Rusty Schweickart: Difference between revisions

Rusty Schweickart
Rusty Schweickart
	Schweickart in 1971
Born	Russell Louis Schweickart; October 25, 1935 (age 89); Neptune, New Jersey, U.S.
Education	Massachusetts Institute of Technology (BS, MS)
Awards	NASA Distinguished Service Medal
	Space career
NASA astronaut
Rank	Captain, USAF
Time in space	10d 1h 0m
Selection	NASA Group 3 (1963)
Total EVAs	1
Total EVA time	1h 17m
Missions	Apollo 9
Mission insignia
Retirement	1977
Website	Official website

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Russell Louis "Rusty" Schweickart (also Schweikart; born October 25, 1935) is an American aeronautical engineer, and a former NASA astronaut, research scientist, U.S. Air Force fighter pilot, as well as a former business executive and government executive.

Schweickart was selected in 1963 for NASA's third astronaut group. He was the Lunar Module Pilot on the 1969 Apollo 9 mission, the first crewed flight test of the lunar module, on which he performed the first in-space test of the portable life support system used by the Apollo astronauts who walked on the Moon. As backup commander of the first crewed Skylab mission in 1973, he was responsible for developing the hardware and procedures used by the first crew to perform critical in-flight repairs of the Skylab station. After Skylab, he served for a time as Director of User Affairs in NASA's Office of Applications.

Schweickart left NASA in 1977 to serve for two years as California Governor Jerry Brown's assistant for science and technology, then was appointed by Brown to California's Energy Commission for five and a half years, serving as chairman for three.^[2]

In 1984–85, Schweickart co-founded the Association of Space Explorers and later in 2002 co-founded the B612 Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to defending Earth from asteroid impacts, along with fellow former astronaut Ed Lu and two planetary scientists. He served for a period as its chair before becoming its chair emeritus.

Early life and education

Rusty Schweickart was born October 25, 1935, in Neptune Township, New Jersey, and grew up on a "hardscrabble" farm of 45 acres (18 ha) producing hay and vegetables plus raising poultry and cows. As a youth his ambition was to be a pilot and a cowboy.^[3] After graduating from Manasquan High School in 1952, he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering on scholarship (1956) and a Master of Science degree in aeronautics and astronautics (1963) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.^[2]^[4]

He was active in the Boy Scouts of America. He earned the rank of First Class.^[5] His hobbies include golf, bicycling, and hiking. He was married twice and has seven children.^[2]

His family's stated annual income when he received his Massachusetts Institute of Technology scholarship after graduating high school was listed as $1800 (equivalent to $20,653 in 2023).^[3]

Military and NASA career

Schweickart served in the U.S. Air Force and Massachusetts Air National Guard (101st Tactical Fighter Squadron) from 1956 to 1963, with over 4,000 hours of flight time, including 3,500 hours in high performance jet aircraft.^[2]

Prior to joining NASA, Schweickart was a research scientist at the Experimental Astronomy Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his work there involved research upper atmospheric physics, star tracking and stabilization of stellar images.^[6] His thesis for a master's degree at MIT concerned stratospheric radiance.^[2]

Schweickart was chosen as part of NASA Astronaut Group 3 in October 1963.^[7] He was the youngest in the group. The third group of astronauts performed jungle training. Schweickart partnered with Clifton Williams.^[8] On March 21, 1966, he was named as the backup pilot for Roger B. Chaffee on Apollo 1—which was to have been the first crewed Apollo flight but was destroyed during a ground test accident. His fellow crewmen were backup Command Pilot James McDivitt and Senior Pilot David Scott, both veterans of Project Gemini.^[9] In December 1966, this crew was promoted to fly the first crewed Earth orbital test of the Apollo Lunar Module (LM), with Schweickart as Lunar Module Pilot.^[10]

Spaceflight experience

The frontier in space, embodied in the space colony, is one in which the interactions between humans and their environment is so much more sensitive and interactive and less tolerant of irresponsibility than it is on the whole surface of the Earth. We are going to learn how to relate to the Earth and our own natural environment here by looking seriously at space colony ecologies.

Rusty Schweickart^[6]

Apollo 9 was flown in March 1969. Schweickart spent just over 241 hours in space, and performed the first extravehicular activity (EVA) of the Apollo program, testing the portable life support system that was later used by the twelve astronauts who walked on the Moon. The flight plan called for him to demonstrate an emergency transfer from the lunar module to the command module (CM) using handrails on the LM, but he began to suffer from space adaptation syndrome on the first day in orbit, forcing the postponement of the EVA.^[10]

Eventually, he improved enough to perform a relatively brief EVA with his feet restrained on the LM "porch" (a platform used in transferring to the descent ladder), while Command Module Pilot Scott performed a stand-up EVA through the open hatch of the CM. During a five-minute pause tethered outside his spacecraft, Schweickart felt he underwent a metaphysical experience as he stared at the Earth, contemplating its place in the universe.^[3] He subsequently practiced Transcendental Meditation based on his experience.^[11]^[12]

Skylab and beyond

Although Deke Slayton (who was responsible for all flight assignments as Director of Flight Crew Operations) opined that Schweickart "would have been a logical lunar module pilot" on subsequent lunar missions—indeed, the standard rotation of the era would have placed him on the backup crew for Apollo 12 and the prime crew of Apollo 15^[13] —"that bout of space sickness had everybody worried ... it didn't seem like a good idea to put him back in ... at this point."^[14] Following his mission, Schweickart "basically called the shot that I really didn't want to be assigned to a flight until we knew more about motion sickness" and became "[a] motion sickness guinea pig" for six months; while "[he] didn't learn that much" during the testing, it is now accepted that as many as half of space travelers suffer from space adaptation syndrome to some extent.^[15]

The protracted testing period also contributed to Schweickart not being assigned to the Apollo 12 backup crew. When he returned to Houston, "Al Shepard [Slayton's deputy], for whatever reason, instead of putting me back on Apollo, put me on to Skylab ... Al had his own agenda of who went where and whatnot. So I cycled into Skylab at the time."^[16] Schweickart has also observed that he was "not one of Al's boys", alluding to the political liberalism that he shared with his then-wife, Clare; Slayton felt that her fervent political stances (including civil rights activism) "caused him a few problems with his colleagues."^[14]^[16] During this period, a Houston radio broadcaster characterized Schweickart as "the closest thing to a freak astronaut" after he was photographed escorting Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on a tour of NASA's headquarters.^[17]

Along with backup science pilot Story Musgrave and backup pilot Bruce McCandless II, Schweickart was assigned as backup commander of Skylab 2, the first crewed American space station mission, which flew during the spring of 1973. Following the loss of the space station's thermal shield during launch, he assumed responsibility for the development of hardware and procedures for erecting an emergency solar shade and deploying a jammed solar array wing, operations that saved the space station.^[18]

After serving on the support crew of Skylab 4, Schweickart was more interested in cultivating managerial skills than "[going] over to the Space Shuttle development work which was under way ... by that time, I had, you know, done a lot of work on Gemini in a support role, and then, of course, everything on Apollo, and now all of this on Skylab, and to go cycle back into the very beginning of the Space Shuttle, which was not going to fly for, at that point, something like six years and best guess of anybody in the business was maybe eight years, I figured, you know, another eight years of basically going to the same kinds of meetings, making the same kinds of decisions, going to the same places ... it was like 'been there, done that.'"^[19]

While retaining his flight status, he was reassigned to NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. as Director of User Affairs in the Office of Applications in 1974. In this capacity, he was responsible for transferring NASA technology (primarily Landsat 1 applications) to the outside world and working with technology users (including the U.S. Department of Agriculture and water resources managers) to bring an understanding of their needs into NASA. He came to regard this as a "thankless position" and a "very hard sell" to potential clients due to their intrinsic resistance to new processes; this and the dearth of immediate flight opportunities ultimately precipitated his departure from NASA in 1977.^[19]

Post-NASA career

Schweickart then served for two years as California Governor Jerry Brown's assistant for science and technology before being appointed by Brown to the California Energy Commission for five and a half years.^[2]^[3]

Inspired by his friendship with Michael Murphy and involvement in the Esalen Institute's Soviet-American Exchange Program, Schweickart established the Association of Space Explorers (ASE) in 1984–85 along with cosmonauts Alexei Leonov, Vitaly Sevastyanov, and Georgi Grechko; the organization is open to all people who have flown in orbit around the Earth.^[2] He also chaired the ASE's near-Earth object committee, which produced a benchmark report and submitted it to the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN COPUOS) on Asteroid Threats: A Call for Global Response.^[20]

