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{{short description|Catholic lay brother (b. 1540, d. 1592)}}
{{short description|Catholic lay brother (b. 1540, d. 1592)}}
{{POV|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox saint
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix= Saint
| honorific_prefix= [[Canonization|Saint]]
|name = Paschal Baylón
| name = Paschal Baylón
|honorific_suffix=[[Order of Friars Minor|OFM]]
| honorific_suffix=[[Order of Friars Minor|OFM]]
|birth_date = 16 May 1540
| birth_date = 16 May 1540
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1592|5|17|1540|05|16|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1592|5|17|1540|05|16|df=y}}
|feast_day = 17 May
| feast_day = 17 May
|venerated_in = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
| venerated_in = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
|image = LienzoS Pascual.jpg
| image = LienzoS Pascual.jpg
|imagesize = 200px
| imagesize = 200px
|caption =
| caption =
|birth_place = [[Torrehermosa]], Aragon Spain
| birth_place = [[Torrehermosa]], Aragon Spain
|death_place = [[Villarreal]], Aragon Kingdom, Spain
| death_place = [[Villarreal]],<ref name=SEB>{{cite web |url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/53550 |title=San Pasquale Baylon |publisher=Santi e Beati |access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> Aragon Kingdom, Spain
|titles = Religious
| titles = Religious
|beatified_date = 29 October 1618
| beatified_date = 29 October 1618
|beatified_place = [[Saint Peter's Basilica]], [[Papal States]]
| beatified_place = [[Saint Peter's Basilica]], [[Papal States]]
|beatified_by = [[Pope Paul V]]
| beatified_by = [[Pope Paul V]]
|canonized_date = 16 October 1690
| canonized_date = 16 October 1690
|canonized_place = Saint Peter's Basilica, Papal States
| canonized_place = Saint Peter's Basilica, Papal States
|canonized_by = [[Pope Alexander VIII]]
| canonized_by = [[Pope Alexander VIII]]
|attributes = {{unbulleted list|[[Monstrance]]|[[Religious habit#Habits of Roman Catholic religious orders|Franciscan habit]]|Before the [[Eucharist]]}}
| attributes = {{Hlist|[[Monstrance]] | [[Religious habit#Catholicism|Franciscan habit]] | Before the [[Eucharist]]}}
|patronage = {{unbulleted list|Villarreal<ref name=SEB />|Torrehermosa<ref name=SEB />|[[Alconchel de Ariza]]<ref name=SEB />|Eucharistic congresses|Eucharistic associations|[[Obando, Bulacan|Obando]]|Cooks<ref name=SQPN />|Shepherds, Male Children and Priesthood Vocation <ref name=SQPN />|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Segorbe-Castellón de la Plana|Diocese of Segorbe-Castellón de la Plana]]<ref name=SQPN />}}
| patronage = {{Hlist|Villarreal<ref name=SEB />|Torrehermosa<ref name=SEB />|[[Alconchel de Ariza]]<ref name=SEB />|Eucharistic congresses|Eucharistic associations|[[Obando, Bulacan|Obando]] | Cooks<ref name=SQPN>{{cite web |url=https://catholicsaints.info/saint-pascal-baylon/ |title=Saint Pascal Baylon |publisher=Saints SQPN |date=8 October 2017 |access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref>|Shepherds, Male Children and Priesthood Vocation<ref name=SQPN />|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Segorbe-Castellón de la Plana|Diocese of Segorbe-Castellón de la Plana]]<ref name=SQPN />}}
|major_shrine =
| major_shrine =
|suppressed_date =
| suppressed_date =
|issues =
| issues =
|prayer =
| prayer =
|prayer_attrib =
| prayer_attrib =
}}
}}


