Gioconda Belli: Difference between revisions

Gioconda Belli
Gioconda Belli
	Belli at Leipzig Book Fair 2016
Born	December 9, 1948 (age 76); Managua, Nicaragua
Occupation	Poet, author, novelist
Nationality	Nicaraguan (until 2023);

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Gioconda Belli (born December 9, 1948) is a Nicaraguan-born novelist and poet known for her contributions to Nicaraguan literature.

Early life

Gioconda Belli^[1] grew up in a wealthy family in Managua.^[2] Her father is Humberto Belli Zapata and her brother is Humberto Belli.^[3]

She attended boarding school in Spain,^[2] graduated from the Royal School of Santa Isabel in Madrid, and studied advertising and journalism at the Charles Morris Price School of Advertising and Journalism in Philadelphia.^[4] She married^[1] and had her first daughter at 19 when she returned to Nicaragua.^[5]

Career

Belli began her career at Pepsi-Cola as liaison to the company's advertising agency, Publisa, which then hired her as an account executive.^[6]

Through one of her colleagues at the advertising agency, Belli met Camilo Ortega, who introduced her to the Sandinistas and asked her to join the group.^[7]

In 1970,^[5] Belli joined the struggle against the Somoza dictatorship,^[8] sworn into the movement by Leana Ortega, Camilo Ortega's wife.^[9] Belli's work for the movement led to her being forced into exile in Mexico in 1975.^[10] Returning in 1979 just before the Sandinista victory,^[11] she became FSLN's international press liaison in 1982 and the director of State Communications in 1984. During that time she met Charles Castaldi, an American NPR journalist, whom she married in 1987.^[12] After 1990 she split her time between Managua and Los Angeles. She has since left the FSLN and became a major critic of the Ortega government. She lives in exile in Madrid.^[13]

Writing

In 1970, Belli published her first poems in the literary supplement of Nicaraguan newspaper La Prensa.^[14] In 1972, she won the Premio de Poesía Mariano Fiallos Gil award from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua.^[15]^[16]

1988, Belli's book La Mujer Habitada (The Inhabited Woman), a semi-autobiographical novel that raised gender issues for the first time in the Nicaraguan revolutionary narratives, brought her increased attention; this book has been published in several languages and was on the reading list at four universities in the United States. The novel follows two parallel stories: the indigenous resistance to the Spanish and modern insurgency in Central America with various points in common: women's emancipation, passion, and a commitment to liberation. In 2000, she published her autobiography, emphasizing her involvement in the revolutionary movement, El país bajo mi piel, published under the name The Country Under My Skin in the United States; it was a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize in 2003.^[17] Belli continues publishing and maintains that poetry is her most important work. Belli was the recipient of the Premio Casa de las Américas in 1978.^[18] In 2008 Belli received the Premio Biblioteca Breve for her book El infinito en la palma de la mano (Infinity in the Palm of The Hand), an allegory about Adam and Eve in paradise.^[19]

Belli's books have been published in numerous languages.

Her 2010 book was submitted with the title "Crónicas de la Izquierda Erótica", but had to be changed to "El País de las Mujeres", since the previous title was too similar to that of a 1973 book by Ana María Rodas: Poemas de la Izquierda Erótica. The book tells the story of a world governed by women. In the novel, she portrays a group of women that take power by means of a Political Party named "Partido de la Izquierda Erótica". This is the same name as a movement formed by women during the 80s, to which Belli belonged, which had been named as a tribute to Rodas´ work. Her novel El intenso calor de la luna was released in August in Latin America, and in September 2014 in Spain.^[20]

Political activity

Belli opposed the dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza Debayle. From 1970, when she began writing her poems and like many intellectuals of her generation, she joined the ranks of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), at that time a clandestine and persecuted organization whose aim was the overthrow of the Somoza regime. She was a clandestine courier, transported weapons, travelled around Europe and Latin America obtaining resources and spreading the word about the Sandinista struggle. She became a member of the FSLN's Political-Diplomatic Commission.^[21]

In 2018, Belli took a stand against the government of Daniel Ortega, which emerged from the 2016 elections, and became an active member of the Sandinista renewal movement.^[22]^[23]

In February 2023, the Ortega government stripped Nicaraguan citizenship from Belli.^[24] On February 23, 2023, Belli accepted Chilean citizenship after the Chilean Government offered nationality and asylum to all the Nicaraguans banished by Ortega.

