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Columbia University in New York City has an extensive tunnel system underneath its Morningside Heights campus connecting many of its buildings, used by the university as conduits for steam, electricity, telecommunications, and other infrastructure. Throughout their history, the tunnels have also been used for other purposes, mostly centering around transportation. During the first half of the 20th century, they were used by students to avoid aboveground traffic. When the university housed the Manhattan Project, they were allegedly used to move radioactive material between buildings. During the Columbia University protests of 1968, students used the tunnels to facilitate their occupation of buildings on campus.

Throughout their history, the tunnels have been thoroughly explored by generations of students, and have been the subject of numerous campus legends. Though sections have been cordoned off by the university since the 1960s, either in response to the 1968 protests or rampant campus typewriter theft, many parts can still be legally accessed. Similar tunnels also exist under the affiliated Barnard College.

History

Columbia University's current Morningside Heights campus in Manhattan was dedicated in 1896.^[1] The oldest section predates the campus dedication; it was built when the land was owned by the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum, which used the tunnels to transport patients between buildings.^[2] In the section under Uris Hall and the Engineering Terrace, the deepest portion of the tunnels, running 50 feet (15 m) underground, furnaces and tracks still remain in the tunnels from when they were used to transport coal around the university for heating purposes.^[3] The largest sections of the tunnel system emanate from the university's power plant under the Sherman Fairchild Center.^[4]^: 172

According to student accounts, during the Manhattan Project, the tunnels were used by Columbia scientists to transport radioactive material between buildings.^[4]^: 169 Prior to its removal in 2008, the basement of Pupin Hall, which was only accessible through the tunnels, contained a Manhattan Project-era cyclotron built by John R. Dunning.^[5]^[6]

In 1953, Columbia closed off the portion of 116th Street that bisected its campus.^[7] Prior to this, the tunnels were commonly used as pedestrian thoroughfares in order to avoid traffic, and were used by students well into the 1960s. During the Cold War, portions of the tunnels were used as nuclear shelters.^[2] Some time before the construction of Ferris Booth Hall, the tunnels also housed a shooting range beneath Kent Hall used by the Columbia Rifle Team.^[8]

During the 1968 student strike, student staff at WKCR, Columbia's radio station, used the tunnels to break into telephone distribution panel rooms and seize the university's telephone system in order to allow reporters to communicate with station headquarters through campus phones.^[9]^[10] Students also made use of the tunnels to travel between buildings occupied by strikers and to bring them supplies.^[11] Though the tunnels helped students occupy many of the buildings on campus, they were also accessible to the agents of the administration; university staff and eventually the police used them to capture and remove the protestors, with the added benefit that they could do so away from press coverage.^[4]^: 169

In the 1960s, many of the tunnels' passages were sealed off by the university administration. This has been reported to be either in response to the 1968 protests or an epidemic of typewriter theft from the administration facilitated by the tunnels,^[2]^[3] while it has been rumored by students that they were closed due to leftover radiation from the Manhattan Project.^[12] As of 2015^[update], many tunnels, including the one connecting the freshman dorms John Jay Hall, Wallach Hall, and Hartley Hall, are still accessible.^[3]^[13] As of 2009^[update], the tunnels under Barnard College, the university's affiliated women's liberal arts college, are still open for pedestrian use.^[14]^[15]

Traditions

...the Columbia tunnel holds a high place in student regard. On its walls may be seen penciled inscriptions of men who long since have risen to importance in the affairs of the nation. Class after class has wandered through its passages, tracing the year numerals on the dust and leaving hieroglyphic commentaries on certain unpopular members of the faculty.

"Columbia University Catacombs", The New York Times, 1932^[16]

Over the course of Columbia University's history there have been many stories about tunnels under the campus, including one of a rumored passage across Broadway connecting the Columbia and Barnard College campuses. The New York Times reported in 1932 that several undergraduates attempted to find such a tunnel in order to spy on the secrecy-shrouded Barnard Greek Games, but were unsuccessful. Urban legends also tell of a freshman in the early 20th century who disappeared into the tunnels and was forgotten until he failed to advance to receive his diploma. Despite having never attended any classes, he supposedly graduated summa cum laude and was considered for Phi Beta Kappa.^[16] More recently, it has been rumored that the tunnels are used as a graveyard for underperforming graduates as part of Lee Bollinger's "extermination plan" for alumni who fail to donate to the school.^[17]