'''Paschal Baylón''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of Friars Minor|OFM]]}} (16 May 1540&nbsp;– 17 May 1592) was a [[Spanish people|Spanish]] [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Laity|lay]] [[brother (Christian)|professed religious]] of the [[Order of Friars Minor]]. He served as a shepherd alongside his father in his childhood and adolescence, but desired to enter the religious life. He was refused once but later was admitted as a [[Franciscan]] lay brother and became noted for his strict austerities, as well as his love for and compassion towards the sick.
'''Paschal Baylón''' (24 May 1540&nbsp;– 15 May 1592) was a [[Spanish people|Spanish]] [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Laity|lay]] [[brother (Christian)|professed religious]] of the [[Order of Friars Minor]]. He served as a shepherd alongside his father in his childhood and adolescence, but desired to enter the religious life. He was refused once but later was admitted as a [[Franciscan]] lay brother and became noted for his strict austerities, as well as his love for and compassion towards the sick.
He was sent to counter the arguments of the [[Calvinists]] in [[France]] but was chased out and nearly killed by a mob. He was best known for his strong and deep devotion to the [[Eucharist]].
He was sent to Paris, France; on the way he encountered [[Calvinists]] and was nearly killed by a mob. He was best known for his strong and deep devotion to the [[Eucharist]].


The process for his canonization opened and in 1618 he was beatified; [[Pope Alexander VIII]] canonized him a saint on 16 October 1690.
The process for his canonization opened and in 1618 he was beatified; [[Pope Alexander VIII]] canonized him a saint on 16 October 1690.

On 28 November 1897, Pope Leo XIII proclaimed St Paschal Baylón patron of Eucharistic Congresses and Confraternities.<ref>{{cite book |title=Acta Ordinis Fratrum Minorum |date=1897 |publisher=Ad Claras Aquas |pages=207–208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITE2AQAAMAAJ&dq=baylon&pg=RA1-PA207}}</ref>


== Early life ==
== Early life ==
Paschal Baylón was born on 16 May 1540 at Torrehermosa, in the Kingdom of Aragon, on the feast of the [[Pentecost]] to the poor but pious peasants Martin and Elizabeth Jubera Baylón.<ref name=FM /> The fact that he was born on the feast of Pentecost led to his parents naming him "Pascual" (Paschal). He had at least two older siblings.
Paschal Baylón was born on 16 May 1540 at [[Torrehermosa]], in the Kingdom of Aragon, on the feast of the [[Pentecost]] to the poor but pious peasants Martin and Elizabeth Jubera Baylón.<ref name=FM /> He was named Paschal in honour of ''Pascua de Pentecosta'', for local custom required that a child be called after the saint or feast day on which it was born.<ref name=Groeteken>[https://www.ecatholic2000.com/cts/untitled-457.shtml Groeteken OFM, Autbert. "Why Saint Paschal?", 1907]</ref> He had a brother and two sisters.


From his seventh to his twenty-fourth year, he led the life of a shepherd, and during the whole of that period exercised a salutary influence upon his companions.<ref name=Staniforth>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11512a.htm Staniforth, Oswald. "St. Pascal Baylon." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 6 November 2022 {{PD-notice}}</ref>
He spent his childhood and adolescence as a shepherd, and as he toiled in the fields remained attentive to the sound of the church bell which rang during the Elevation during the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]. Paschal was very honest, and once offered to reimburse the owners of crops damaged due to his animals getting loose.


He carried a book with him into the fields where he watched the sheep, and ask those that he met to teach him the letters; and so, in a short time, being still quite young, he learned to read. Paschal in his poverty joined alms with his continual prayer; and not having any other means to relieve the poor, always gave them a good part of his own dinner which was sent him into the fields.<ref name=Butler>[http://www.ewtn.com/library/mary/paschalb.htm Butler, Alban. "St. Pascal Baylon", ''The Lives or the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints'', 1864, D. & J. Sadlier, & Company]{{PD-notice}}</ref> Some of his companions were much inclined to cursing, quarrelling, and fighting; but learnt to hold their tongue in his presence since they respected his pious nature and his virtue.<ref name=FM>{{cite web|url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/saint.aspx?id=1386|author=Foley OFM, Leonard|title=St. Pascal Baylon|publisher=Franciscan Media|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref>
His mother gave him the [[Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary]]. He learned to read by asking people for help with the words. Not having any other means to relieve the poor, he always gave them a part of his own dinner which was sent him into the fields.<ref name=Butler>[http://www.ewtn.com/library/mary/paschalb.htm Butler, Alban. "St. Pascal Baylon", ''The Lives or the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints'', 1864, D. & J. Sadlier, & Company]{{PD-notice}}</ref> To help support the family, Paschal was hired out by his father to tend the flocks of others. Some of his companions were much inclined to cursing, quarrelling, and fighting; but learnt to hold their tongue in his presence since they respected his pious nature and his virtue.<ref name=FM>{{cite web |url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/saint.aspx?id=1386 |author=Foley OFM, Leonard |title=St. Pascal Baylon |publisher=Franciscan Media |access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> He was extremely honest, even offering to compensate owners of crops for any damage that his sheep caused.<ref name=smp>[https://www.smp.org/resourcecenter/resource/7577/ "Saint Paschal Baylon (1540–1592)", St. Mary's Press]</ref>