Awards

XXVIII "City of Melilla" International Poetry Award
"Mariano Fiallos Gil de Poesía" award, Nicaragua 1972
"Casa de las Américas" award, Cuba, Poesía 1978^[2]
Award of the "Fundación de Libreros, Bibliotecarios" and "Editores Alemanes de la Fundación Friederich Ebhert" in 1989 for La Mujer Habitada, the "best political novel of the year"
"Anna Seghers de la Academia de Artes de Alemania" award, 1989
"Luchs del Semanario Die Zeit a su libro" award for El Taller de las Mariposas, 1992
Medal of recognition of the National Theater of Nicaragua for 25 years of cultural labor
"Internacional de Poesía Generación del 27" award, 2002
"Pluma de Plata" award, Bilbao, 2005
"Biblioteca Breve Award", 2008^[19]
"Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Award" for "best novel", International Book Fair in Guadalajara, 2008
"Oxfam Novib/PEN Award" 2019, Winternachten festival in the Hague (with Palestinian poet Dareen Tatour)^[25]
Honourary Doctorate from the University of Edinburgh, 2024

Bibliography

Verse Sobre la grama (1972)
Línea de fuego (1978)
Truenos y arco iris (1982)
Amor insurrecto (1985)
De la costilla de Eva (1987)
- From Eves Rib, translated by Stephen F. White. Northwestern University Press (1995) ISBN 1-880684-13-6
La mujer habitada (1988)
Poesía reunida (1989)
Sofía de los presagios (1990)
El ojo de la mujer (1991)
Sortilegio contra el frío (1992)
El taller de las mariposas (1994)
Waslala (1996)
El país bajo mi piel (2001)
El pergamino de la seducción (2005)
El infinito en la palma de la mano (2008)
- Infinity in the Palm of Her Hand, translated by Margaret Sayers Peden. HarperCollins (2009) ISBN 978-0-06-167364-1
El país de las mujeres (2010)
El intenso calor de la luna (2014)

References

^ ^a ^b Seaman, Donna. "Gioconda Belli's life as a Sandinista rebel". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Campbell, Duncan (November 12, 2002). "Daughter of the revolution". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
^ Smith, Calvin L. (2007). Revolution, Revival, and Religious Conflict in Sandinista Nicaragua. BRILL. p. 15. ISBN 9789047419358. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
^ "Belli, Giaconda | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Halleck, Kenia (Winter 2001). "Gioconda Belli". BOMB Magazine. 74. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
^ Belli, Giaconda (2003). The Country Under My Skin. New York: Random House. pp. 25. ISBN 0-375-40370-1.
^ Belli, Giaconda (2003). The Country Under My Skin. New York: Random House. pp. 33. ISBN 0-375-40370-1.
^ "Authors: Gioconda Belli". Archived from the original on May 3, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
^ Belli, Giaconda (2003). The Country Under My Skin. New York: Random House. pp. 45. ISBN 0-375-40370-1.
^ "Revista Envío - Women, Poetry, New Nicaraguan Culture". www.envio.org.ni. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
^ "GIOCONDA BELLI". www.arlindo-correia.org. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
^ "criticasmagazine.com – Casino Magazin". www.criticasmagazine.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
^ Carolina, Arenes (2022). "Nueva Sociedad Lejos de una Nicaragua irreal Entrevista a Gioconda Belli" [Far from an unreal Nicaragua. Interview with Gioconda Belli]. Nueva Sociedad (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
^ Belli, Gioconda (2003). The Country Under My Skin. New York: Random House. pp. 37-38. ISBN 0-375-40370-1.
^ "Biografia de Gioconda Belli". www.los-poetas.com. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
^ Belli, Gioconda (2003). The Country Under My Skin. New York: Random House. pp. 42. ISBN 0-375-40370-1.
^ "REVOLUTION: A User's Manual". The New York Public Library. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
^ "Comment, opinion and discussion from the Guardian US". the Guardian. Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
^ ^a ^b "La escritora nicaragüense Gioconda Belli gana el premio Biblioteca Breve" [The Nicaraguan Writer Gioconda Belli Wins the Premio Biblioteca Breve]. El País (in Spanish). Madrid. February 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
^ coruña, a (October 2, 2014). ""Lo que vino después de la Revolución Nicaragüense ha sido decepcionante"". La Opinión de A Coruña (in Spanish). Retrieved November 18, 2022.
^ Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (October 16, 2016). "Gioconda Belli: la escritora rebelde que ya no cree en la lucha armada". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
^ "Gioconda Belli: "La gente más de izquierda no está con Daniel Ortega"". lamarea.com (in Spanish). June 27, 2018. Archived from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
^ Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (June 23, 2018). "'Daniel sembró vientos y está cosechando tempestades'". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
^ Maldonado, Carlos S. (February 15, 2023). "Ortega despoja de la nacionalidad a otros 94 nicaragüenses, entre ellos los escritores Sergio Ramírez y Gioconda Belli". El País.
^ Winternachten festival opens with Oxfam Novib PEN Awards ceremon Archived January 19, 2019, at the Wayback Machiney

External links

[:1-1] Seaman, Donna. "Gioconda Belli's life as a Sandinista rebel". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2007.