Schweickart retired from ALOHA Networks, Inc. in 1998 where he served as President and Chief Executive Officer from 1996 through 1998. ALOHA was a data communications company specializing in high performance, wireless internet access equipment.^[2]

Schweickart was formerly the Executive Vice President of CTA Commercial Systems, Inc. and Director of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Systems. Schweickart led CTA's efforts in developing the GEMnet system, a second generation LEO communication satellite constellation designed to provide regular commercial electronic messaging services on a global basis. Prior to his CTA work, Schweickart founded and was President of Courier Satellite Services, Inc., a global satellite communications company that developed LEO satellites to provide worldwide affordable data services.^[2]

Schweickart's satellite and telecommunications work involved him in the development of international communications regulations and policies, including participation in the 1992 and 1995 World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC) of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). He served at the 1995 WRC as a U.S. delegate. He also worked extensively in Russia and the former Soviet Union on scientific and telecommunications matters.^[2]

In 2002 he co-founded the B612 Foundation along with fellow former-astronaut Ed Lu and two planetary scientists, also serving as its Chair.^[21]^[22] The B612 Foundation is a non-profit dedicated to defending Earth from asteroid impacts.^[21]

In May 2005 Schweickart testified before the U.S. Congress on the dangers of an asteroid impact related to 99942 Apophis. and in 2010 served as the co-chairman, along with astronaut Tom Jones, NASA Advisory Council's ad hoc Task Force on Planetary Defense.^[23] He has been an advocate of increasing NASA's annual budget by $250M–$300M over a 10-year period to more fully catalog the NEOs that can pose a threat to Earth and also provide a deflection capability.^[24]

Schweickart has also spoken and taught at the Esalen Institute,^[25] and currently serves as the B612 Foundation's Chair Emeritus.^[22]

Organizations

Schweickart is a fellow of the American Astronautical Society and the International Academy of Astronautics, and an associate fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He is also an honorary trustee and a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences.^[26]

Awards and honors

He was awarded the NASA Distinguished Service Medal (1969)^[27] and the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale De la Vaulx Medal (1970) for his Apollo 9 flight. He also received the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Special Trustees Award (Emmy Award) in 1969 for transmitting the first live TV pictures from space. In 1973, Schweickart was also awarded the NASA Exceptional Service Medal for his leadership role in the Skylab rescue efforts. He was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1983 and the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1997.^[28]^[29] Main-belt asteroid 17033 Rusty was named in his honor.^[30]

In 2012, Schweickart was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.^[31]

In 1892, his grandfather Jacques Schweickart emigrated^[32]^[33] from Lembach, a small town located in Alsace, France, to the United States. After visiting Lembach several times, Schweickart has been awarded honorary citizenship of the town.^[33]

Biographies and portrayals

In the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, Schweickart is portrayed by Kieran Mulroney.^[34] He also appeared in the television series The Universe in the episodes "The End of the Earth: Deep Space Threats to Our Planet" and "Stopping Armageddon".^[35]^[36]

References

^ "Russell L. Schweickart". New Mexico Museum of Space History. Archived from the original on April 18, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Biographical Data for Russell L. (Rusty) Schweickart" (PDF). NASA. September 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kramer, Jill. Scanning The Skies, San Rafael, Marin County, California: Pacific Sun, July 7, 2004; also published online as Rusty Schweickart: Space Man Archived December 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
^ MIT-alum Alumni list, MIT Archived July 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology webpage.
^ "Joe H. Engle at scouting.org". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
^ ^a ^b "Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 9 Mission". New Mexico Museum of Space History. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
^ "14 Hold an American Dream". Press and Sun-Bulletin. October 19, 1963. p. 7. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Burgess, Colin; Doolan, Kate; Vis, Bert (2016). Fallen Astronauts: Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 313–314. ISBN 978-0803285095.
^ "Apollo 1 Prime and Backup Crews". NASA Image and Video Library. NASA. April 1, 1966. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Howell, Elizabeth (September 12, 2014). "Apollo 9: The Lunar Module Flies". Space.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
^ Klapp, Orrin Edgar (1978). Opening and Closing. Cambridge University Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0521293112. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2015. An Apollo 14 veteran, Rusty Schweickart, took up transcendental meditation, saying, 'I'm not the same man. None of us are.'
^ Tribbe, Matthew D. (2014). No Requiem for the Space Age: The Apollo Moon Landings and American Culture. Oxford University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0199313525. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2015. Consider Rusty Schweickart. ... By 1972 he had ... taken up Transcendental Meditation, and was pictured in Time escorting Maharishi Mahesh Yogi ... on a tour through NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center
^ Oard, Doug. "The Moonwalkers Who Could have Been". Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
^ ^a ^b Slayton, Donald; Cassutt, Michael (1995). Deke! U.S. Manned Space From Mercury To the Shuttle. Tom Doherty Associates. ISBN 978-1466802148. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
^ Quine, Tony (April 2007). "Addicted to space: An appreciation of Anousheh Ansari, Part II". Spaceflight. 49 (4). British Interplanetary Society (BIS): 144. ISSN 0038-6340.
^ ^a ^b "NASA – Johnson Space Center History" (PDF). February 11, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
^ Tribbe, Matthew (2014). No Requiem for the Space Age: The Apollo Moon Landings and American Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199313525. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
^ "SP-400 Skylab, Our First Space Station". NASA. 1977. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
^ ^a ^b "NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Edited Oral History Transcript". February 11, 2015. Archived from the original on June 16, 2016. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
^ David, Leonard (May 27, 2007). "Ex-Astronaut Says NASA Asteroid Report Flawed". Space.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Wall, Mike (November 22, 2013). "How Humanity Could Deflect a Giant Killer Asteroid". Space.com. Future plc. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Our Team | Rusty Schweickart, Chair Emeritus Archived July 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, B612 Foundation, SentinelMission.org website. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
^ "NASA Advisory Council Ad-Hoc Task Force on Planetary Defense". Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
^ Schweickart, Russell; Johnson, Erik T. (illustrator) Humans to Asteroids: Watch Out! Archived January 25, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times website, October 25, 2010, and in print on October 26, 2010, p. A29 of the New York edition. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
^ Michael Murphy; Jay Ogilvy; Keith Thompson; Stanislav Grof; Don H. Johnson; Joseph Montville; Jeff Kirpal; Gordon Wheeler; Frank Poletti; Jane Hartford. "Esalen's Half Century of Pioneering Cultural Initiatives 1962 to 2012" (PDF). esalen.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
^ "Schweickart Biography". people.well.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
^ "Apollo 9 Crew Gets Awards". Florida Today. Cocoa, Florida. Associated Press. March 27, 1969. p. 14A. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Sheppard, David (October 2, 1983). "Space Hall Inducts 14 Apollo Program Astronauts". El Paso Times. El Paso, Texas. p. 18. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Meyer, Marilyn (October 2, 1997). "Ceremony to Honor Astronauts". Florida Today. Cocoa, Florida. p. 2B. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 11, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 17033 Rusty (1999 FR9)" (March 3, 2017, last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on March 24, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. ISBN 978-1578643974.
^ "Cercle généalogique d'Alsace". www.alsace-genealogie.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Commune de Lembach" (in French). Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
^ "From the Earth to the Moon Full Cast and Crew". IMDb. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
^ "The Universe, The End of the Earth: Deep Space Threats to our Planet, Full Cast and Crew". IMDb. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
^ "The Universe, Stopping Armageddon, Full Cast and Crew". IMDb. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2017.

External links

Official website of Rusty Schweickart
Astronautix biography of Rusty Schweickart
Schweickart at Encyclopedia of Science
Rusty Schweickart at IMDb
Kielder Observatory interview with Schweickart on YouTube, video, 8:50
No Frames, No Boundaries Connecting with the whole planet—from space by Russell Schweickart
Question & Answer session with Rusty Schweickart after a talk he gave at CERN, June 1969, audio, 46:39

[nmmsh-bio-1] "Russell L. Schweickart". New Mexico Museum of Space History. Archived from the original on April 18, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2022.

[NASA-bio_Rusty_Schweickart-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Biographical Data for Russell L. (Rusty) Schweickart" (PDF). NASA. September 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.

[Pacific_Sun-2004.07.07-3] Kramer, Jill. Scanning The Skies, San Rafael, Marin County, California: Pacific Sun, July 7, 2004; also published online as Rusty Schweickart: Space Man Archived December 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.

[4] MIT-alum Alumni list, MIT Archived July 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology webpage.

[5] "Joe H. Engle at scouting.org". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.