== Friar ==
== Friar ==
Those to whom he first mentioned his inclination to a religious life, recommended several richly endowed monasteries, but he answered,"I was born poor and am resolved to die in poverty and penance".<ref name=Butler />
Those to whom he first mentioned his inclination to religious life, recommended several richly endowed monasteries, but he answered, "I was born poor and am resolved to die in poverty and penance".<ref name=Butler />


In 1564 he joined the Reformed [[Order of Friars Minor|Franciscans]] as a religious brother and commenced his period of [[novitiate]] on 2 February before making his profession on 2 February 1565 in Orito at the Saint Joseph [[convent]]. He was urged to become an [[ordained]] [[priest]] but he felt that was not the path for him.<ref name=FM /> But he was once denied the chance to join on the account of his age prompting him to return to his duties as a shepherd before the order had a change of heart and admitted him into their ranks.<ref name=SEB />
He was at first denied the chance to join the [[Order of Friars Minor|Franciscans]] on account of his age, prompting him to return to his duties as a shepherd. In 1564 he joined the Reformed [[Order of Friars Minor|Franciscans]] as a religious brother and commenced his period of [[novitiate]] on 2 February before making his profession on 2 February 1565 in Orito at the Saint Joseph [[convent]]. He was urged to become an [[ordained]] [[priest]] but he felt that was not the path for him.<ref name=FM />


He had never more than one habit, and that always threadbare. He walked without sandals in the snows, and in the roughest roads. He accommodated himself to all places and seasons, and was always content, cheerful, mild, affable, and full of respect for all.<ref name=Butler />
He had never more than one habit, and that always threadbare; he walked without sandals in the snow. He accommodated himself to all places and seasons.<ref name=Butler /> His jobs included serving as a cook and gardener as well as the official beggar who went around asking for alms. As porter his duties entailed tending to the poor who came to the friars' door. Paschal gained a reputation for his remarkable humility, unfailing courtesy, and generosity.<ref name=smp />
His jobs included serving as a cook and porter as well as the gardener and the official beggar who went around asking for alms. He lived this life in contemplation and silent meditation and often did this as he worked. He was a contemplative and had frequent ecstatic visions. He would spend the night before the altar in silence during some nights to commune with [[God]] and to meditate on the faith. But he also shrugged off those notions of him gaining a reputation coming from that pious nature. His superior sent him to [[France]] in 1576 to have him defend the Real Presence against the opinions of a [[Calvinist]] preacher. But he was despised there and was almost killed after a [[Huguenot]] mob chased him out.<ref name=SQPN>{{cite web|url=https://catholicsaints.info/saint-pascal-baylon/|title=Saint Pascal Baylon|publisher=Saints SQPN|date=8 October 2017|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=SEB>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/53550|title=San Pasquale Baylon|publisher=Santi e Beati|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> Those chasing him hurled stones and dirt at him causing him to break his shoulder and become bruised.<ref name=SP>{{cite web|url=http://fsspx.com/EucharisticCrusade/2002_June/Saint_Paschal_Baylon.htm|title=Saints Who Loved the Blessed Sacrament|publisher=Society of Saint Pius X in Canada|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref>


He lived this life in contemplation and silent meditation, often as he worked. He was contemplative and had frequent ecstatic visions. He would spend the night before the altar in silence some nights. But he also shrugged off those notions of him gaining a reputation coming from that pious nature. On one occasion, in the course of a journey through France, he defended the dogma of the Real Presence against a Calvinist preacher, and in consequence, narrowly escaped death at the hands of a Huguenot mob.<ref name=Staniforth />
The humble friar never wasted food. The end of each week saw him eat a few boiled vegetables which had been soaked in water with the terrible smelling weed known as wormwood. He often ate scraps from the kitchen. Other austerities included wearing a coat with steel spikes or a patched habit including one tunic lined with rough pig hair designed to cause discomfort. Sometimes he slept out in the cold.<ref name=SP />


He died on 17 May after falling ill; this day is also his feast day.
He died on 17 May 1592 after falling ill. His feast day is 17 May.