[:0-2] Campbell, Duncan (November 12, 2002). "Daughter of the revolution". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.

[3] Smith, Calvin L. (2007). Revolution, Revival, and Religious Conflict in Sandinista Nicaragua. BRILL. p. 15. ISBN 9789047419358. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

[4] "Belli, Giaconda | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved October 12, 2021.

[:2-5] Halleck, Kenia (Winter 2001). "Gioconda Belli". BOMB Magazine. 74. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.

[6] Belli, Giaconda (2003). The Country Under My Skin. New York: Random House. pp. 25. ISBN 0-375-40370-1.

[7] Belli, Giaconda (2003). The Country Under My Skin. New York: Random House. pp. 33. ISBN 0-375-40370-1.

[8] "Authors: Gioconda Belli". Archived from the original on May 3, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2007.

[9] Belli, Giaconda (2003). The Country Under My Skin. New York: Random House. pp. 45. ISBN 0-375-40370-1.

[10] "Revista Envío - Women, Poetry, New Nicaraguan Culture". www.envio.org.ni. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2007.

[11] "GIOCONDA BELLI". www.arlindo-correia.org. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2012.

[12] "criticasmagazine.com – Casino Magazin". www.criticasmagazine.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2007.

[13] Carolina, Arenes (2022). "Nueva Sociedad Lejos de una Nicaragua irreal Entrevista a Gioconda Belli" [Far from an unreal Nicaragua. Interview with Gioconda Belli]. Nueva Sociedad (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Retrieved January 30, 2023.

[14] Belli, Gioconda (2003). The Country Under My Skin. New York: Random House. pp. 37-38. ISBN 0-375-40370-1.

[15] "Biografia de Gioconda Belli". www.los-poetas.com. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2017.

[16] Belli, Gioconda (2003). The Country Under My Skin. New York: Random House. pp. 42. ISBN 0-375-40370-1.

[17] "REVOLUTION: A User's Manual". The New York Public Library. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2008.

[18] "Comment, opinion and discussion from the Guardian US". the Guardian. Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2017.

[Breve-19] "La escritora nicaragüense Gioconda Belli gana el premio Biblioteca Breve" [The Nicaraguan Writer Gioconda Belli Wins the Premio Biblioteca Breve]. El País (in Spanish). Madrid. February 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018.

[20] ruña, a (October 2, 2014). ""Lo que vino después de la Revolución Nicaragüense ha sido decepcionante"". La Opinión de A Coruña (in Spanish). Retrieved November 18, 2022.

[21] Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (October 16, 2016). "Gioconda Belli: la escritora rebelde que ya no cree en la lucha armada". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2020.

[22] "Gioconda Belli: "La gente más de izquierda no está con Daniel Ortega"". lamarea.com (in Spanish). June 27, 2018. Archived from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2020.

[23] Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (June 23, 2018). "'Daniel sembró vientos y está cosechando tempestades'". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2020.

[24] Maldonado, Carlos S. (February 15, 2023). "Ortega despoja de la nacionalidad a otros 94 nicaragüenses, entre ellos los escritores Sergio Ramírez y Gioconda Belli". El País.

[25] Winternachten festival opens with Oxfam Novib PEN Awards ceremon Archived January 19, 2019, at the Wayback Machiney