[nmmuseum-6] "Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 9 Mission". New Mexico Museum of Space History. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.

[7] "14 Hold an American Dream". Press and Sun-Bulletin. October 19, 1963. p. 7. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.

[burgessdoolan-8] Burgess, Colin; Doolan, Kate; Vis, Bert (2016). Fallen Astronauts: Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 313–314. ISBN 978-0803285095.

[crews-9] "Apollo 1 Prime and Backup Crews". NASA Image and Video Library. NASA. April 1, 1966. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2017.

[space-10] Howell, Elizabeth (September 12, 2014). "Apollo 9: The Lunar Module Flies". Space.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.

[11] Klapp, Orrin Edgar (1978). Opening and Closing. Cambridge University Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0521293112. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2015. An Apollo 14 veteran, Rusty Schweickart, took up transcendental meditation, saying, 'I'm not the same man. None of us are.'

[12] Tribbe, Matthew D. (2014). No Requiem for the Space Age: The Apollo Moon Landings and American Culture. Oxford University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0199313525. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2015. Consider Rusty Schweickart. ... By 1972 he had ... taken up Transcendental Meditation, and was pictured in Time escorting Maharishi Mahesh Yogi ... on a tour through NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center

[13] Oard, Doug. "The Moonwalkers Who Could have Been". Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved May 22, 2016.

[books.google.com-14] Slayton, Donald; Cassutt, Michael (1995). Deke! U.S. Manned Space From Mercury To the Shuttle. Tom Doherty Associates. ISBN 978-1466802148. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2020.

[15] Quine, Tony (April 2007). "Addicted to space: An appreciation of Anousheh Ansari, Part II". Spaceflight. 49 (4). British Interplanetary Society (BIS): 144. ISSN 0038-6340.

[jsc.nasa.gov-16] "NASA – Johnson Space Center History" (PDF). February 11, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2016.

[17] Tribbe, Matthew (2014). No Requiem for the Space Age: The Apollo Moon Landings and American Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199313525. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2020.

[SP400ch4-18] "SP-400 Skylab, Our First Space Station". NASA. 1977. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013.

[ReferenceA-19] "NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Edited Oral History Transcript". February 11, 2015. Archived from the original on June 16, 2016. Retrieved May 22, 2016.

[20] David, Leonard (May 27, 2007). "Ex-Astronaut Says NASA Asteroid Report Flawed". Space.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.

[spacekillergiant-21] Wall, Mike (November 22, 2013). "How Humanity Could Deflect a Giant Killer Asteroid". Space.com. Future plc. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2021.

[B612-bio_Rusty_Schweickart-22] Our Team | Rusty Schweickart, Chair Emeritus Archived July 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, B612 Foundation, SentinelMission.org website. Retrieved June 29, 2014.

[23] "NASA Advisory Council Ad-Hoc Task Force on Planetary Defense". Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2010.

[New_York_Times-2010.10.25-24] Schweickart, Russell; Johnson, Erik T. (illustrator) Humans to Asteroids: Watch Out! Archived January 25, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times website, October 25, 2010, and in print on October 26, 2010, p. A29 of the New York edition. Retrieved July 4, 2014.

[25] Michael Murphy; Jay Ogilvy; Keith Thompson; Stanislav Grof; Don H. Johnson; Joseph Montville; Jeff Kirpal; Gordon Wheeler; Frank Poletti; Jane Hartford. "Esalen's Half Century of Pioneering Cultural Initiatives 1962 to 2012" (PDF). esalen.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved July 13, 2017.

[Schweickart_Biography-26] "Schweickart Biography". people.well.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2023.

[27] "Apollo 9 Crew Gets Awards". Florida Today. Cocoa, Florida. Associated Press. March 27, 1969. p. 14A. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.

[28] Sheppard, David (October 2, 1983). "Space Hall Inducts 14 Apollo Program Astronauts". El Paso Times. El Paso, Texas. p. 18. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.

[29] Meyer, Marilyn (October 2, 1997). "Ceremony to Honor Astronauts". Florida Today. Cocoa, Florida. p. 2B. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 11, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.

[SBDB-17033-Rusty-30] "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 17033 Rusty (1999 FR9)" (March 3, 2017, last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on March 24, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.

[31] Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. ISBN 978-1578643974.

[32] "Cercle généalogique d'Alsace". www.alsace-genealogie.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.

[:0-33] "Commune de Lembach" (in French). Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.

[34] "From the Earth to the Moon Full Cast and Crew". IMDb. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved December 2, 2017.

[35] "The Universe, The End of the Earth: Deep Space Threats to our Planet, Full Cast and Crew". IMDb. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2017.

