
# [[Kyebambe III of Toro|Kyebambe III]]: 1891–1928
# [[Katera of Tooro|Katera]]: 1876–1877
⚫
## ''[[Interregnum]], reverted to [[Bunyoro]]'': 1880–1891
⚫
# [[Rukidi III of Toro|Rukidi III]]: 1929–1965
# [[Olimi III of Toro|Olimi III]]: 1965–1967 and 1993-1995
# [[Kyebambe III of Tooro|Kyebambe III]]: 1891–1928
⚫
# [[Rukidi III of Tooro|Rukidi III]]: 1929–1965
⚫
##''[[Pretender|in pretence]]'': 1967–1993 (monarchy abolished)
# [[Rukidi IV of Toro|Rukidi IV]]: 1995 (monarchy reinstated)
# [[Olimi III of Tooro|Olimi III]]: 1965–1967 and 1993–1995
⚫
## ''[[Pretender|in pretence]]'': 1967–1993 (monarchy abolished)
# [[Rukidi IV of Tooro|Rukidi IV]]: 1995–present (monarchy reinstated)


==See also==
==See also==
Line 91: Line 96:
* [[Bunyoro|Bunyoro Kingdom]]
* [[Bunyoro|Bunyoro Kingdom]]
* [[Kingdom of Buganda]]
* [[Kingdom of Buganda]]
* [[Elizabeth of Toro]]
* [[Princess Elizabeth of Tooro]]


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* Ingham, Kenneth. ''The Kingdom of Tooro in Uganda''. London: Methuen, 1975.
* Ingham, Kenneth. ''The Kingdom of Tooro in Uganda''. London: Methuen, 1975.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References==
==References==
Line 108: Line 116:
{{Coord missing|Uganda}}
{{Coord missing|Uganda}}


[[Category:Toro| ]]
[[Category:Tooro Kingdom| ]]
[[Category:Ugandan monarchies]]
[[Category:Ugandan monarchies]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1830]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1830]]

Latest revision as of 12:52, 25 September 2024

Kingdom of Tooro
Obukama bwa Tooro (Tooro)
Flag of Tooro
Flag
Anthem: "Agutamba"
Location of the Tooro Kingdom (red) in Uganda (pink)
Location of the Tooro Kingdom (red)

in Uganda (pink)

CapitalFort Portal
Official languagesRutooro, English
Ethnic groups
many ethnicities but the indigenous are; Batooro, Bakonzo, Babwisi, Bamba
Demonym(s)Tooro
GovernmentConstitutional monarchy
• Omukama
Rukidi IV
• Omuhikirwa (Prime Minister)
Steven Kiyingi
Independence
• from the Kingdom of Bunyoro
1830, 1876
• Monarchy abolished
1967
• Monarchy reinstated
1993
CurrencyUgandan shilling
Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)
Calling code256
Tooro
PersonOmutooro
PeopleAbatooro
LanguageOrutooro
CountryObukama bwa Tooro
Tooro Palace
Parliament of Tooro Kingdom
The original Kingdom of Tooro (red) and its districts. Lake Victoria and other bodies of water are shaded blue.

The Tooro Kingdom[a] is a Bantu kingdom located within the borders of Uganda.[1] The current Omukama of Tooro is King Oyo Nyimba Kabamba Iguru Rukidi IV.[1] King Oyo Nyimba Kabamba Iguru Rukidi IV took to the throne of Tooro kingdom in 1995 at the age of just three years, after the death of his father Omukama Patrick David Matthew Kaboyo Rwamuhokya Olimi III on August 26, 1995, at the age of 50.[1][2]

The people native to the kingdom are the Batooro, and their language is likewise called Rutooro.[1][3] The Batooro and Banyoro speak closely related languages, Rutooro and Runyoro, and share many other similar cultural traits.[3] The Batooro live on Uganda's western border, south of Lake Albert.[1]

History

[edit]

The Tooro Kingdom evolved out of a breakaway segment of Bunyoro sometime before the nineteenth century.[4] It was founded in 1830 when Omukama Kaboyo Olimi I, the eldest son of Omukama of Bunyoro Nyamutukura Kyebambe III of Bunyoro, seceded and established his own independent kingdom.[3][1] Absorbed into Bunyoro-Kitara in 1876, it reasserted its independence in 1891.