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Expand Spanish|topic=bio|Gioconda_Belli|date=July 2016}}
-{{Expand Spanish|Gioconda_Belli|date=July 2016}}
 {{short description|Nicaraguan author, novelist and poet|bot=PearBOT 5}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2013}}
@@ Line 6: / Line 5: @@
 |name        = Gioconda Belli
 |image       = Gioconda Belli 2016 (cropped).JPG
-|imagesize   = 150px
+|imagesize   =
 |caption     = Belli at Leipzig Book Fair 2016
 |pseudonym   =
@@ Line 14: / Line 13: @@
 |death_place =
 |occupation  = Poet, author, novelist
-|nationality = [[Nicaraguan]]
+|nationality = {{ubl|[[Nicaraguan]] (until 2023)}}
 |period      =
 |genre       =
@@ Line 24: / Line 23: @@
 |website     =
 }}
-'''Gioconda Belli''' (born December 9, 1948 in [[Managua]], Nicaragua) is a [[Nicaraguans|Nicaraguan]] author, novelist and poet.
+'''Gioconda Belli''' (born December 9, 1948) is a Nicaraguan-born novelist and poet known for her contributions to [[Nicaraguan literature]].
 ==Early life==
-Gioconda Belli<ref name=":1">{{cite news | first=Donna | last=Seaman | title=Gioconda Belli's life as a Sandinista rebel | url =http://www.arlindo-correia.org/020303.html | work =Chicago Tribune | access-date = 2007-11-21}}</ref> grew up in a wealthy family in Managua.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/nov/13/biography.duncancampbell|title=Daughter of the revolution|last=Campbell|first=Duncan|date=2002-11-12|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-09-10|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Her father is [[Humberto Belli]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sduvCQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA15&ots=QNrdZQ1uWz&dq=humberto%20belli%20gioconda&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q=humberto%20belli%20gioconda&f=false|title=Revolution, Revival, and Religious Conflict in Sandinista Nicaragua|last1=Smith|first1=Calvin L.|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789047419358|page=15|language=en|access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref>
+Gioconda Belli<ref name=":1">{{cite news | first=Donna | last=Seaman | title=Gioconda Belli's life as a Sandinista rebel | url=http://www.arlindo-correia.org/020303.html | work=Chicago Tribune | access-date=2007-11-21 | archive-date=March 28, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328054308/http://arlindo-correia.com/020303.html | url-status=live }}</ref> grew up in a wealthy family in Managua.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/nov/13/biography.duncancampbell|title=Daughter of the revolution|last=Campbell|first=Duncan|date=2002-11-12|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-09-10|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=September 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910083322/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/nov/13/biography.duncancampbell|url-status=live}}</ref> Her father is Humberto Belli Zapata and her brother is [[Humberto Belli]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sduvCQAAQBAJ&dq=humberto+belli+gioconda&pg=PA15|title=Revolution, Revival, and Religious Conflict in Sandinista Nicaragua|last1=Smith|first1=Calvin L.|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789047419358|page=15|language=en|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604194102/https://books.google.com/books?id=sduvCQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA15&ots=QNrdZQ1uWz&dq=humberto%20belli%20gioconda&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q=humberto%20belli%20gioconda&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Gioconda Belli attended boarding school in Spain,<ref name=":0" /> graduated from the Royal School of Santa Isabel in [[Madrid]], and studied advertising and journalism in [[Philadelphia]].{{Citation needed|date = April 2015}} When she returned to Nicaragua, she married<ref name=":1" /> and had her first daughter at 19.<ref name=":2" />
+She attended boarding school in Spain,<ref name=":0" /> graduated from the Royal School of Santa Isabel in [[Madrid]], and studied advertising and journalism at the [[Charles Morris Price School|Charles Morris Price School of Advertising and Journalism]] in [[Philadelphia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Belli, Giaconda {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/belli-giaconda|access-date=2021-10-12|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> She married<ref name=":1" /> and had her first daughter at 19 when she returned to Nicaragua.<ref name=":2" />
 == Career ==
 Belli began her career at [[Pepsi Cola|Pepsi-Cola]] as liaison to the company's advertising agency, Publisa, which then hired her as an account executive.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Country Under My Skin|last=Belli|first=Giaconda|publisher=Random House|year=2003|isbn=0-375-40370-1|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/25 25]|url=https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/25}}</ref>