[36] "The Universe, Stopping Armageddon, Full Cast and Crew". IMDb. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2017.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|American scientist, astronaut, fighter pilot, businessman and energy policy adviser}}
+{{Short description|American scientist, astronaut, businessman and policy adviser (born 1935)}}
-{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
+{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}
 {{Infobox astronaut
-| name        = Russell L. Schweickart
+|name        = Rusty Schweickart
-| image       = RustySchweickart.jpg
+|image       = RustySchweickart.jpg
-| caption     =  Schweickart in 1971
+|caption     = Schweickart in 1971
+|birth_name  = Russell Louis Schweickart
-| type        = [[NASA]] [[Astronaut]]
+|birth_date  = {{birth date and age|1935|10|25}}
-| nationality = American
+|birth_place = [[Neptune Township, New Jersey|Neptune, New Jersey]], U.S.
-| status      = Retired
+|death_date  =
-| birth_name  = Russell Louis Schweickart
+|death_place =
-| birth_date  = {{Birth date and age|1935|10|25}}
+|education   = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]], [[Master of Science|MS]])
-| birth_place = [[Neptune Township, New Jersey|Neptune, New Jersey]], U.S.
+|awards      = [[NASA Distinguished Service Medal]]
-| other_names = Rusty Schweickart
+|type        = [[NASA astronaut]]
-| alma_mater  = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], B.S. 1956, M.S. 1963
+|rank        = [[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]], [[United States Air Force|USAF]]<ref name="nmmsh-bio">{{cite web |title=Russell L. Schweickart |url=https://www.nmspacemuseum.org/inductee/russell-l-schweickart/ |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Space History |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418103936/https://www.nmspacemuseum.org/inductee/russell-l-schweickart/ |archive-date=April 18, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-| occupation  = [[Research scientist]], [[fighter pilot]], [[business executive]], [[Executive (government)|government executive]]
+|time        = 10d 1h 0m
-| selection   = [[List of astronauts by selection#1963|1963 NASA Group 3]]
+|selection   = [[NASA Astronaut Group 3|NASA Group 3 (1963)]]
-| eva1        = 1
-| eva2        = 1 hour 17 minutes
+|eva1        = 1
-| time        = 10d 01h 00m
+|eva2        = 1h 17m
-| mission     = [[Apollo 9]]
+|mission     = [[Apollo 9]]
-| insignia    = [[File:Apollo-9-patch.png|48px]]
+|insignia    = [[File:Apollo-9-patch.png|48px]]
-| Date of ret = 1977
+|retirement  = 1977
+|website     = {{url|rustyschweickart.com|Official website}}
-| awards      = [[File:NASA Distinguished Service Medal.jpg|20px|link=NASA Distinguished Service Medal]]
-| website     = {{URL|https://www.rustyschweickart.com/}}
 }}
 '''Russell Louis''' "'''Rusty'''" '''Schweickart''' (also '''Schweikart'''; born October 25, 1935) is an American [[aeronautical engineer]], and a former [[NASA]] [[astronaut]], [[research scientist]], [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] [[fighter aircraft|fighter pilot]], as well as a former [[business executive]] and [[Executive (government)|government executive]].
-Schweickart was selected in 1963 for [[NASA Astronaut Group 3|NASA's third astronaut group]].  He was the [[Apollo Lunar Module|Lunar Module]] Pilot on the 1969 [[Apollo 9]] mission, the first crewed flight test of the lunar module, on which he performed the first in-space test of the [[portable life support system]] used by the Apollo astronauts who walked on the [[Moon]]. As backup Commander of the [[Skylab 2|first crewed Skylab mission]] in 1973, he was responsible for developing the hardware and procedures used by the first crew to perform critical in-flight repairs of the [[Skylab|Skylab station]]. After Skylab, he served for a time as Director of User Affairs in NASA's Office of Applications.
+Schweickart was selected in 1963 for [[NASA Astronaut Group 3|NASA's third astronaut group]].  He was the [[Apollo Lunar Module|Lunar Module]] Pilot on the 1969 [[Apollo 9]] mission, the first crewed flight test of the lunar module, on which he performed the first in-space test of the [[portable life support system]] used by the Apollo astronauts who walked on the [[Moon]]. As backup commander of the [[Skylab 2|first crewed Skylab mission]] in 1973, he was responsible for developing the hardware and procedures used by the first crew to perform critical in-flight repairs of the [[Skylab|Skylab station]]. After Skylab, he served for a time as Director of User Affairs in NASA's Office of Applications.
-Schweickart left NASA in 1977 to serve for two years as [[California Governor]] [[Jerry Brown]]'s assistant for science and technology, then was appointed by Brown to [[California Energy Commission|California's Energy Commission]] for five and a half years, serving as [[chairman]] for three.<ref name="NASA-bio Rusty Schweickart">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/schweickart_russell.pdf|title=Biographical Data for Russell L. (Rusty) Schweickart|website=NASA |date=September 2006|access-date=May 18, 2021}}</ref>
+Schweickart left NASA in 1977 to serve for two years as [[California Governor]] [[Jerry Brown]]'s assistant for science and technology, then was appointed by Brown to [[California Energy Commission|California's Energy Commission]] for five and a half years, serving as [[chairman]] for three.<ref name="NASA-bio Rusty Schweickart">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/schweickart_russell.pdf|title=Biographical Data for Russell L. (Rusty) Schweickart|website=NASA|date=September 2006|access-date=May 18, 2021|archive-date=October 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025204842/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/schweickart_russell.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In 1984–85 he co-founded the [[Association of Space Explorers]] and later in 2002 co-founded the [[B612 Foundation]], a non-profit organization dedicated to defending Earth from [[Earth impact|asteroid impacts]], along with fellow former astronaut [[Ed Lu]] and two planetary scientists. He served for a period as its chair before becoming its chair [[emeritus]].
+In 1984–85, Schweickart co-founded the [[Association of Space Explorers]] and later in 2002 co-founded the [[B612 Foundation]], a non-profit organization dedicated to defending Earth from [[Earth impact|asteroid impacts]], along with fellow former astronaut [[Ed Lu]] and two planetary scientists. He served for a period as its chair before becoming its chair [[emeritus]].
 == Early life and education ==
-Rusty Schweickart was born October 25, 1935, in [[Neptune Township, New Jersey|Neptune Township]], [[New Jersey]], and grew up on a "hardscrabble" farm of {{convert|45|acre|}} producing hay and vegetables plus raising poultry and cows. As a youth his ambition was to be a [[Aviator|pilot]] and a [[cowboy]].<ref name="Pacific Sun-2004.07.07" /> After graduating from [[Manasquan High School]] in 1952, he earned a [[B.S.]] in [[Aerospace engineering|aeronautical engineering]] on scholarship (1956) and an [[M.S.]] in [[aeronautics]] and [[astronautics]] (1963) from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref name="NASA-bio Rusty Schweickart"/><ref>[http://alum.mit.edu MIT-alum Alumni list, MIT], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] webpage.</ref>
+Rusty Schweickart was born October 25, 1935, in [[Neptune Township, New Jersey]], and grew up on a "hardscrabble" farm of {{convert|45|acre|}} producing hay and vegetables plus raising poultry and cows. As a youth his ambition was to be a [[Aviator|pilot]] and a [[cowboy]].<ref name="Pacific Sun-2004.07.07" /> After graduating from [[Manasquan High School]] in 1952, he earned a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[Aerospace engineering|aeronautical engineering]] on scholarship (1956) and a [[Master of Science]] degree in [[aeronautics]] and [[astronautics]] (1963) from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref name="NASA-bio Rusty Schweickart"/><ref>[http://alum.mit.edu MIT-alum Alumni list, MIT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712031436/http://alum.mit.edu/ |date=July 12, 2011 }}, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] webpage.</ref>
-He was active in the [[Boy Scouts of America]]. He earned the rank of [[First Class Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|First Class]].<ref>[http://www.scouting.org/About/FactSheets/scouting_space.aspx Joe H. Engle at scouting.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213130/http://www.scouting.org/about/factsheets/scouting_space.aspx |date=March 3, 2016 }}</ref> His hobbies include [[golf]], [[bicycling]], and [[hiking]]. He was married twice and has seven children.<ref name="NASA-bio Rusty Schweickart" />
+He was active in the [[Boy Scouts of America]]. He earned the rank of [[First Class Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|First Class]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scouting.org/About/FactSheets/scouting_space.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213130/http://www.scouting.org/about/factsheets/scouting_space.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Joe H. Engle at scouting.org|archivedate=March 3, 2016}}</ref> His hobbies include [[golf]], [[bicycling]], and [[hiking]]. He was married twice and has seven children.<ref name="NASA-bio Rusty Schweickart" />
 His family's stated annual income when he received his [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] scholarship after graduating high school was listed as $1800 ({{Inflation|US|1800|1952|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="Pacific Sun-2004.07.07" />
-== Military and NASA service ==
+== Military and NASA career ==
 [[File:Astronaut Rusty Schweickart with F-86 1963.jpg|thumb|left|Schweickart standing in front of his [[North American F-86 Sabre]] in 1963]]
@@ Line 48: / Line 47: @@
 Prior to joining NASA, Schweickart was a [[research scientist]] at the Experimental Astronomy Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his work there involved research upper [[atmospheric physics]], star tracking and stabilization of stellar images.<ref name="nmmuseum" /> His thesis for a master's degree at MIT concerned stratospheric radiance.<ref name="NASA-bio Rusty Schweickart" />