== Veneration ==
== Veneration ==
[[File:Sepulcro San Pascual 1.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Sepulchre in Villarreal]]
[[File:Sepulcro San Pascual 1.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Sepulchre in Villarreal]]
His tomb in [[Vila-real|Villarreal]] became an immediate place of [[pilgrimage]] and there were soon miracles that were reported at his tomb.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} [[Pope Paul V]] beatified him on 29 October 1618, and [[Pope Alexander VIII]] later canonized him on 16 October 1690. In 1730, an [[Maya peoples|indigenous]] [[Guatemala]]n claimed to have had a vision of a sainted Paschal appearing as a robed skeleton. This event became the basis of the [[heterodox]] tradition of [[San Pascualito]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Feldman|first=Lawrence H.|title=The War Against Epidemics in Colonial Guatemala, 1519–1821|publisher=C&M Online Media, Inc.|year=1999|pages=23–27|isbn=1-886420-60-2}}</ref>
His tomb in [[Vila-real|Villarreal]] became an immediate place of [[pilgrimage]] and there were soon miracles that were reported at his [[Sanctuary of St. Paschal Baylon|tomb]].<ref name=Groeteken /> [[Pope Paul V]] beatified him on 29 October 1618, and [[Pope Alexander VIII]] canonized him on 16 October 1690. [[Pope Innocent XII]] published the Bull of Canonization, ''Rationi Congruit'', on 15 July 1691.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bullarum diplomatum et privilegiorum santorum romanorum pontificum. Vol 20. |date=1857 |pages=206–215 |edition=Taurini |url=https://archive.org/details/bullarumdiplomat20cath}}</ref>


In 1730, an [[Maya peoples|indigenous]] [[Guatemala]]n claimed to have had a vision of a sainted Paschal appearing as a robed skeleton. This event became the basis of the [[heterodox]] tradition of [[San Pascualito]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Feldman |first=Lawrence H. |title=The War Against Epidemics in Colonial Guatemala, 1519–1821 |publisher=C&M Online Media, Inc. |year=1999 |pages=23–27 |isbn=1-886420-60-2}}</ref>
He was enlisted in the church's struggle against [[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)|Modernism]], part of which was through increasing devotion towards the [[Eucharist]]; [[Pope Leo XIII]]<ref>In the Apostolic Brief ''[[Providentissimus Deus]]'' on 28 November 1897.</ref> proclaimed the saint as the "[[seraph]] of the Eucharist" as well as the patron of Eucharistic congresses and affiliated associations. Art often depicts him wearing the [[Franciscan]] habit and bearing a [[monstrance]] to signify his devotion to the Holy Eucharist. [[Pope John XXIII]] named the saint as the patron for the Segorbe diocese on 12 May 1961.<ref name=SEB />


During the [[Red Terror (Spain)|Red Terror]], at the time of the [[Spanish Civil War]], his grave was desecrated and [[anticlerical]] leftists had his [[relics]] burned, though some remained. Those that did were later transferred in the presence of [[King Juan Carlos I]] on 12 May 1992.<ref name=SEB />
Art often depicts him wearing the [[Franciscan]] habit and bearing a [[monstrance]] to signify his devotion to the Holy Eucharist. [[Pope John XXIII]] named the saint as the patron for the Segorbe diocese on 12 May 1961.<ref name=SEB />

On 13 August 1936, during the [[Red Terror (Spain)|Red Terror]] of the [[Spanish Civil War]], [[anticlerical]] leftists disinterred and burned his body. The relics that remained were later transferred in the presence of [[King Juan Carlos I]] on 12 May 1992.<ref name=SEB />