-Through one of her colleagues at the advertising agency, Belli met [[Camilo Ortega]], who introduced her to the [[Sandinistas]] and asked her to join the group.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Country Under My Skin|last=Belli|first=Giaconda|publisher=Random House|year=2003|isbn=0-375-40370-1|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/33 33]|url=https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/33}}</ref> In 1970,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Halleck|first=Kenia|date=Winter 2001|title=Gioconda Belli|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/2377/gioconda-belli|journal=BOMB Magazine|volume=74}}</ref> Belli joined the struggle against the [[Somoza]] [[dictatorship]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.twbookmark.com/authors/36/1125/index.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=March 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503011152/http://www.twbookmark.com/authors/36/1125/index.html |archive-date=May 3, 2007 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> sworn into the movement by Leana Ortega, Camilo Ortega's wife.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Country Under My Skin|last=Belli|first=Giaconda|publisher=Random House|year=2003|isbn=0-375-40370-1|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/45 45]|url=https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/45}}</ref> Belli's work for the movement led to her being forced into [[exile]] in Mexico in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/3136|title=Revista Envío - Women, Poetry, New Nicaraguan Culture|website=www.envio.org.ni}}</ref> Returning in 1979 just before the Sandinista victory,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arlindo-correia.org/020303.html|title=GIOCONDA BELLI|website=www.arlindo-correia.org}}</ref> she became [[FSLN]]'s international press liaison in 1982 and the director of State Communications in 1984. During that time she met Charles Castaldi, an American [[NPR]] journalist, whom she married in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.criticasmagazine.com/article/CA6383045.html|title=criticasmagazine.com – Casino Magazin|website=www.criticasmagazine.com|access-date=March 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206121138/http://www.criticasmagazine.com/article/CA6383045.html|archive-date=February 6, 2007|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> She has been living in both [[Managua]] and Los Angeles since 1990. She has since left the FSLN and is now a major critic of the current government.
+Through one of her colleagues at the advertising agency, Belli met [[Camilo Ortega]], who introduced her to the [[Sandinistas]] and asked her to join the group.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Country Under My Skin|last=Belli|first=Giaconda|publisher=Random House|year=2003|isbn=0-375-40370-1|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/33 33]|url=https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/33}}</ref>
+In 1970,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Halleck|first=Kenia|date=Winter 2001|title=Gioconda Belli|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/2377/gioconda-belli|journal=BOMB Magazine|volume=74|access-date=September 10, 2017|archive-date=September 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910083914/http://bombmagazine.org/article/2377/gioconda-belli|url-status=live}}</ref> Belli joined the struggle against the [[Somoza]] [[dictatorship]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.twbookmark.com/authors/36/1125/index.html |title=Authors: Gioconda Belli |access-date=March 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503011152/http://www.twbookmark.com/authors/36/1125/index.html |archive-date=May 3, 2007 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> sworn into the movement by Leana Ortega, Camilo Ortega's wife.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Country Under My Skin|last=Belli|first=Giaconda|publisher=Random House|year=2003|isbn=0-375-40370-1|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/45 45]|url=https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/45}}</ref> Belli's work for the movement led to her being forced into [[exile]] in Mexico in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/3136|title=Revista Envío - Women, Poetry, New Nicaraguan Culture|website=www.envio.org.ni|access-date=March 14, 2007|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924001306/http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/3136|url-status=live}}</ref> Returning in 1979 just before the Sandinista victory,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arlindo-correia.org/020303.html|title=GIOCONDA BELLI|website=www.arlindo-correia.org|access-date=July 18, 2012|archive-date=March 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328054308/http://arlindo-correia.com/020303.html|url-status=live}}</ref> she became [[FSLN]]'s international press liaison in 1982 and the director of State Communications in 1984. During that time she met Charles Castaldi, an American [[NPR]] journalist, whom she married in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.criticasmagazine.com/article/CA6383045.html|title=criticasmagazine.com – Casino Magazin|website=www.criticasmagazine.com|access-date=March 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206121138/http://www.criticasmagazine.com/article/CA6383045.html|archive-date=February 6, 2007|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> After 1990 she split her time between [[Managua]] and Los Angeles. She has since left the FSLN and became a major critic of the [[Daniel Ortega|Ortega]] government. She lives in exile in Madrid.<ref>{{cite news |last=Carolina|first=Arenes|date=2022|title=Nueva Sociedad Lejos de una Nicaragua irreal Entrevista a Gioconda Belli |trans-title=Far from an unreal Nicaragua. Interview with Gioconda Belli  |url=https://nuso.org/articulo/302-lejos-de-una-nicaragua-irreal/ |language=Spanish |work=Nueva Sociedad |location=Buenos Aires |access-date=2023-01-30}}</ref>