-Schweickart was chosen as part of [[NASA Astronaut Group 3]] in October 1963.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15527410/|title=14 Hold an American Dream|newspaper=Press and Sun-Bulletin|date=October 19, 1963|page=7|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|access-date=December 2, 2017}}</ref> He was the youngest in the group. The third group of astronauts performed jungle training. Schweickart partnered with [[Clifton Williams]].<ref name="burgessdoolan">{{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Colin |last2=Doolan |first2=Kate |last3=Vis |first3=Bert |title=Fallen Astronauts: Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon |date=2016 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=9780803285095 |pages=313–314}}</ref> On March 21, 1966, he was named as the backup Pilot for [[Roger B. Chaffee]] on [[Apollo 1]]—which was to have been the first crewed Apollo flight but was destroyed during a ground test accident. His fellow crewmen were backup Command Pilot [[James McDivitt]] and Senior Pilot [[David Scott]], both veterans of  [[Project Gemini]].<ref name="crews">{{cite web |title=Apollo 1 Prime and Backup Crews |url=https://images.nasa.gov/details-S66-30238 |website=NASA Image and Video Library |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428065208/https://images.nasa.gov/details-S66-30238 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |date=1 April 1966 |url-status=live}}</ref>  In December 1966, this crew was promoted to fly the first crewed Earth orbital test of the [[Apollo Lunar Module]] (LM), with Schweickart as Lunar Module Pilot.<ref name="space">{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/17616-apollo-9.html|title=Apollo 9: The Lunar Module Flies|last1=Howell|first1=Elizabeth|date=September 12, 2014|publisher=Space.com|access-date=December 2, 2017}}</ref>
+Schweickart was chosen as part of [[NASA Astronaut Group 3]] in October 1963.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15527410/|title=14 Hold an American Dream|newspaper=Press and Sun-Bulletin|date=October 19, 1963|page=7|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|access-date=December 2, 2017|archive-date=October 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017021840/https://www.newspapers.com/article/press-and-sun-bulletin-astronaut-group-3/15527410/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the youngest in the group. The third group of astronauts performed jungle training. Schweickart partnered with [[Clifton Williams]].<ref name="burgessdoolan">{{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Colin |last2=Doolan |first2=Kate |last3=Vis |first3=Bert |title=Fallen Astronauts: Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon |date=2016 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=978-0803285095 |pages=313–314}}</ref> On March 21, 1966, he was named as the backup pilot for [[Roger B. Chaffee]] on [[Apollo 1]]—which was to have been the first crewed Apollo flight but was destroyed during a ground test accident. His fellow crewmen were backup Command Pilot [[James McDivitt]] and Senior Pilot [[David Scott]], both veterans of  [[Project Gemini]].<ref name="crews">{{cite web |title=Apollo 1 Prime and Backup Crews |url=https://images.nasa.gov/details-S66-30238 |website=NASA Image and Video Library |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=December 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428065208/https://images.nasa.gov/details-S66-30238 |archive-date=April 28, 2021 |date=April 1, 1966 |url-status=live}}</ref>  In December 1966, this crew was promoted to fly the first crewed Earth orbital test of the [[Apollo Lunar Module]] (LM), with Schweickart as Lunar Module Pilot.<ref name="space">{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/17616-apollo-9.html|title=Apollo 9: The Lunar Module Flies|last1=Howell|first1=Elizabeth|date=September 12, 2014|publisher=Space.com|access-date=December 2, 2017|archive-date=December 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204114537/https://www.space.com/17616-apollo-9.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 === Spaceflight experience ===
 {{Main|Apollo 9}}
-{{Quote box|The frontier in space, embodied in the space colony, is one in which the interactions between humans and their environment is so much more sensitive and interactive and less tolerant of irresponsibility than it is on the whole surface of the Earth. We are going to learn how to relate to the Earth and our own natural environment here by looking seriously at space colony ecologies.|width=25%|salign=right|source=Rusty Schweickart<ref name="nmmuseum">{{cite web|url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=82|publisher=[[New Mexico Museum of Space History]]|title=Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 9 Mission|access-date=November 20, 2017}}</ref>}}
+{{Quote box|The frontier in space, embodied in the space colony, is one in which the interactions between humans and their environment is so much more sensitive and interactive and less tolerant of irresponsibility than it is on the whole surface of the Earth. We are going to learn how to relate to the Earth and our own natural environment here by looking seriously at space colony ecologies.|width=25%|salign=right|source=Rusty Schweickart<ref name="nmmuseum">{{cite web|url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=82|publisher=[[New Mexico Museum of Space History]]|title=Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 9 Mission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033842/http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=82 |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |url-status=deviated |access-date=November 20, 2017}}</ref>}}
-[[Apollo 9]] was flown in March 1969. Schweickart spent just over 241 hours in space, and performed the first [[extravehicular activity]] (EVA) of the Apollo program, testing the [[portable life support system]] that was later used by the 12 astronauts who walked on the Moon. The flight plan called for him to demonstrate an emergency transfer from the lunar module to the [[Apollo command and service module|command module]] (CM) using handrails on the LM, but he began to suffer from [[space adaptation syndrome]] on the first day in orbit, forcing the postponement of the EVA.<ref name="space" />
+[[Apollo 9]] was flown in March 1969. Schweickart spent just over 241 hours in space, and performed the first [[extravehicular activity]] (EVA) of the Apollo program, testing the [[portable life support system]] that was later used by the twelve astronauts who walked on the Moon. The flight plan called for him to demonstrate an emergency transfer from the lunar module to the [[Apollo command and service module|command module]] (CM) using handrails on the LM, but he began to suffer from [[space adaptation syndrome]] on the first day in orbit, forcing the postponement of the EVA.<ref name="space" />
 [[File:Schweickart spacer kosmiczny GPN-2000-001108.jpg|thumb|Schweickart performs an EVA standing on the lunar module porch, photographed by fellow astronaut James McDivitt inside the LM.]]
-Eventually, he improved enough to perform a relatively brief EVA with his feet restrained on the LM "porch" (a platform used in transferring to the descent ladder), while Command Module Pilot Scott performed a stand-up EVA through the open hatch of the CM. During a five-minute pause tethered outside his spacecraft, Schweickart felt he underwent a metaphysical experience as he stared at the Earth, contemplating its place in the universe.<ref name="Pacific Sun-2004.07.07" /> He subsequently practiced [[Transcendental Meditation technique|Transcendental Meditation]] based on his experience.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Klapp|first1=Orrin Edgar|title=Opening and Closing|date=September 29, 1978|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=185|isbn=9780521293112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lV04AAAAIAAJ&q=Rusty+Schweickart+transcendental+meditation&pg=PA185|access-date=September 16, 2015|quote=An Apollo 14 veteran, Rusty Schweickart, took up transcendental meditation, saying, 'I'm not the same man. None of us are.'}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tribbe|first1=Matthew D.|title=No Requiem for the Space Age: The Apollo Moon Landings and American Culture|date=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=195|isbn=9780199313525|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PV-RAwAAQBAJ&q=Rusty+Schweickart+transcendental+meditation|access-date=September 16, 2015|quote=Consider Rusty Schweickart. ... By 1972 he had ... taken up Transcendental Meditation, and was pictured in ''Time'' escorting Maharishi Mahesh Yogi ... on a tour through NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center}}</ref>
+Eventually, he improved enough to perform a relatively brief EVA with his feet restrained on the LM "porch" (a platform used in transferring to the descent ladder), while Command Module Pilot Scott performed a stand-up EVA through the open hatch of the CM. During a five-minute pause tethered outside his spacecraft, Schweickart felt he underwent a metaphysical experience as he stared at the Earth, contemplating its place in the universe.<ref name="Pacific Sun-2004.07.07" /> He subsequently practiced [[Transcendental Meditation technique|Transcendental Meditation]] based on his experience.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Klapp|first1=Orrin Edgar|title=Opening and Closing|year=1978|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=185|isbn=978-0521293112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lV04AAAAIAAJ&q=Rusty+Schweickart+transcendental+meditation&pg=PA185|access-date=September 16, 2015|quote=An Apollo 14 veteran, Rusty Schweickart, took up transcendental meditation, saying, 'I'm not the same man. None of us are.'|archive-date=October 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017021914/https://books.google.com/books?id=lV04AAAAIAAJ&q=Rusty+Schweickart+transcendental+meditation&pg=PA185#v=snippet&q=Rusty%20Schweickart%20transcendental%20meditation&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tribbe|first1=Matthew D.|title=No Requiem for the Space Age: The Apollo Moon Landings and American Culture|date=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=195|isbn=978-0199313525|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PV-RAwAAQBAJ&q=Rusty+Schweickart+transcendental+meditation|access-date=September 16, 2015|quote=Consider Rusty Schweickart. ... By 1972 he had ... taken up Transcendental Meditation, and was pictured in ''Time'' escorting Maharishi Mahesh Yogi ... on a tour through NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center|archive-date=October 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017021830/https://books.google.com/books?id=PV-RAwAAQBAJ&q=Rusty+Schweickart+transcendental+meditation#v=snippet&q=Rusty%20Schweickart%20transcendental%20meditation&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
 === Skylab and beyond ===