The tunnels have been explored by generations of Columbia students and extensively mapped.^[9] Student activist Ken Hechtman was known to have explored the tunnels, and was expelled in 1987 after stealing uranium-238, chloroform, mercury, and pure caffeine from Pupin Hall using the tunnels.^[18]^[19] Other explorers included Steve Duncan and Miru Kim, who has used the tunnels as a backdrop for her photography.^[20]^[21] According to her 1932 memoir, The Fun of It, Amelia Earhart was "familiar with all the forbidden underground passageways which connected the different buildings of the University" when she was a student at Columbia in 1920.^[22]

In popular culture

The Columbia tunnel system has been described as perhaps "the largest of any university in America" after that of MIT, and "probably the most famous".^[4]^: 168 Given their history with the Manhattan Project and the 1968 protests, they have been featured in numerous action novels, including Once a Spy by Keith Thomson, Songs of Innocence by Charles Ardai, and The Return by Joseph Helmreich.^[23]^[24]^[25] They have also appeared in several fictional and non-fictional accounts of the 1968 protests, including A Time to Stir: Columbia '68, edited by Paul Cronin and 1968: Dreams of Revolution by Wilber W. Caldwell.^[10]^[26]

References

^ "New Site of Columbia; the University's Grounds Dedicated With Great Ceremony". The New York Times. May 3, 1896. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Eule, Alexander (May 13, 1998). "Are There Really Tunnels Under Columbia? YES, They Were Used to Move Patients". Columbia Daily Spectator. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Homans, Charlie (March 27, 2003). "Forbidden Tunnels Guard CU History". Columbia Daily Spectator. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Solis, Julia (October 28, 2020). New York Underground: The Anatomy of a City. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-10130-0.
^ Linthicum, Kate (March 24, 2008). "Cyclotron's Last Stand". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
^ Broad, William J. (December 20, 2007). "Columbia's Historic Atom Smasher Is Now Destined for the Junk Heap". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
^ "Columbia Putting New Walk in Shape; Transformation of 116th Street Block Into a Campus Artery Moving Toward Completion". The New York Times. November 17, 1953. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
^ "CU Tunnels Provide Dantean Maze". Columbia Daily Spectator. March 8, 1963. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Hay, Mark (October 16, 2009). "Journey to the Center of Columbia". Columbia Daily Spectator. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Cronin, Paul (December 29, 2020). A Time to Stir: Columbia '68. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-18275-1.
^ Brick, Greg A. (2009). Subterranean Twin Cities. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-1432-9.
^ Continetti, Matthew (August 27, 2002). "Myth and Mohair: Have you missed your chance to be valedictorian even before classes begin?". Columbia Daily Spectator. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
^ Bwog Staff (April 6, 2015). "Housing Reviews 2015: Hartley". Bwog. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
^ Silver, Carly (September 8, 2009). "As construction winds down, tunnels become the roads less travelled". Columbia Daily Spectator. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
^ Negrin, Hayley (February 15, 2007). "Barnard Tunnels May Reopen By March". Columbia Daily Spectator. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Columbia University Catacombs". The New York Times. February 14, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 28, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
^ Kumar, Shreya (August 15, 2020). "Columbia's Campus Myths Reveal More Truth Than Expected". Columbia Daily Spectator. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
^ Hill, Jacob (February 28, 1987). "Freshmen Punished for Stealing Uranium". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
^ Gillette, Josh (February 24, 1987). "CC suspends uranium thief for a year". Columbia Spectator. Vol. CXI, no. 88. p. 1. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
^ Lyden, Jacki (January 2, 2011). "Into The Tunnels: Exploring The Underside Of NYC". NPR. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
^ Gibberd, Ben (July 29, 2007). "Children of Darkness". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
^ "Hidden Histories of Columbia". Columbia Magazine. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
^ Thomson, Keith (2011). Once a Spy. Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-307-47314-1.
^ Aleas, Richard (March 29, 2011). Songs of Innocence. Titan Books (US, CA). ISBN 978-0-85768-389-2.
^ Helmreich, Joseph (March 14, 2017). The Return. St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-250-05219-3.
^ Caldwell, Wilber W. (2009). 1968: Dreams of Revolution. Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87586-680-2.

External links

Michael Scott. "Hacking the Material World". Wired. No. 1.3 Jul/Aug 1993. Retrieved June 6, 2015.

40°48′32″N 73°57′40″W / 40.809°N 73.961°W / 40.809; -73.961

[1] "New Site of Columbia; the University's Grounds Dedicated With Great Ceremony". The New York Times. May 3, 1896. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 24, 2021.

[:1-2] Eule, Alexander (May 13, 1998). "Are There Really Tunnels Under Columbia? YES, They Were Used to Move Patients". Columbia Daily Spectator. Retrieved January 2, 2022.

[:3-3] Homans, Charlie (March 27, 2003). "Forbidden Tunnels Guard CU History". Columbia Daily Spectator. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2022.