 ===Writing===
 [[File:Gioconda Belli 1989 (cropped from Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-0519-022, Berlin, Verleihung eines Literatur-Stipendiums).jpg|thumb|Belli in 1989]]
-In 1970, Belli published her first poems in the literary supplement of Nicaraguan newspaper ''[[La Prensa (Managua)|La Prensa]].''<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Country Under My Skin|last=Belli|first=Gioconda|publisher=Random House|year=2003|isbn=0-375-40370-1|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/37 37-38]|url=https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/37}}</ref> In 1972, she won the Premio de Poesía Mariano Fiallos Gil award from the [[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.los-poetas.com/n/biobelli.htm|title=Biografia de Gioconda Belli|website=www.los-poetas.com|access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Country Under My Skin|last=Belli|first=Gioconda|publisher=Random House|year=2003|isbn=0-375-40370-1|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/42 42]|url=https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/42}}</ref>
+In 1970, Belli published her first poems in the literary supplement of Nicaraguan newspaper ''[[La Prensa (Managua)|La Prensa]].''<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Country Under My Skin|last=Belli|first=Gioconda|publisher=Random House|year=2003|isbn=0-375-40370-1|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/37 37-38]|url=https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/37}}</ref> In 1972, she won the Premio de Poesía Mariano Fiallos Gil award from the [[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.los-poetas.com/n/biobelli.htm|title=Biografia de Gioconda Belli|website=www.los-poetas.com|access-date=2017-10-23|archive-date=March 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311081532/http://www.los-poetas.com/n/biobelli.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Country Under My Skin|last=Belli|first=Gioconda|publisher=Random House|year=2003|isbn=0-375-40370-1|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/42 42]|url=https://archive.org/details/countryundermysk00gioc/page/42}}</ref>
-, Belli's book ''La Mujer Habitada'' (The Inhabited Woman), a [[semi-autobiographical novel]] that raised gender issues for the first time in the Nicaraguan revolutionary narratives, brought her increased attention; this book has been published in several languages and was on the reading list at four universities in the United States. The novel follows two parallel stories: the indigenous resistance to the Spanish and modern insurgency in Central America with various points in common: women's emancipation, passion, and a commitment to liberation. In 2000, she published her autobiography, emphasizing her involvement in the revolutionary movement, ''El país bajo mi piel,'' published under the name ''The Country Under My Skin'' in the United States; it was a finalist for the [[Los Angeles Times Book Prize]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite news | title=REVOLUTION: A User's Manual | url =http://www.nypl.org/research/chss/pep/pepdesc.cfm?id=1973 | work =The New York Public Library | access-date = 2008-02-13}}</ref> Belli continues publishing and maintains that poetry is her most important work. Belli was the recipient of the [[Premio Casa de las Américas]] in 1978.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us/commentisfree|title=Comment, opinion and discussion from the Guardian US|website=the Guardian}}</ref> In 2008 Belli received the [[Premio Biblioteca Breve]] for her book ''El infinito en la palma de la mano'' (Infinity in the Palm of The Hand), an [[allegory]] about [[Adam and Eve]] in paradise.<ref name=Breve>{{Cite news |url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2008/02/05/actualidad/1202166005_850215.html |title=La escritora nicaragüense Gioconda Belli gana el premio Biblioteca Breve |trans-title=The Nicaraguan Writer Gioconda Belli Wins the Premio Biblioteca Breve |work=[[El País]] |location=Madrid |language=es |date=February 5, 2008 |access-date=September 5, 2018}}</ref>
+, Belli's book ''La Mujer Habitada'' (The Inhabited Woman), a [[semi-autobiographical novel]] that raised gender issues for the first time in the Nicaraguan revolutionary narratives, brought her increased attention; this book has been published in several languages and was on the reading list at four universities in the United States. The novel follows two parallel stories: the indigenous resistance to the Spanish and modern insurgency in Central America with various points in common: women's emancipation, passion, and a commitment to liberation. In 2000, she published her autobiography, emphasizing her involvement in the revolutionary movement, ''El país bajo mi piel,'' published under the name ''The Country Under My Skin'' in the United States; it was a finalist for the [[Los Angeles Times Book Prize]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite news | title =REVOLUTION: A User's Manual | url =http://www.nypl.org/research/chss/pep/pepdesc.cfm?id=1973 | work =The New York Public Library | access-date =2008-02-13 | archive-date =June 10, 2008 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080610145700/http://www.nypl.org/research/chss/pep/pepdesc.cfm?id=1973 | url-status =live }}</ref> Belli continues publishing and maintains that poetry is her most important work. Belli was the recipient of the [[Premio Casa de las Américas]] in 1978.