-Although [[Deke Slayton]] (who was responsible for all flight assignments as Director of Flight Crew Operations) opined that Schweickart "would have been a logical lunar module pilot" on subsequent lunar missions—indeed, the standard rotation of the era would have placed him on the backup crew for [[Apollo 12]] and the prime crew of [[Apollo 15]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/~oard/apollo/poss_moonwalkers.html|title=The Moonwalkers Who Could have Been|last1=Oard|first1=Doug}}</ref> —"that bout of space sickness had everybody worried ... it didn't seem like a good idea to put him back in ... at this point."<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_S-PoBi8Eu8C&q=rusty+apollo+applications|title=Deke! U.S. Manned Space From Mercury To the Shuttle|last1=Slayton|first1=Donald|last2=Cassutt|first2=Michael|date=June 15, 1995|publisher=Tom Doherty Associates|isbn=9781466802148}}</ref> Following his mission, Schweickart "basically called the shot that I really didn't want to be assigned to a flight until we knew more about motion sickness" and became "[a] motion sickness guinea pig" for six months; while "[he] didn't learn that much" during the testing, it is now accepted that as many as half of space travelers suffer from space adaptation syndrome to some extent.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Tony | last = Quine |  title = Addicted to space: An appreciation of Anousheh Ansari, Part II | journal = Spaceflight | publisher = [[British Interplanetary Society]] (BIS) | issn = 0038-6340 | volume = 49 |date=April 2007 | pages = 144 | issue = 4}}</ref>
+Although [[Deke Slayton]] (who was responsible for all flight assignments as Director of Flight Crew Operations) opined that Schweickart "would have been a logical lunar module pilot" on subsequent lunar missions—indeed, the standard rotation of the era would have placed him on the backup crew for [[Apollo 12]] and the prime crew of [[Apollo 15]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/~oard/apollo/poss_moonwalkers.html|title=The Moonwalkers Who Could have Been|last1=Oard|first1=Doug|access-date=May 22, 2016|archive-date=April 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412024509/http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/~oard/apollo/poss_moonwalkers.html|url-status=live}}</ref> —"that bout of space sickness had everybody worried ... it didn't seem like a good idea to put him back in ... at this point."<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_S-PoBi8Eu8C&q=rusty+apollo+applications|title=Deke! U.S. Manned Space From Mercury To the Shuttle|last1=Slayton|first1=Donald|last2=Cassutt|first2=Michael|year=1995|publisher=Tom Doherty Associates|isbn=978-1466802148|access-date=October 20, 2020|archive-date=October 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017021853/https://books.google.com/books?id=_S-PoBi8Eu8C&q=rusty+apollo+applications#v=snippet&q=rusty%20apollo%20applications&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Following his mission, Schweickart "basically called the shot that I really didn't want to be assigned to a flight until we knew more about motion sickness" and became "[a] motion sickness guinea pig" for six months; while "[he] didn't learn that much" during the testing, it is now accepted that as many as half of space travelers suffer from space adaptation syndrome to some extent.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Tony | last = Quine |  title = Addicted to space: An appreciation of Anousheh Ansari, Part II | journal = Spaceflight | publisher = [[British Interplanetary Society]] (BIS) | issn = 0038-6340 | volume = 49 |date=April 2007 | pages = 144 | issue = 4}}</ref>
-The protracted testing period also contributed to Schweickart not being assigned to the Apollo 12 backup crew. When he returned to Houston, "[[Al Shepard]] [Slayton's deputy], for whatever reason, instead of putting me back on Apollo, put me on to [[Skylab]] ... Al had his own agenda of who went where and whatnot. So I cycled into Skylab at the time."<ref name="jsc.nasa.gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/SchweickartRL/RLS_10-19-99.pdf|title = NASA - Johnson Space Center History}}</ref> Schweickart has also observed that he was "not one of Al's boys", alluding to the political  [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberalism]] that he shared with his then-wife, Clare; Slayton felt that her fervent political stances (including [[civil rights]] activism) "caused him a few problems with his colleagues."<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="jsc.nasa.gov"/> During this period, a Houston radio broadcaster characterized Schweickart as "the closest thing to a [[freak scene|freak]] astronaut" after he was photographed escorting [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] on a tour of NASA's headquarters.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PV-RAwAAQBAJ&q=freak+astronaut&pg=PA195|title=No Requiem for the Space Age: The Apollo Moon Landings and American Culture|last1=Tribbe|first1=Matthew|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780199313525}}</ref>
+The protracted testing period also contributed to Schweickart not being assigned to the Apollo 12 backup crew. When he returned to Houston, "[[Al Shepard]] [Slayton's deputy], for whatever reason, instead of putting me back on Apollo, put me on to [[Skylab]] ... Al had his own agenda of who went where and whatnot. So I cycled into Skylab at the time."<ref name="jsc.nasa.gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/SchweickartRL/RLS_10-19-99.pdf|title=NASA – Johnson Space Center History|date=February 11, 2015|access-date=May 22, 2016|archive-date=January 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128113608/https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/SchweickartRL/RLS_10-19-99.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Schweickart has also observed that he was "not one of Al's boys", alluding to the political  [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberalism]] that he shared with his then-wife, Clare; Slayton felt that her fervent political stances (including [[civil rights]] activism) "caused him a few problems with his colleagues."<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="jsc.nasa.gov"/> During this period, a Houston radio broadcaster characterized Schweickart as "the closest thing to a [[freak scene|freak]] astronaut" after he was photographed escorting [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] on a tour of NASA's headquarters.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PV-RAwAAQBAJ&q=freak+astronaut&pg=PA195|title=No Requiem for the Space Age: The Apollo Moon Landings and American Culture|last1=Tribbe|first1=Matthew|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0199313525|access-date=October 20, 2020|archive-date=October 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017021831/https://books.google.com/books?id=PV-RAwAAQBAJ&q=freak+astronaut&pg=PA195#v=snippet&q=freak%20astronaut&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Along with backup Science Pilot [[Story Musgrave]] and backup Pilot [[Bruce McCandless II]], Schweickart was assigned as backup Commander of [[Skylab 2]], the first crewed American [[space station]] mission, which flew during the spring of 1973. Following the loss of the space station's thermal shield during launch, he assumed responsibility for the development of hardware and procedures for erecting an emergency solar shade and deploying a jammed solar array wing, operations that saved the space station.<ref name="SP400ch4">{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-400/ch4.htm |title=SP-400 Skylab, Our First Space Station |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=1977 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=May 8, 2013}}</ref>
+Along with backup science pilot [[Story Musgrave]] and backup pilot [[Bruce McCandless II]], Schweickart was assigned as backup commander of [[Skylab 2]], the first crewed American [[space station]] mission, which flew during the spring of 1973. Following the loss of the space station's thermal shield during launch, he assumed responsibility for the development of hardware and procedures for erecting an emergency solar shade and deploying a jammed solar array wing, operations that saved the space station.<ref name="SP400ch4">{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-400/ch4.htm |title=SP-400 Skylab, Our First Space Station |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=1977 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=May 8, 2013 |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225153426/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-400/ch4.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
-After serving on the support crew of [[Skylab 4]], Schweickart was more interested in cultivating managerial skills than "[going] over to the [[Space Shuttle]] development work which was under way ... by that time, I had, you know, done a lot of work on Gemini in a support role, and then, of course, everything on Apollo, and now all of this on Skylab, and to go cycle back into the very beginning of the Space Shuttle, which was not going to fly for, at that point, something like six years and best guess of anybody in the business was maybe eight years, I figured, you know, another eight years of basically going to the same kinds of meetings, making the same kinds of decisions, going to the same places ... it was like 'been there, done that.'"<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/SchweickartRL/SchweickartRL_3-8-00.htm|title=NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Edited Oral History Transcript}}</ref>
+After serving on the support crew of [[Skylab 4]], Schweickart was more interested in cultivating managerial skills than "[going] over to the [[Space Shuttle]] development work which was under way ... by that time, I had, you know, done a lot of work on Gemini in a support role, and then, of course, everything on Apollo, and now all of this on Skylab, and to go cycle back into the very beginning of the Space Shuttle, which was not going to fly for, at that point, something like six years and best guess of anybody in the business was maybe eight years, I figured, you know, another eight years of basically going to the same kinds of meetings, making the same kinds of decisions, going to the same places ... it was like 'been there, done that.'"<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/SchweickartRL/SchweickartRL_3-8-00.htm|title=NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Edited Oral History Transcript|date=February 11, 2015|access-date=May 22, 2016|archive-date=June 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616222944/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/SchweickartRL/SchweickartRL_3-8-00.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
 While retaining his flight status, he was reassigned to NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. as Director of User Affairs in the Office of Applications in 1974. In this capacity, he was responsible for transferring NASA technology (primarily [[Landsat 1]] applications) to the outside world and working with technology users (including the [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]] and water resources managers) to bring an understanding of their needs into NASA. He came to regard this as a "thankless position" and a "very hard sell" to potential clients due to their intrinsic resistance to new processes; this and the dearth of immediate flight opportunities ultimately precipitated his departure from NASA in 1977.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
-== Career after NASA ==
+== Post-NASA career ==
 [[File:Astronaut panel (28012960590).jpg|thumb|Schweickart and [[Alexei Leonov]] at the 2016 [[Starmus Festival]]]]