[:4-4] Solis, Julia (October 28, 2020). New York Underground: The Anatomy of a City. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-10130-0.

[5] Linthicum, Kate (March 24, 2008). "Cyclotron's Last Stand". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2022.

[6] Broad, William J. (December 20, 2007). "Columbia's Historic Atom Smasher Is Now Destined for the Junk Heap". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2022.

[7] "Columbia Putting New Walk in Shape; Transformation of 116th Street Block Into a Campus Artery Moving Toward Completion". The New York Times. November 17, 1953. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 10, 2022.

[:0-8] "CU Tunnels Provide Dantean Maze". Columbia Daily Spectator. March 8, 1963. Retrieved January 2, 2022.

[:2-9] Hay, Mark (October 16, 2009). "Journey to the Center of Columbia". Columbia Daily Spectator. Retrieved January 3, 2022.

[:5-10] Cronin, Paul (December 29, 2020). A Time to Stir: Columbia '68. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-18275-1.

[11] Brick, Greg A. (2009). Subterranean Twin Cities. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-1432-9.

[12] Continetti, Matthew (August 27, 2002). "Myth and Mohair: Have you missed your chance to be valedictorian even before classes begin?". Columbia Daily Spectator. Retrieved January 3, 2022.

[13] Bwog Staff (April 6, 2015). "Housing Reviews 2015: Hartley". Bwog. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2022.

[14] Silver, Carly (September 8, 2009). "As construction winds down, tunnels become the roads less travelled". Columbia Daily Spectator. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021.

[15] Negrin, Hayley (February 15, 2007). "Barnard Tunnels May Reopen By March". Columbia Daily Spectator. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2022.

[:6-16] "Columbia University Catacombs". The New York Times. February 14, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 28, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2022.

[17] Kumar, Shreya (August 15, 2020). "Columbia's Campus Myths Reveal More Truth Than Expected". Columbia Daily Spectator. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2022.

[18] Hill, Jacob (February 28, 1987). "Freshmen Punished for Stealing Uranium". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.

[19] Gillette, Josh (February 24, 1987). "CC suspends uranium thief for a year". Columbia Spectator. Vol. CXI, no. 88. p. 1. Retrieved September 5, 2021.

[20] Lyden, Jacki (January 2, 2011). "Into The Tunnels: Exploring The Underside Of NYC". NPR. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.

[21] Gibberd, Ben (July 29, 2007). "Children of Darkness". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.

[22] "Hidden Histories of Columbia". Columbia Magazine. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2022.

[23] Thomson, Keith (2011). Once a Spy. Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-307-47314-1.

[24] Aleas, Richard (March 29, 2011). Songs of Innocence. Titan Books (US, CA). ISBN 978-0-85768-389-2.

[25] Helmreich, Joseph (March 14, 2017). The Return. St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-250-05219-3.

[26] Caldwell, Wilber W. (2009). 1968: Dreams of Revolution. Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87586-680-2.