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us/commentisfree|title=Comment, opinion and discussion from the Guardian US|website=the Guardian|access-date=December 28, 2017|archive-date=May 5, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505025927/http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/peter_tatchell/2007/08/the_rock_of_prejudice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008 Belli received the [[Premio Biblioteca Breve]] for her book ''El infinito en la palma de la mano'' (Infinity in the Palm of The Hand), an [[allegory]] about [[Adam and Eve]] in paradise.<ref name=Breve>{{Cite news |url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2008/02/05/actualidad/1202166005_850215.html |title=La escritora nicaragüense Gioconda Belli gana el premio Biblioteca Breve |trans-title=The Nicaraguan Writer Gioconda Belli Wins the Premio Biblioteca Breve |work=[[El País]] |location=Madrid |language=es |date=February 5, 2008 |access-date=September 5, 2018 |archive-date=September 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906052600/https://elpais.com/cultura/2008/02/05/actualidad/1202166005_850215.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 Belli's books have been published in numerous languages.
-Her 2010 book was submitted with the title "Crónicas de la Izquierda Erótica", but had to be changed to "El País de las Mujeres", since the previous title was too similar to that of a 1973 book by [[Ana María Rodas]]: ''Poemas de la Izquierda Erótica''. The book tells the story of a world governed by women. In the novel she portrays a group of women that take power by means of a Political Party named "Partido de la Izquierda Erótica". This is the same name as a movement formed by women during the 80s, to which Belli belonged, which had been named as a tribute to Rodas´ work.
+Her 2010 book was submitted with the title "Crónicas de la Izquierda Erótica", but had to be changed to "El País de las Mujeres", since the previous title was too similar to that of a 1973 book by [[Ana María Rodas]]: ''Poemas de la Izquierda Erótica''. The book tells the story of a world governed by women. In the novel, she portrays a group of women that take power by means of a Political Party named "Partido de la Izquierda Erótica". This is the same name as a movement formed by women during the 80s, to which Belli belonged, which had been named as a tribute to Rodas´ work. Her novel El intenso calor de la luna was released in August in Latin America, and in September 2014 in Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=coruña |first=a |date=2014-10-02 |title="Lo que vino después de la Revolución Nicaragüense ha sido decepcionante" |url=https://www.laopinioncoruna.es/coruna/2014/10/02/vino-despues-revolucion-nicaragueense-sido-24714220.html |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=La Opinión de A Coruña |language=es}}</ref>
 === Political activity ===
-Belli opposed the dictatorship of [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]]. From 1970, when she began writing her poems and like many intellectuals of her generation, she joined the ranks of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), at that time a clandestine and persecuted organization whose aim was the overthrow of the Somoza regime. She was a clandestine courier, transported weapons, travelled around Europe and Latin America obtaining resources and spreading the word about the Sandinista struggle. She became a member of the FSLN's Political-Diplomatic Commission.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gioconda Belli: la escritora rebelde que ya no cree en la lucha armada|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/cultura/musica-y-libros/gioconda-belli-la-escritora-rebelde-que-ya-no-cree-en-la-lucha-armada-47591|last=Tiempo|first=Casa Editorial El|date=2016-10-16|website=El Tiempo|language=es|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref>
+Belli opposed the dictatorship of [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]]. From 1970, when she began writing her poems and like many intellectuals of her generation, she joined the ranks of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), at that time a clandestine and persecuted organization whose aim was the overthrow of the Somoza regime. She was a clandestine courier, transported weapons, travelled around Europe and Latin America obtaining resources and spreading the word about the Sandinista struggle. She became a member of the FSLN's Political-Diplomatic Commission.