== Towns ==
== Towns ==
Line 68: Line 71:
* San Pascual, Burias Island, Masbate, Philippines
* San Pascual, Burias Island, Masbate, Philippines
* San Pascual, Obando, Bulacan, Philippines
* San Pascual, Obando, Bulacan, Philippines
* San Pascual Baylon, Guinarona Dagami, Leyte
* San Pascual Baylon, Tinambac, Camarines Sur
* San Pasqual Valley, San Diego, California, USA


== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[Obando Fertility Rites|Saints of Obando]]
* [[Obando Fertility Rites|Saints of Obando]]
* [[Sanctuary of St. Paschal Baylon]]
{{Portal|Biography|Catholicism|Saints|Spain}}
{{Portal|Biography|Catholicism|Saints|Spain}}


== Notes and references ==
== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Catholic|wstitle=St. Pascal Baylon}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Paschal Baylon}}
{{Commons category|Paschal Baylon}}
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11512a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia]
* [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5230 Catholic Online]
* [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5230 Catholic Online]
* [http://www.roman-catholic-saints.com/saint-paschal-of-baylon.html Roman Catholic Saints]
* [http://www.roman-catholic-saints.com/saint-paschal-of-baylon.html Roman Catholic Saints]
* [http://www.latinamericanart.com/es/obras-de-arte/vicente-victoria-saint-paschal-baylon-adoring-the-ostensorium.html Saint Paschal Baylon adoring the Ostensorium]


{{Canonization}}
{{Canonization}}
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[[Category:16th-century Spanish people]]
[[Category:16th-century Spanish people]]
[[Category:16th-century venerated Christians]]
[[Category:16th-century venerated Christians]]
⚫
[[Category:Friars Minor]]
[[Category:Canonizations by Pope Alexander VIII]]
[[Category:Canonizations by Pope Alexander VIII]]
[[Category:Franciscan saints]]
⚫
[[Category:Friars Minor]]
[[Category:Spanish Franciscans]]
[[Category:Spanish Franciscans]]
[[Category:Spanish Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:Spanish Roman Catholic saints]]
⚫
[[Category:Venerated Catholics]]

Latest revision as of 21:44, 26 September 2024

Saint

Paschal Baylón

OFM
Religious
Born16 May 1540
Torrehermosa, Aragon Spain
Died17 May 1592(1592-05-17) (aged 52)
Villarreal,[1] Aragon Kingdom, Spain
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Beatified29 October 1618, Saint Peter's Basilica, Papal States by Pope Paul V
Canonized16 October 1690, Saint Peter's Basilica, Papal States by Pope Alexander VIII
Feast17 May
Attributes
Patronage

Paschal Baylón (24 May 1540 – 15 May 1592) was a Spanish Roman Catholic lay professed religious of the Order of Friars Minor. He served as a shepherd alongside his father in his childhood and adolescence, but desired to enter the religious life. He was refused once but later was admitted as a Franciscan lay brother and became noted for his strict austerities, as well as his love for and compassion towards the sick. He was sent to Paris, France; on the way he encountered Calvinists and was nearly killed by a mob. He was best known for his strong and deep devotion to the Eucharist.

The process for his canonization opened and in 1618 he was beatified; Pope Alexander VIII canonized him a saint on 16 October 1690.

On 28 November 1897, Pope Leo XIII proclaimed St Paschal Baylón patron of Eucharistic Congresses and Confraternities.[3]

Early life

[edit]

Paschal Baylón was born on 16 May 1540 at Torrehermosa, in the Kingdom of Aragon, on the feast of the Pentecost to the poor but pious peasants Martin and Elizabeth Jubera Baylón.[4] He was named Paschal in honour of Pascua de Pentecosta, for local custom required that a child be called after the saint or feast day on which it was born.[5] He had a brother and two sisters.