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+{{Short description|System of service tunnels between buildings}}
-{{good article}}
-{{Short description|System of service tunnels connecting the buildings}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2022}}
+[[Columbia University]] in [[New York City]] has an extensive tunnel system underneath its [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan|Morningside Heights]] campus connecting many of its buildings, used by the university as conduits for steam, electricity, telecommunications, and other infrastructure. Throughout their history, the tunnels have also been used for other purposes, mostly centering around transportation. During the first half of the 20th century, they were used by students to avoid aboveground traffic. When the university housed the [[Manhattan Project]], they were allegedly used to move radioactive material between buildings. During the [[Columbia University protests of 1968]], students used the tunnels to facilitate their occupation of buildings on campus.
-[[File:Columbia University Tunnels.png|thumb|An example of a map of the tunnel system created by a student in 1999<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Hay|first=Mark|date=October 16, 2009|title=Journey to the Center of Columbia|work=[[Columbia Daily Spectator]]|url=https://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/?a=d&d=cs20091016-01.2.43&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-mike+schiraldi+tunnel------|access-date=January 3, 2022}}</ref>]]
-[[Columbia University]] in [[New York City]] has an extensive tunnel system underneath its campus connecting many of its buildings, used by the university as conduits for steam, electricity, telecommunications, and other infrastructure. Similar tunnels also exist under the affiliated [[Barnard College]]. Though sections have been cordoned off by the university, either in response to [[Columbia University protests of 1968|the 1968 protests]] or rampant campus typewriter theft, many parts can still be accessed by students.
+Throughout their history, the tunnels have been thoroughly explored by generations of students, and have been the subject of numerous campus legends. Though sections have been cordoned off by the university since the 1960s, either in response to the 1968 protests or rampant campus typewriter theft, many parts can still be legally accessed. Similar tunnels also exist under the affiliated [[Barnard College]].
 == History ==
+[[File:John R Dunning with Cyclotron in Pupin Hall at Columbia University.jpg|thumb|[[Enrico Fermi]], [[John R. Dunning]], and Dana P. Mitchell in front of the cyclotron in the basement of [[Pupin Hall]]]]
-The oldest section, connecting [[Buell Hall]] and [[St. Paul's Chapel (Columbia University)|St. Paul's Chapel]], was built prior to [[Columbia University]]'s 1896 move to its current [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan|Morningside Heights]] campus in [[Manhattan]], when the land was owned by the [[Bloomingdale Insane Asylum]], which used the tunnels to transport patients between buildings.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Eule|first=Alexander|date=May 13, 1998|title=Are There Really Tunnels Under Columbia? YES, They Were Used to Move Patients|work=Columbia Daily Spectator|url=https://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/?a=d&d=cs19980513-01.2.13&srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-tunnels------|access-date=January 2, 2022}}</ref> In the section under Uris Hall and the Engineering Terrace, the deepest portion of the tunnels, running {{Convert|50|ft|m}} underground, furnaces and [[Railway track|tracks]] still remain in the tunnels from when they were used to transport coal around the university for heating purposes. The largest sections of the tunnel system emanate from the university's power plant under the Sherman Fairchild Center.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|last=Homans|first=Charlie|date=March 27, 2003|title=Forbidden Tunnels Guard CU History|url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/2003/03/27/forbidden-tunnels-guard-cu-history/|url-status=live|access-date=January 2, 2022|website=Columbia Daily Spectator|archive-date=January 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103035959/https://www.columbiaspectator.com/2003/03/27/forbidden-tunnels-guard-cu-history/}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Solis|first=Julia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg4HEAAAQBAJ&dq=columbia+university+tunnels&pg=PA168|title=New York Underground: The Anatomy of a City|date=October 28, 2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-10130-0|language=en}}</ref>
+[[Columbia University]]'s current [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan|Morningside Heights]] campus in [[Manhattan]] was dedicated in 1896.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 3, 1896|title=New Site of Columbia; the University's Grounds Dedicated With Great Ceremony|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1896/05/03/archives/new-site-of-columbia-the-universitys-grounds-dedicated-with-great.html|access-date=September 24, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The oldest section predates the campus dedication; it was built when the land was owned by the [[Bloomingdale Insane Asylum]], which used the tunnels to transport patients between buildings.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Eule|first=Alexander|date=May 13, 1998|title=Are There Really Tunnels Under Columbia? YES, They Were Used to Move Patients|work=Columbia Daily Spectator|url=https://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/?a=d&d=cs19980513-01.2.13&srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-tunnels------|access-date=January 2, 2022}}</ref> In the section under Uris Hall and the Engineering Terrace, the deepest portion of the tunnels, running {{Convert|50|ft|m}} underground, furnaces and [[Railway track|tracks]] still remain in the tunnels from when they were used to transport coal around the university for heating purposes.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Homans |first=Charlie |date=March 27, 2003 |title=Forbidden Tunnels Guard CU History |url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/2003/03/27/forbidden-tunnels-guard-cu-history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103035959/https://www.columbiaspectator.com/2003/03/27/forbidden-tunnels-guard-cu-history/ |archive-date=January 3, 2022 |access-date=January 2, 2022 |website=Columbia Daily Spectator}}</ref> The largest sections of the tunnel system emanate from the university's power plant under the Sherman Fairchild Center.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Solis |first=Julia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg4HEAAAQBAJ&dq=columbia+university+tunnels&pg=PA168 |title=New York Underground: The Anatomy of a City |date=October 28, 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-10130-0 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|172}}