 Schweickart then served for two years as [[California Governor]] [[Jerry Brown]]'s assistant for science and technology before being appointed by Brown to the [[California Energy Commission]] for five and a half years.<ref name="NASA-bio Rusty Schweickart"/><ref name="Pacific Sun-2004.07.07" />
-Inspired by his friendship with [[Michael Murphy (author)|Michael Murphy]] and involvement in the [[Esalen Institute]]'s Soviet-American Exchange Program, Schweickart established the [[Association of Space Explorers]] (ASE) in 1984–85 along with [[cosmonaut]]s [[Alexei Leonov]], [[Vitaly Sevastyanov]], and [[Georgi Grechko]]; the organization is open to all people who have flown in orbit around the Earth.<ref name="NASA-bio Rusty Schweickart"/> He also chaired the ASE's [[near-Earth object]] committee, which produced a benchmark report and submitted it to the [[United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space]] (UN COPUOS) on ''Asteroid Threats: A Call for Global Response''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/3855-astronaut-nasa-asteroid-report-flawed.html|last1=David|first1=Leonard|publisher=Space.com|access-date=December 2, 2017|date=May 27, 2007|title=Ex-Astronaut Says NASA Asteroid Report Flawed}}</ref>
+Inspired by his friendship with [[Michael Murphy (author)|Michael Murphy]] and involvement in the [[Esalen Institute]]'s Soviet-American Exchange Program, Schweickart established the [[Association of Space Explorers]] (ASE) in 1984–85 along with [[cosmonaut]]s [[Alexei Leonov]], [[Vitaly Sevastyanov]], and [[Georgi Grechko]]; the organization is open to all people who have flown in orbit around the Earth.<ref name="NASA-bio Rusty Schweickart"/> He also chaired the ASE's [[near-Earth object]] committee, which produced a benchmark report and submitted it to the [[United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space]] (UN COPUOS) on ''Asteroid Threats: A Call for Global Response''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/3855-astronaut-nasa-asteroid-report-flawed.html|last1=David|first1=Leonard|publisher=Space.com|access-date=December 2, 2017|date=May 27, 2007|title=Ex-Astronaut Says NASA Asteroid Report Flawed|archive-date=December 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204114535/https://www.space.com/3855-astronaut-nasa-asteroid-report-flawed.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 Schweickart retired from ALOHA Networks, Inc. in 1998 where he served as [[President (corporate title)|President]] and [[Chief Executive Officer]] from 1996 through 1998. ALOHA was a data communications company specializing in high performance, wireless internet access equipment.<ref name="NASA-bio Rusty Schweickart"/>
@@ Line 84: / Line 83: @@
 Schweickart's satellite and telecommunications work involved him in the development of international communications regulations and policies, including participation in the 1992 and 1995 [[World Radiocommunication Conference]]s (WRC) of the [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU). He served at the 1995 WRC as a U.S. delegate. He also worked extensively in Russia and the former [[Soviet Union]] on scientific and telecommunications matters.<ref name="NASA-bio Rusty Schweickart" />
-In 2002 he co-founded the [[B612 Foundation]] along with fellow former-astronaut [[Ed Lu]] and two planetary scientists, also serving as its Chair.<ref name="spacekillergiant">{{cite web |last1=Wall |first1=Mike |title=How Humanity Could Deflect a Giant Killer Asteroid |url=https://www.space.com/23530-killer-asteroid-deflection-saving-humanity.html |website=[[Space.com]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428070130/https://www.space.com/23530-killer-asteroid-deflection-saving-humanity.html |archive-date=28 April 2021 |date=22 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="B612-bio Rusty Schweickart">[http://sentinelmission.org/portfolio/rusty-schweickart/?id=263 Our Team | Rusty Schweickart, Chair Emeritus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714173442/http://sentinelmission.org/portfolio/rusty-schweickart/?id=263 |date=July 14, 2014 }}, B612 Foundation, SentinelMission.org website. Retrieved June 29, 2014.</ref> The [[B612 Foundation]] is a non-profit dedicated to defending Earth from [[Earth impact|asteroid impacts]].<ref name="spacekillergiant" />
+In 2002 he co-founded the [[B612 Foundation]] along with fellow former-astronaut [[Ed Lu]] and two planetary scientists, also serving as its Chair.<ref name="spacekillergiant">{{cite web |last1=Wall |first1=Mike |title=How Humanity Could Deflect a Giant Killer Asteroid |url=https://www.space.com/23530-killer-asteroid-deflection-saving-humanity.html |website=[[Space.com]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |access-date=April 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428070130/https://www.space.com/23530-killer-asteroid-deflection-saving-humanity.html |archive-date=April 28, 2021 |date=November 22, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="B612-bio Rusty Schweickart">[http://sentinelmission.org/portfolio/rusty-schweickart/?id=263 Our Team | Rusty Schweickart, Chair Emeritus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714173442/http://sentinelmission.org/portfolio/rusty-schweickart/?id=263 |date=July 14, 2014 }}, B612 Foundation, SentinelMission.org website. Retrieved June 29, 2014.</ref> The [[B612 Foundation]] is a non-profit dedicated to defending Earth from [[Earth impact|asteroid impacts]].<ref name="spacekillergiant" />
-In May 2005 Schweickart testified before the [[U.S. Congress]] on the dangers of an asteroid impact related to [[99942 Apophis]]. and in 2010 served as the co-chairman, along with astronaut [[Thomas David Jones|Tom Jones]], NASA Advisory Council's ''ad hoc'' Task Force on Planetary Defense.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/about/planetarydefense_taskforce.html|title=NASA - NASA Advisory Council Ad-Hoc Task Force on Planetary Defense}}</ref> He has been an advocate of increasing NASA's annual budget by $250M–$300M over a 10-year period to more fully catalog the NEOs that can pose a threat to Earth and also provide a deflection capability.<ref name="New York Times-2010.10.25">Schweickart, Russell; Johnson, Erik T. (illustrator) [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/26/opinion/26schweickart.html Humans to Asteroids: Watch Out!], ''[[The New York Times]]'' website, October 25, 2010, and in print on October 26, 2010, p. A29 of the New York edition. Retrieved July 4, 2014.</ref>
+In May 2005 Schweickart testified before the [[U.S. Congress]] on the dangers of an asteroid impact related to [[99942 Apophis]]. and in 2010 served as the co-chairman, along with astronaut [[Thomas David Jones|Tom Jones]], NASA Advisory Council's ''ad hoc'' Task Force on Planetary Defense.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/about/planetarydefense_taskforce.html|title=NASA Advisory Council Ad-Hoc Task Force on Planetary Defense|access-date=October 26, 2010|archive-date=July 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712045637/http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/about/planetarydefense_taskforce.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has been an advocate of increasing NASA's annual budget by $250M–$300M over a 10-year period to more fully catalog the NEOs that can pose a threat to Earth and also provide a deflection capability.<ref name="New York Times-2010.10.25">Schweickart, Russell; Johnson, Erik T. (illustrator) [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/26/opinion/26schweickart.html Humans to Asteroids: Watch Out!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125011725/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/26/opinion/26schweickart.html |date=January 25, 2021 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'' website, October 25, 2010, and in print on October 26, 2010, p. A29 of the New York edition. Retrieved July 4, 2014.</ref>
-Schweickart has also spoken and taught at the Esalen Institute,<ref>{{cite web|title=Esalen's Half Century of Pioneering Cultural Initiatives 1962 to 2012|author1=Michael Murphy|author2=Jay Ogilvy|author3=Keith Thompson|author4=Stanislav Grof|author5=Don H. Johnson|author6=Joseph Montville|author7=Jeff Kirpal|author8=Gordon Wheeler|author9=Frank Poletti|author10=Jane Hartford|url=https://www.esalen.org/sites/default/files/resource_attachments/Esalen-CTR-Pioneering-Cultural-Initiatives.pdf|website=esalen.org|access-date=July 13, 2017}}</ref> and currently serves as the B612 Foundation's [[Chair Emeritus]].<ref name="B612-bio Rusty Schweickart" />
+Schweickart has also spoken and taught at the [[Esalen Institute]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Esalen's Half Century of Pioneering Cultural Initiatives 1962 to 2012|author1=Michael Murphy|author2=Jay Ogilvy|author3=Keith Thompson|author4=Stanislav Grof|author5=Don H. Johnson|author6=Joseph Montville|author7=Jeff Kirpal|author8=Gordon Wheeler|author9=Frank Poletti|author10=Jane Hartford|url=https://www.esalen.org/sites/default/files/resource_attachments/Esalen-CTR-Pioneering-Cultural-Initiatives.pdf|website=esalen.org|access-date=July 13, 2017|archive-date=August 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807192403/https://www.esalen.org/sites/default/files/resource_attachments/Esalen-CTR-Pioneering-Cultural-Initiatives.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and currently serves as the B612 Foundation's [[Chair Emeritus]].<ref name="B612-bio Rusty Schweickart" />
 == Organizations ==
-Schweickart is a [[fellow]] of the [[American Astronautical Society]] and the [[International Academy of Astronautics]], and an associate fellow of the [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]]. He is also an honorary [[trustee]] and a fellow of the [[California Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Schweickart Biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.well.com/~rs/rls-bio.html|title=Schweickart Biography}}</ref>
+Schweickart is a [[fellow]] of the [[American Astronautical Society]] and the [[International Academy of Astronautics]], and an associate fellow of the [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]]. He is also an honorary [[trustee]] and a fellow of the [[California Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Schweickart Biography">{{Cite web|url=https://people.well.com/user/rs/rls-bio.html|title=Schweickart Biography|website=people.well.com|access-date=October 17, 2023|archive-date=August 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811234010/https://people.well.com/user/rs/rls-bio.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == Awards and honors ==
-[[File:Rusty Schweickart in 2021 02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Rusty Schweickart  in 2021]]
+[[File:Rusty Schweickart in 2022 by Christopher Michel 1.jpg|thumb|Rusty Schweickart in 2022]]