As with Buganda, Bunyoro, and Busoga, Tooro's monarchy was abolished in 1967 by the Government of Uganda, but was reinstated in 1993.[1]

Aerial view of the Tooro Palace at Karuzika Hill overlooking Fort Portal Town

Cultural influence

[edit]
Main articles: Friedensreich Hundertwasser and Empaako

The Austrian painter Friedensreich Hundertwasser (1928–2000) spent some time there in the 1960s where he painted a number of works and named them after the kingdom.[5][6]

The Batooro people have a strong culture but similar in stratification to Banyoro.[2] They have got a strong cultural naming system (PET NAME) known as Empaako.[7][8] With the Empaako naming system, children are given one of twelve names shared across the communities in addition to their given and family names.[8][9] Addressing someone by his or her Empaako is a positive affirmation of cultural ties. It can be used as a form of greeting or a declaration of affection, respect, honour or love.[8][7] Use of Empaako can defuse tension or anger and sends a strong message about social identity and unity, peace and reconciliation.[8][10] The Empaako names are: Amooti, Abbooki, Akiiki, Ateenyi, Adyeri, Atwoki, Abwoli, Araali, Acaali, Bbala, and Okaali.[8][10][9]

Abakama ba Tooro (Kings of Tooro)

[edit]

The following is a list of the Abakama of Tooro since 1800:

  1. Olimi I: 1822–1865
  2. Ruhaga of Tooro: 1865–1866
  3. Nyaika Kyebambe I: 1866–1871 and 1871–1872
  4. Rukidi I: 1871
  5. Olimi II: 1872–1875
  6. Rukidi II: 1875–1875
  7. Rububi Kyebambe II: 1875 and 1877–1879
  8. Kakende Nyamuyonjo: 1875–1876 and 1879–1880
  9. Katera: 1876–1877
    1. Interregnum, reverted to Bunyoro: 1880–1891
  10. Kyebambe III: 1891–1928
  11. Rukidi III: 1929–1965
  12. Olimi III: 1965–1967 and 1993–1995
    1. in pretence: 1967–1993 (monarchy abolished)
  13. Rukidi IV: 1995–present (monarchy reinstated)

See also

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Ingham, Kenneth. The Kingdom of Tooro in Uganda. London: Methuen, 1975.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ /ˈtɔːroʊ/, Tooro pronunciation: [tóːɾo]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Today in History: Toro king passes on". www.newvision.co.ug. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  2. ^ a b "The Kingdom of Toro". www.torokingdom.org. Archived from the original on 2020-08-12. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  3. ^ a b c Turyahikayo, B. (1976). "Review of A Dynastic History "The Kingdom of Toro in Uganda"". Transafrican Journal of History. 5 (2): 194–200. ISSN 0251-0391. JSTOR 24520247.
  4. ^ "Uganda Batoro - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System". photius.com. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  5. ^ "Hundertwasser - One Toro in the Kingdom of the Mountains of the Moon". hundertwasser.com (in German). Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  6. ^ "Kingdom of the Toro von Friedensreich Hundertwasser auf artnet". Archived from the original on 2020-07-31.
  7. ^ a b "UNESCO - Empaako tradition of the Batooro, Banyoro, Batuku, Batagwenda and Banyabindi of western Uganda". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  8. ^ a b c d e "Empaako Ceremony, Origin and meaning". The Ugandan. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  9. ^ a b "Home". Cross-Cultural Foundation of Uganda. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  10. ^ a b BigEyeUg3 (2015-11-02). "Pet Names (Empaako) and Their Meaning". BigEye.UG. Retrieved 2020-05-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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