-According to student accounts, during the [[Manhattan Project]], the tunnels were used by Columbia scientists to transport radioactive material between buildings.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Solis|first=Julia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg4HEAAAQBAJ&dq=columbia+university+tunnels&pg=PA168|title=New York Underground: The Anatomy of a City|date=October 28, 2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-10130-0|language=en}}</ref> Prior to its removal in 2008, the basement of [[Pupin Hall]], which was only accessible through the tunnels, contained a Manhattan Project-era [[cyclotron]] built by [[John R. Dunning]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Linthicum|first=Kate|date=March 24, 2008|title=Cyclotron's Last Stand|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/03/31/cyclotrons-last-stand|url-status=live|access-date=January 3, 2022|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US|archive-date=February 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226071323/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/03/31/cyclotrons-last-stand}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Broad|first=William J.|date=December 20, 2007|title=Columbia's Historic Atom Smasher Is Now Destined for the Junk Heap|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/20/nyregion/20atom.html|access-date=January 3, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103202257/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/20/nyregion/20atom.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
+According to student accounts, during the [[Manhattan Project]], the tunnels were used by Columbia scientists to transport radioactive material between buildings.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|169}} Prior to its removal in 2008, the basement of [[Pupin Hall]], which was only accessible through the tunnels, contained a Manhattan Project-era [[cyclotron]] built by [[John R. Dunning]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Linthicum|first=Kate|date=March 24, 2008|title=Cyclotron's Last Stand|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/03/31/cyclotrons-last-stand|url-status=live|access-date=January 3, 2022|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US|archive-date=February 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226071323/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/03/31/cyclotrons-last-stand}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Broad|first=William J.|date=December 20, 2007|title=Columbia's Historic Atom Smasher Is Now Destined for the Junk Heap|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/20/nyregion/20atom.html|access-date=January 3, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103202257/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/20/nyregion/20atom.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Before 1954, when Columbia was granted permission by the city of New York to close of the portion of [[116th Street (Manhattan)|116th Street]] that ran across its campus, the tunnels were commonly used as pedestrian thoroughfares in order to avoid traffic, and were commonly used by students well into the 1960s. During the [[Cold War]], portions of the tunnels were used as [[Bomb shelter|nuclear shelters]].<ref name=":1" /> Some time before the construction of [[Alfred Lerner Hall|Ferris Booth Hall]], the tunnels also housed a [[shooting range]] beneath Kent Hall used by the Columbia Rifle Team.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=March 8, 1963|title=CU Tunnels Provide Dantean Maze|work=Columbia Daily Spectator|url=https://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/?a=d&d=cs19630308-01&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-tunnels------|access-date=January 2, 2022}}</ref>
+In 1953, Columbia closed off the portion of [[116th Street (Manhattan)|116th Street]] that bisected its campus.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1953-11-17|title=Columbia Putting New Walk in Shape; Transformation of 116th Street Block Into a Campus Artery Moving Toward Completion|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/11/17/archives/columbia-putting-new-walk-in-shape-transformation-of-116th-street.html|access-date=2022-02-10|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Prior to this, the tunnels were commonly used as pedestrian thoroughfares in order to avoid traffic, and were used by students well into the 1960s. During the [[Cold War]], portions of the tunnels were used as [[Bomb shelter|nuclear shelters]].<ref name=":1" /> Some time before the construction of [[Alfred Lerner Hall|Ferris Booth Hall]], the tunnels also housed a [[shooting range]] beneath Kent Hall used by the Columbia Rifle Team.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=March 8, 1963|title=CU Tunnels Provide Dantean Maze|work=Columbia Daily Spectator|url=https://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/?a=d&d=cs19630308-01&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-tunnels------|access-date=January 2, 2022}}</ref>
-During the [[Columbia University protests of 1968|1968 student strike]], student staff at [[WKCR]], Columbia's radio station, used the tunnels to [[Wire tap|tap]] the university's telephone system.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Cronin|first=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIFtzQEACAAJ|title=A Time to Stir: Columbia '68|date=December 29, 2020|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-18275-1|language=en}}</ref> Students also made use of the tunnels to travel between buildings occupied by strikers and to bring them supplies.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brick|first=Greg A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pT2hATCEjZMC&dq=columbia+tunnels&pg=PT205|title=Subterranean Twin Cities|date=2009|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-1-4529-1432-9|language=en}}</ref>  Though the tunnels helped students occupy many of the buildings on campus, they were also accessible to the agents of the administration; university staff and eventually the police used them to capture and remove the protestors, with the added benefit that they could do so away from press coverage.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Solis|first=Julia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg4HEAAAQBAJ&dq=columbia+university+tunnels&pg=PA168|title=New York Underground: The Anatomy of a City|date=October 28, 2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-10130-0|language=en}}</ref>