From his seventh to his twenty-fourth year, he led the life of a shepherd, and during the whole of that period exercised a salutary influence upon his companions.[6]

His mother gave him the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary. He learned to read by asking people for help with the words. Not having any other means to relieve the poor, he always gave them a part of his own dinner which was sent him into the fields.[7] To help support the family, Paschal was hired out by his father to tend the flocks of others. Some of his companions were much inclined to cursing, quarrelling, and fighting; but learnt to hold their tongue in his presence since they respected his pious nature and his virtue.[4] He was extremely honest, even offering to compensate owners of crops for any damage that his sheep caused.[8]

Friar

[edit]

Those to whom he first mentioned his inclination to religious life, recommended several richly endowed monasteries, but he answered, "I was born poor and am resolved to die in poverty and penance".[7]

He was at first denied the chance to join the Franciscans on account of his age, prompting him to return to his duties as a shepherd. In 1564 he joined the Reformed Franciscans as a religious brother and commenced his period of novitiate on 2 February before making his profession on 2 February 1565 in Orito at the Saint Joseph convent. He was urged to become an ordained priest but he felt that was not the path for him.[4]

He had never more than one habit, and that always threadbare; he walked without sandals in the snow. He accommodated himself to all places and seasons.[7] His jobs included serving as a cook and gardener as well as the official beggar who went around asking for alms. As porter his duties entailed tending to the poor who came to the friars' door. Paschal gained a reputation for his remarkable humility, unfailing courtesy, and generosity.[8]

He lived this life in contemplation and silent meditation, often as he worked. He was contemplative and had frequent ecstatic visions. He would spend the night before the altar in silence some nights. But he also shrugged off those notions of him gaining a reputation coming from that pious nature. On one occasion, in the course of a journey through France, he defended the dogma of the Real Presence against a Calvinist preacher, and in consequence, narrowly escaped death at the hands of a Huguenot mob.[6]

He died on 17 May 1592 after falling ill. His feast day is 17 May.

Veneration

[edit]
Sepulchre in Villarreal

His tomb in Villarreal became an immediate place of pilgrimage and there were soon miracles that were reported at his tomb.[5] Pope Paul V beatified him on 29 October 1618, and Pope Alexander VIII canonized him on 16 October 1690. Pope Innocent XII published the Bull of Canonization, Rationi Congruit, on 15 July 1691.[9]

In 1730, an indigenous Guatemalan claimed to have had a vision of a sainted Paschal appearing as a robed skeleton. This event became the basis of the heterodox tradition of San Pascualito.[10]

Art often depicts him wearing the Franciscan habit and bearing a monstrance to signify his devotion to the Holy Eucharist. Pope John XXIII named the saint as the patron for the Segorbe diocese on 12 May 1961.[1]

On 13 August 1936, during the Red Terror of the Spanish Civil War, anticlerical leftists disinterred and burned his body. The relics that remained were later transferred in the presence of King Juan Carlos I on 12 May 1992.[1]

Towns

[edit]
  • San Pascual, Batangas, Philippines
  • Saint-Pascal, Quebec, Canada
  • Saint-Pascal Baylon, Ontario, Canada
  • San Pascual, Burias Island, Masbate, Philippines
  • San Pascual, Obando, Bulacan, Philippines
  • San Pascual Baylon, Guinarona Dagami, Leyte
  • San Pascual Baylon, Tinambac, Camarines Sur
  • San Pasqual Valley, San Diego, California, USA

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f "San Pasquale Baylon". Santi e Beati. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  2. ^ a b c "Saint Pascal Baylon". Saints SQPN. 8 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  3. ^ Acta Ordinis Fratrum Minorum. Ad Claras Aquas. 1897. pp. 207–208.
  4. ^ a b c Foley OFM, Leonard. "St. Pascal Baylon". Franciscan Media. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  5. ^ a b Groeteken OFM, Autbert. "Why Saint Paschal?", 1907
  6. ^ a b Staniforth, Oswald. "St. Pascal Baylon." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 6 November 2022 Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ^ a b c Butler, Alban. "St. Pascal Baylon", The Lives or the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints, 1864, D. & J. Sadlier, & CompanyPublic Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ^ a b "Saint Paschal Baylon (1540–1592)", St. Mary's Press
  9. ^ Bullarum diplomatum et privilegiorum santorum romanorum pontificum. Vol 20 (Taurini ed.). 1857. pp. 206–215.
  10. ^ Feldman, Lawrence H. (1999). The War Against Epidemics in Colonial Guatemala, 1519–1821. C&M Online Media, Inc. pp. 23–27. ISBN 1-886420-60-2.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Pascal Baylon". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[edit]
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