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gioconda Belli: la escritora rebelde que ya no cree en la lucha armada|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/cultura/musica-y-libros/gioconda-belli-la-escritora-rebelde-que-ya-no-cree-en-la-lucha-armada-47591|last=Tiempo|first=Casa Editorial El|date=2016-10-16|website=El Tiempo|language=es|access-date=2020-05-14|archive-date=September 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904183722/http://www.eltiempo.com/cultura/musica-y-libros/gioconda-belli-la-escritora-rebelde-que-ya-no-cree-en-la-lucha-armada-47591|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In 2018, Belli took a stand against the government of [[Daniel Ortega]], which emerged from the 2016 elections, and became an active member of the Sandinista renewal movement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gioconda Belli: "La gente más de izquierda no está con Daniel Ortega"|url=https://www.lamarea.com/2018/06/27/entrevista-gioconda-belli-nicaragua/|date=2018-06-27|website=lamarea.com|language=es|access-date=2020-05-14|archive-date=May 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501180520/https://www.lamarea.com/2018/06/27/entrevista-gioconda-belli-nicaragua/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Daniel sembró vientos y está cosechando tempestades'|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/entrevista-con-la-escritora-gioconda-belli-sobre-nicaragua-234816|last=Tiempo|first=Casa Editorial El|date=2018-06-23|website=El Tiempo|language=es|access-date=2020-05-14|archive-date=July 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728131200/http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/entrevista-con-la-escritora-gioconda-belli-sobre-nicaragua-234816|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In February 2023, the Ortega government stripped [[Nicaraguan nationality law|Nicaraguan citizenship]] from Belli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2023-02-15/ortega-despoja-de-su-nacionalidad-a-otros-94-nicaraguenses-entre-ellos-los-escritores-sergio-ramirez-y-gioconda-belli.html|website=[[El País]]|title=Ortega despoja de la nacionalidad a otros 94 nicaragüenses, entre ellos los escritores Sergio Ramírez y Gioconda Belli|date=15 February 2023|first=Carlos S.|last=Maldonado}}</ref> On February 23, 2023, Belli accepted [[Chilean nationality law|Chilean citizenship]] after the [[Chilean Government]] offered nationality and asylum to all the Nicaraguans banished by Ortega.
-In 2018, Belli took a stand against the government of [[Daniel Ortega]], which emerged from the 2016 elections, and became an active member of the Sandinista renewal movement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gioconda Belli: "La gente más de izquierda no está con Daniel Ortega"|url=https://www.lamarea.com/2018/06/27/entrevista-gioconda-belli-nicaragua/|date=2018-06-27|website=lamarea.com|language=es|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Daniel sembró vientos y está cosechando tempestades’|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/entrevista-con-la-escritora-gioconda-belli-sobre-nicaragua-234816|last=Tiempo|first=Casa Editorial El|date=2018-06-23|website=El Tiempo|language=es|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref>
 ==Awards==
@@ Line 63: / Line 66: @@
 * "Biblioteca Breve Award", 2008<ref name=Breve/>
 * "Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Award" for "best novel", International Book Fair in Guadalajara, 2008
-* "[[Oxfam Novib/PEN Award]]" 2019, Winternachten festival in [[the Hague]] (with Palestinian poet [[Dareen Tatour]])<ref>[https://www.writersunlimited.nl/en/newsitem/winternachten-festival-opens-with-oxfam-novib-pen-awards-ceremony Winternachten festival opens with Oxfam Novib PEN Awards ceremony </ref>
+* "[[Oxfam Novib/PEN Award]]" 2019, Winternachten festival in [[the Hague]] (with Palestinian poet [[Dareen Tatour]])<ref>[https://www.writersunlimited.nl/en/newsitem/winternachten-festival-opens-with-oxfam-novib-pen-awards-ceremony  Winternachten festival opens with Oxfam Novib PEN Awards ceremon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119120912/https://www.writersunlimited.nl/en/newsitem/winternachten-festival-opens-with-oxfam-novib-pen-awards-ceremony |date=January 19, 2019 }}y</ref>
+*Honourary Doctorate from the University of Edinburgh, 2024
 ==Bibliography==
@@ Line 96: / Line 100: @@
 *[http://www.blackbirdsnest.net/belli Blackbird's Nest — "Decorated Poet to Speak on Campus"]
 *[http://www.blackbirdsnest.net/belli2 Blackbird's Nest — "Gioconda Belli Talks About Forbidden Fruit"]
-*[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article876220.ece The Times Online review]
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110517030723/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article876220.ece The Times Online review]
 *{{YouTube|3cYm1hx_EqU|Poem "Yo, la que te quiere" set to music}}
@@ Line 106: / Line 110: @@
 [[Category:Living people]]
 [[Category:20th-century Nicaraguan poets]]
-[[Category:Nicaraguan women writers]]
 [[Category:People from Managua]]
 [[Category:Nicaraguan people of Italian descent]]
 [[Category:Sandinista National Liberation Front politicians]]
-[[Category:Nicaraguan women in politics]]
+[[Category:21st-century Nicaraguan women politicians]]
+[[Category:21st-century Nicaraguan politicians]]
 [[Category:Nicaraguan women poets]]
 [[Category:Women in war in Central America]]
 [[Category:People of the Nicaraguan Revolution]]
-[[Category:Women in warfare post-1945]]
+[[Category:Women in war 1945–1999]]
 [[Category:Communist women writers]]
 [[Category:20th-century Nicaraguan writers]]
@@ Line 123: / Line 127: @@
 [[Category:21st-century Nicaraguan women writers]]
 [[Category:Nicaraguan women's rights activists]]
+[[Category:Nicaraguan women activists]]

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