+During the [[Columbia University protests of 1968|1968 student strike]], student staff at [[WKCR]], Columbia's radio station, used the tunnels to break into telephone distribution panel rooms and seize the university's telephone system in order to allow reporters to communicate with station headquarters through campus phones.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> Students also made use of the tunnels to travel between buildings occupied by strikers and to bring them supplies.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brick|first=Greg A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pT2hATCEjZMC&dq=columbia+tunnels&pg=PT205|title=Subterranean Twin Cities|date=2009|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-1-4529-1432-9|language=en}}</ref>  Though the tunnels helped students occupy many of the buildings on campus, they were also accessible to the agents of the administration; university staff and eventually the police used them to capture and remove the protestors, with the added benefit that they could do so away from press coverage.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|169}}
-In the 1960s, many of the tunnels' passages were sealed off by the university administration. This has been reported to be either in response to the 1968 protests or an epidemic of typewriter theft from the administration facilitated by the tunnels,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> while it has been rumored by students that they were closed due to leftover radiation from the Manhattan Project.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Continetti|first=Matthew|date=August 27, 2002|title=Myth and Mohair: Have you missed your chance to be valedictorian even before classes begin?|work=Columbia Daily Spectator|url=https://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/?a=d&d=cs20020827-01.2.10&srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-campus+myths------|access-date=January 3, 2022}}</ref> However, many tunnels, including the one connecting the freshman dorms [[John Jay Hall]], [[Wallach Hall]], and [[Hartley Hall]], are still accessible.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bwog Staff|date=April 6, 2015|title=Housing Reviews 2015: Hartley|url=https://bwog.com/2015/04/housing-reviews-2015-hartley/|url-status=live|access-date=January 18, 2022|website=[[Bwog]]}}</ref> The tunnels under [[Barnard College]], the university's affiliated women's liberal arts college, also remain open for pedestrian use.<ref>{{cite web|last=Silver|first=Carly|date=September 8, 2009|title=As construction winds down, tunnels become the roads less travelled|url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/2009/09/08/construction-winds-down-tunnels-become-roads-less-travelled/|url-status=live|access-date=January 2, 2021|website=Columbia Daily Spectator|archive-date=January 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103040000/https://www.columbiaspectator.com/2009/09/08/construction-winds-down-tunnels-become-roads-less-travelled/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Negrin|first=Hayley|date=February 15, 2007|title=Barnard Tunnels May Reopen By March|url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/2007/02/15/barnard-tunnels-may-reopen-march/|url-status=live|access-date=January 18, 2022|website=Columbia Daily Spectator|archive-date=May 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528225959/http://columbiaspectator.com/2007/02/15/barnard-tunnels-may-reopen-march}}</ref>
+In the 1960s, many of the tunnels' passages were sealed off by the university administration. This has been reported to be either in response to the 1968 protests or an epidemic of typewriter theft from the administration facilitated by the tunnels,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> while it has been rumored by students that they were closed due to leftover radiation from the Manhattan Project.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Continetti|first=Matthew|date=August 27, 2002|title=Myth and Mohair: Have you missed your chance to be valedictorian even before classes begin?|work=Columbia Daily Spectator|url=https://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/?a=d&d=cs20020827-01.2.10&srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-campus+myths------|access-date=January 3, 2022}}</ref> {{Asof|2015}}, many tunnels, including the one connecting the freshman dorms [[John Jay Hall]], [[Wallach Hall]], and [[Hartley Hall]], are still accessible.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bwog Staff|date=April 6, 2015|title=Housing Reviews 2015: Hartley|url=https://bwog.com/2015/04/housing-reviews-2015-hartley/|url-status=live|access-date=January 18, 2022|website=[[Bwog]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118190120/https://bwog.com/2015/04/housing-reviews-2015-hartley/ |archive-date=January 18, 2022 }}</ref> {{Asof|2009}}, the tunnels under [[Barnard College]], the university's affiliated women's liberal arts college, are still open for pedestrian use.<ref>{{cite web|last=Silver|first=Carly|date=September 8, 2009|title=As construction winds down, tunnels become the roads less travelled|url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/2009/09/08/construction-winds-down-tunnels-become-roads-less-travelled/|url-status=live|access-date=January 2, 2021|website=Columbia Daily Spectator|archive-date=January 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103040000/https://www.columbiaspectator.com/2009/09/08/construction-winds-down-tunnels-become-roads-less-travelled/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Negrin|first=Hayley|date=February 15, 2007|title=Barnard Tunnels May Reopen By March|url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/2007/02/15/barnard-tunnels-may-reopen-march/|url-status=live|access-date=January 18, 2022|website=Columbia Daily Spectator|archive-date=May 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528225959/http://columbiaspectator.com/2007/02/15/barnard-tunnels-may-reopen-march}}</ref>
