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In anthropology, an acephalous society (from the Greek ἀκέφαλος "headless") is a society which lacks political leaders or hierarchies. Such groups are also known as non-stratified societies. Typically these societies are small-scale,^[1] organized into bands or tribes that make decisions through consensus decision making rather than appointing permanent chiefs or kings.

When societies do not possess distinctions of rank, they are described as egalitarian.^[1]

In scientific literature covering native African societies and the effect of European colonialism on them the term is often used to describe groups of people living in a settlement with "no government in the sense of a group able to exercise effective control over both the people and their territory".^[2] In this respect the term is also often used as synonymous to "stateless society".^[3] Such societies are described as consensus-democratic in opposition to the majority-democratic systems of the West.^[4]

The Tiv and Igbo of Nigeria, the Nuer of Sudan, the Somalis, and the Bedouin Arabs throughout North Africa are allegedly acephalous or egalitarian societies.^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b Calhoun, Craig J., ed. (2002). Dictionary of the social sciences. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199891184. OCLC 51115271.
^ H.S. Daannaa: "The Acephalous Society And The Indirect Rule System in Africa, Journal of Legal Pluralism And Unofficial Law, Nr. 34, p. 62, http://www.jlp.bham.ac.uk/volumes/34/daannaa-art.pdf
^ ^a ^b Daannaa, p61; G.N. Ayittey: "STATELESS SOCIETIES: The Igbo, the Fulani, the Somali", A New Nigeria, http://seunfakze.wordpress.com/2012/02/21/stateless-societies-the-igbo-the-fulani-the-somali-by-prof-g-n-ayittey/
^ Ayittey, ibid.

Cultural Anthropology Terms

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[:0-1] Calhoun, Craig J., ed. (2002). Dictionary of the social sciences. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199891184. OCLC 51115271.

[2] H.S. Daannaa: "The Acephalous Society And The Indirect Rule System in Africa, Journal of Legal Pluralism And Unofficial Law, Nr. 34, p. 62, http://www.jlp.bham.ac.uk/volumes/34/daannaa-art.pdf

[Ayittey-3] Daannaa, p61; G.N. Ayittey: "STATELESS SOCIETIES: The Igbo, the Fulani, the Somali", A New Nigeria, http://seunfakze.wordpress.com/2012/02/21/stateless-societies-the-igbo-the-fulani-the-somali-by-prof-g-n-ayittey/

[4] Ayittey, ibid.

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 {{short description|Society which lacks political leaders or hierarchies}}
-In [[anthropology]], an '''acephalous society''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ἀκέφαλος "headless") is a society which lacks political leaders or hierarchies. Such groups are also known as [[Social stratification#Non-stratified societies|non-stratified]] societies. Typically these societies are small-scale,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of the social sciences|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Calhoun, Craig J., 1952-, Oxford University Press.|isbn=9780199891184|location=New York|oclc=51115271}}</ref> organized into bands or tribes that make decisions through [[consensus decision making]] rather than appointing permanent chiefs or kings. Most foraging or [[hunter-gatherer]] societies are acephalous {{citation needed|date=May 2018}}. Some exceptions to this trend are the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus River Valley Civilization]], [[Minoan civilization|Minoan Crete]] and the [[Cucuteni–Trypillia culture|Cucuteni-Trypillia culture]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Worshipping Power: An Anarchist History of State Formation|last=Gelderloos|first=Peter|publisher=|year=2017|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>
+In [[anthropology]], an '''acephalous society''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ἀκέφαλος "headless") is a society which lacks political leaders or hierarchies. Such groups are also known as [[Social stratification#Non-stratified societies|non-stratified]] societies. Typically these societies are small-scale,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of the social sciences|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|editor1-last=Calhoun|editor1-first=Craig J.|isbn=9780199891184|location=New York|oclc=51115271}}</ref> organized into bands or tribes that make decisions through [[consensus decision making]] rather than appointing permanent chiefs or kings.
-When these societies do not possess distinctions of rank, they are described as [[egalitarian]].<ref name=":0" />
+When societies do not possess distinctions of rank, they are described as [[egalitarian]].<ref name=":0" />
 In scientific literature covering native African societies and the effect of [[European colonialism]] on them the term is often used to describe groups of people living in a settlement with "no government in the sense of a group able to exercise effective control over both the people and their territory".<ref>H.S. Daannaa: "The Acephalous Society And The Indirect Rule System in Africa, Journal of Legal Pluralism And Unofficial Law, Nr. 34, p. 62, http://www.jlp.bham.ac.uk/volumes/34/daannaa-art.pdf</ref> In this respect the term is also often used as synonymous to "stateless society".<ref name="Ayittey">Daannaa, p61; G.N. Ayittey: "STATELESS SOCIETIES: The Igbo, the Fulani, the Somali", A New Nigeria, http://seunfakze.wordpress.com/2012/02/21/stateless-societies-the-igbo-the-fulani-the-somali-by-prof-g-n-ayittey/</ref> Such societies are described as consensus-democratic in opposition to the majority-democratic systems of the West.<ref>Ayittey, ibid.</ref>
-The [[Igbo people|Igbo Nation]] in West Africa is alleged to be an acephalous or egalitarian society.<ref name="Ayittey"/>
+The [[Tiv people|Tiv]] and [[Igbo people|Igbo]] of [[Nigeria]], the [[Nuer people|Nuer]] of [[Sudan]], the [[Somalis]], and the [[Bedouin]] [[Arabs]] throughout [[North Africa]] are allegedly acephalous or egalitarian societies.<ref name="Ayittey"/>
 ==See also==
 *[[Social stratification]]
-*[[Lineage-bonded society]]
 *[[Class stratification]]
 *[[Consensus decision-making]]
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