-He was awarded the [[NASA Distinguished Service Medal]] (1969)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31060047/florida_today/|title=Apollo 9 Crew Gets Awards|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Florida Today|location=Cocoa, Florida|date=March 27, 1969|page=14A|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> and the [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]] [[De la Vaulx Medal]] (1970) for his Apollo 9 flight. He also received the [[National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences]] Special Trustees Award ([[Emmy Award]]) in 1969 for transmitting the first live TV pictures from space. In 1973, Schweickart was also awarded the [[NASA Exceptional Service Medal]] for his leadership role in the Skylab rescue efforts. He was inducted into the [[New Mexico Museum of Space History|International Space Hall of Fame]] in 1983 and the [[U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29964158/el_paso_times/|title=Space Hall Inducts 14 Apollo Program Astronauts|last1=Sheppard|first1=David|newspaper=El Paso Times|location=El Paso, Texas|date=October 2, 1983|page=18|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28283877/florida_today/|title=Ceremony to Honor Astronauts|newspaper=Florida Today|location=Cocoa, Florida|page=2B|date=October 2, 1997|last1=Meyer|first1=Marilyn|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Main-belt asteroid {{MoMP|17033|17033 Rusty}} was named in his honor.<ref name="SBDB-17033-Rusty" />
+He was awarded the [[NASA Distinguished Service Medal]] (1969)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31060047/florida_today/|title=Apollo 9 Crew Gets Awards|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Florida Today|location=Cocoa, Florida|date=March 27, 1969|page=14A|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=April 29, 2019|archive-date=May 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051838/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31060047/florida_today/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]] [[De la Vaulx Medal]] (1970) for his Apollo 9 flight. He also received the [[National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences]] Special Trustees Award ([[Emmy Award]]) in 1969 for transmitting the first live TV pictures from space. In 1973, Schweickart was also awarded the [[NASA Exceptional Service Medal]] for his leadership role in the Skylab rescue efforts. He was inducted into the [[New Mexico Museum of Space History|International Space Hall of Fame]] in 1983 and the [[U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29964158/el_paso_times/|title=Space Hall Inducts 14 Apollo Program Astronauts|last1=Sheppard|first1=David|newspaper=El Paso Times|location=El Paso, Texas|date=October 2, 1983|page=18|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=March 27, 2019|archive-date=March 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091656/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29964158/el_paso_times/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28283877/florida_today/|title=Ceremony to Honor Astronauts|newspaper=Florida Today|location=Cocoa, Florida|page=2B|date=October 2, 1997|last1=Meyer|first1=Marilyn|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=February 11, 2019|archive-date=February 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011231/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28283877/florida_today/|url-status=live}}</ref> Main-belt asteroid {{MoMP|17033|17033 Rusty}} was named in his honor.<ref name="SBDB-17033-Rusty" />
-In 2012, Schweickart was inducted into the [[International Air & Space Hall of Fame]] at the [[San Diego Air & Space Museum]].<ref>Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. ''These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame''. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-57864-397-4}}.</ref>
+In 2012, Schweickart was inducted into the [[International Air & Space Hall of Fame]] at the [[San Diego Air & Space Museum]].<ref>Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. ''These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame''. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1578643974}}.</ref>
-In 1892, his grandfather Jacques Schweickart emigrated<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cercle généalogique d'Alsace|url=http://www.alsace-genealogie.com/spip.php?article119|access-date=2020-06-29|website=www.alsace-genealogie.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Commune de Lembach|url=https://www.lembach.fr/ecole/?page_id=105|access-date=2020-06-29|language=fr-FR}}</ref> from [[Lembach]], a small town located in [[Alsace]], [[France]], to the United States. After visiting Lembach several times, Schweickart has been awarded honorary citizenship of the town.<ref name=":0" />
+In 1892, his grandfather Jacques Schweickart emigrated<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cercle généalogique d'Alsace|url=http://www.alsace-genealogie.com/spip.php?article119|access-date=June 29, 2020|website=www.alsace-genealogie.com|archive-date=June 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629093024/http://www.alsace-genealogie.com/spip.php?article119|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Commune de Lembach|url=https://www.lembach.fr/ecole/?page_id=105|access-date=June 29, 2020|language=fr-FR|archive-date=June 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630230312/https://www.lembach.fr/ecole/?page_id=105|url-status=live}}</ref> from [[Lembach]], a small town located in [[Alsace]], [[France]], to the United States. After visiting Lembach several times, Schweickart has been awarded honorary citizenship of the town.<ref name=":0" />
 == Biographies and portrayals ==
-In the 1998 [[HBO]] [[miniseries]] ''[[From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)|From the Earth to the Moon]]'', Schweickart is portrayed by [[Kieran Mulroney]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120570/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast|title=From the Earth to the Moon Full Cast and Crew|publisher=IMDb|access-date=December 2, 2017}}</ref> He also appeared in the television series [[The Universe (TV series)|''The Universe'']] in the episodes "The End of the Earth: Deep Space Threats to Our Planet" and "Stopping Armageddon".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1053155/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm|title=The Universe, The End of the Earth: Deep Space Threats to our Planet, Full Cast and Crew|publisher=IMDb|access-date=December 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1358097/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast|title=The Universe, Stopping Armageddon, Full Cast and Crew|publisher=IMDb|access-date=December 2, 2017}}</ref>
+In the 1998 [[HBO]] [[miniseries]] ''[[From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)|From the Earth to the Moon]]'', Schweickart is portrayed by [[Kieran Mulroney]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120570/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast|title=From the Earth to the Moon Full Cast and Crew|publisher=IMDb|access-date=December 2, 2017|archive-date=January 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115141726/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120570/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast|url-status=live}}</ref> He also appeared in the television series [[The Universe (TV series)|''The Universe'']] in the episodes "The End of the Earth: Deep Space Threats to Our Planet" and "Stopping Armageddon".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1053155/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm|title=The Universe, The End of the Earth: Deep Space Threats to our Planet, Full Cast and Crew|publisher=IMDb|access-date=December 2, 2017|archive-date=October 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017021832/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1053155/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1358097/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast|title=The Universe, Stopping Armageddon, Full Cast and Crew|publisher=IMDb|access-date=December 2, 2017|archive-date=October 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017021832/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1358097/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == See also ==
@@ Line 114: / Line 113: @@
 {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
-<ref name="Pacific Sun-2004.07.07">Kramer, Jill. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714223655/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-711995961.html Scanning The Skies], [[San Rafael, California|San Rafael]], [[Marin County]], California: ''[[Pacific Sun (newspaper)|Pacific Sun]]'', July 7, 2004 (via ''Highbeam.com'', subscription required); also published online as [http://jillkramer.net/rusty-schweickart-space-man/ Rusty Schweickart: Space Man] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205042126/http://jillkramer.net/rusty-schweickart-space-man/ |date=December 5, 2015 }}.</ref>
+<ref name="Pacific Sun-2004.07.07">Kramer, Jill. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714223655/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-711995961.html Scanning The Skies], [[San Rafael, California|San Rafael]], [[Marin County]], California: ''[[Pacific Sun (newspaper)|Pacific Sun]]'', July 7, 2004; also published online as [http://jillkramer.net/rusty-schweickart-space-man/ Rusty Schweickart: Space Man] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205042126/http://jillkramer.net/rusty-schweickart-space-man/ |date=December 5, 2015 }}.</ref>
 <ref name="SBDB-17033-Rusty">{{cite web
-  |type       = March 3, 2017 last obs.
+ |type         = March 3, 2017, last obs.
-  |title      = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 17033 Rusty (1999 FR9)
+ |title        = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 17033 Rusty (1999 FR9)
-  |url        = http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2017033
+ |url          = http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2017033
-  |publisher  = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
+ |publisher    = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
-  |access-date = March 23, 2017}}</ref>
+ |access-date  = March 23, 2017
+ |archive-date = March 24, 2017
+ |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20170324084455/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2017033
+ |url-status   = live
+}}</ref>
 }} <!-- end of reflist -->
@@ Line 134: / Line 137: @@
 * {{YouTube|gDhjdQGyPjc|Kielder Observatory interview with Schweickart}}, video, 8:50
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031009102910/http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC03/Schweick.htm No Frames, No Boundaries Connecting with the whole planet—from space] by Russell Schweickart
-* [http://cds.cern.ch/record/901266?ln=en Question & Answer session with Rusty Schweickart] after a talk he gave at CERN, June 1969, audio, 46:39
+* [https://cds.cern.ch/record/901266?ln=en Question & Answer session with Rusty Schweickart] after a talk he gave at CERN, June 1969, audio, 46:39
 {{NASA Astronaut Group 3}}

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