 == Traditions ==
@@ Line 23: / Line 24: @@
 }}Over the course of Columbia University's history there have been many stories about tunnels under the campus, including one of a rumored passage across [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] connecting the Columbia and Barnard College campuses. ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported in 1932 that several undergraduates attempted to find such a tunnel in order to spy on the secrecy-shrouded [[Barnard Greek Games]], but were unsuccessful. Urban legends also tell of a freshman in the early 20th century who disappeared into the tunnels and was forgotten until he failed to advance to receive his diploma. Despite having never attended any classes, he supposedly graduated ''summa cum laude'' and was considered for [[Phi Beta Kappa]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=February 14, 1932|title=Columbia University Catacombs|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1932/02/14/archives/columbia-university-catacombs.html|access-date=January 14, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828015339/https://www.nytimes.com/1932/02/14/archives/columbia-university-catacombs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> More recently, it has been rumored that the tunnels are used as a graveyard for underperforming graduates as part of [[Lee Bollinger]]'s "extermination plan" for alumni who fail to donate to the school.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Shreya|date=August 15, 2020|title=Columbia's Campus Myths Reveal More Truth Than Expected|work=Columbia Daily Spectator|url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/the-eye/2020/08/15/columbias-campus-myths-reveal-more-truth-than-expected/|access-date=January 3, 2022|archive-date=January 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103201045/https://www.columbiaspectator.com/the-eye/2020/08/15/columbias-campus-myths-reveal-more-truth-than-expected/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The tunnels have been explored by generations of Columbia students and extensively mapped.<ref name=":2"/> Student activist [[Ken Hechtman]] was known to have explored the tunnels, and was expelled in 1987 after stealing [[uranium-238]], [[chloroform]], [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], and [[Caffeine|pure caffeine]] from Pupin Hall using the tunnels.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hill|first=Jacob|date=February 28, 1987|title=Freshmen Punished for Stealing Uranium|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1987/2/28/freshmen-punished-for-stealing-uranium-pcolumbia/|url-status=live|access-date=August 12, 2021|website=[[The Harvard Crimson]]|archive-date=August 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812214442/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1987/2/28/freshmen-punished-for-stealing-uranium-pcolumbia/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gillette|first=Josh|date=February 24, 1987|title=CC suspends uranium thief for a year|volume=CXI|page=1|work=Columbia Spectator|issue=88|url=https://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/?a=d&d=cs19870224-01.2.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------|access-date=September 5, 2021}}</ref> Other explorers included [[Steve Duncan]] and [[Miru Kim]], who has used the tunnels as a backdrop for her photography.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lyden|first=Jacki|date=January 2, 2011|title=Into The Tunnels: Exploring The Underside Of NYC|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/01/02/132482428/into-the-tunnels-exploring-the-underside-of-nyc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221115829/https://www.npr.org/2011/01/02/132482428/into-the-tunnels-exploring-the-underside-of-nyc|archive-date=December 21, 2021|access-date=August 12, 2021|website=[[NPR]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gibberd|first=Ben|date=July 29, 2007|title=Children of Darkness|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/29/nyregion/thecity/29shad.html|access-date=August 12, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812214442/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/29/nyregion/thecity/29shad.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to her 1932 memoir, ''[[The Fun of It]]'', [[Amelia Earhart]] was "familiar with all the forbidden underground passageways which connected the different buildings of the University" when she was a student at Columbia in 1920.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hidden Histories of Columbia|url=https://magazine.columbia.edu/article/hidden-histories-columbia|access-date=January 3, 2022|website=Columbia Magazine|language=en|archive-date=January 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103021351/https://magazine.columbia.edu/article/hidden-histories-columbia|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The tunnels have been explored by generations of Columbia students and extensively mapped.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Hay|first=Mark|date=October 16, 2009|title=Journey to the Center of Columbia|work=[[Columbia Daily Spectator]]|url=https://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/?a=d&d=cs20091016-01.2.43&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-mike+schiraldi+tunnel------|access-date=January 3, 2022}}</ref> Student activist [[Ken Hechtman]] was known to have explored the tunnels, and was expelled in 1987 after stealing [[uranium-238]], [[chloroform]], [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], and [[Caffeine|pure caffeine]] from Pupin Hall using the tunnels.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hill|first=Jacob|date=February 28, 1987|title=Freshmen Punished for Stealing Uranium|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1987/2/28/freshmen-punished-for-stealing-uranium-pcolumbia/|url-status=live|access-date=August 12, 2021|website=[[The Harvard Crimson]]|archive-date=August 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812214442/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1987/2/28/freshmen-punished-for-stealing-uranium-pcolumbia/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gillette|first=Josh|date=February 24, 1987|title=CC suspends uranium thief for a year|volume=CXI|page=1|work=Columbia Spectator|issue=88|url=https://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/?a=d&d=cs19870224-01.2.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------|access-date=September 5, 2021}}</ref> Other explorers included [[Steve Duncan]] and [[Miru Kim]], who has used the tunnels as a backdrop for her photography.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lyden|first=Jacki|date=January 2, 2011|title=Into The Tunnels: Exploring The Underside Of NYC|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/01/02/132482428/into-the-tunnels-exploring-the-underside-of-nyc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221115829/https://www.npr.org/2011/01/02/132482428/into-the-tunnels-exploring-the-underside-of-nyc|archive-date=December 21, 2021|access-date=August 12, 2021|website=[[NPR]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gibberd|first=Ben|date=July 29, 2007|title=Children of Darkness|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/29/nyregion/thecity/29shad.html|access-date=August 12, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812214442/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/29/nyregion/thecity/29shad.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to her 1932 memoir, ''[[The Fun of It]]'', [[Amelia Earhart]] was "familiar with all the forbidden underground passageways which connected the different buildings of the University" when she was a student at Columbia in 1920.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hidden Histories of Columbia|url=https://magazine.columbia.edu/article/hidden-histories-columbia|access-date=January 3, 2022|website=Columbia Magazine|language=en|archive-date=January 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103021351/https://magazine.columbia.edu/article/hidden-histories-columbia|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == In popular culture ==
-The Columbia tunnel system has been described as perhaps "the largest of any university in America" after that of [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], and "probably the most famous".<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Solis|first=Julia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg4HEAAAQBAJ&dq=columbia+university+tunnels&pg=PA168|title=New York Underground: The Anatomy of a City|date=October 28, 2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-10130-0|language=en}}</ref> Given their history with the Manhattan Project and the 1968 protests, they have been featured in numerous action novels, including ''Once a Spy'' by Keith Thomson, ''Songs of Innocence'' by [[Charles Ardai]], and ''The Return'' by Joseph Helmreich.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thomson|first=Keith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEVgxv8YYaYC&q=columbia+tunnels+manhattan+project|title=Once a Spy|date=2011|publisher=Anchor Books|isbn=978-0-307-47314-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Aleas|first=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjg4CgAAQBAJ&dq=columbia+tunnels+manhattan+project&pg=PT74|title=Songs of Innocence|date=March 29, 2011|publisher=Titan Books (US, CA)|isbn=978-0-85768-389-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Helmreich|first=Joseph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQX0DQAAQBAJ&dq=columbia+tunnels+manhattan+project&pg=PA10|title=The Return|date=March 14, 2017|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-250-05219-3|language=en}}</ref> They have also appeared in several fictional and non-fictional accounts of the 1968 protests, including ''A Time to Stir: Columbia '68'', edited by Paul Cronin and ''1968: Dreams of Revolution'' by Wilber W. Caldwell.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Caldwell|first=Wilber W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s589ysTNW3oC|title=1968: Dreams of Revolution|date=2009|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-0-87586-680-2|language=en}}</ref>
+The Columbia tunnel system has been described as perhaps "the largest of any university in America" after that of [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], and "probably the most famous".<ref name=":4" />{{rp|168}} Given their history with the Manhattan Project and the 1968 protests, they have been featured in numerous action novels, including ''Once a Spy'' by Keith Thomson, ''Songs of Innocence'' by [[Charles Ardai]], and ''The Return'' by Joseph Helmreich.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thomson|first=Keith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEVgxv8YYaYC&q=columbia+tunnels+manhattan+project|title=Once a Spy|date=2011|publisher=Anchor Books|isbn=978-0-307-47314-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Aleas|first=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjg4CgAAQBAJ&dq=columbia+tunnels+manhattan+project&pg=PT74|title=Songs of Innocence|date=March 29, 2011|publisher=Titan Books (US, CA)|isbn=978-0-85768-389-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Helmreich|first=Joseph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQX0DQAAQBAJ&dq=columbia+tunnels+manhattan+project&pg=PA10|title=The Return|date=March 14, 2017|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-250-05219-3|language=en}}</ref> They have also appeared in several fictional and non-fictional accounts of the 1968 protests, including ''A Time to Stir: Columbia '68'', edited by Paul Cronin and ''1968: Dreams of Revolution'' by Wilber W. Caldwell.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Cronin |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIFtzQEACAAJ |title=A Time to Stir: Columbia '68 |date=December 29, 2020 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-18275-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Caldwell|first=Wilber W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s589ysTNW3oC|title=1968: Dreams of Revolution|date=2009|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-0-87586-680-2|language=en}}</ref>
 ==References==
@@ Line 32: / Line 33: @@
 ==External links==
-*{{cite magazine|url=http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/1.03/tunnelers_pr.html|title=Hacking the Material World|magazine=Wired|author=Michael Scott|issue=1.3 Jul/Aug 1993|access-date=June 6, 2015}}
+*{{cite magazine|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606203708/https://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/1.03/tunnelers_pr.html|title=Hacking the Material World|magazine=Wired|author=Michael Scott|issue=1.3 Jul/Aug 1993|access-date=June 6, 2015}}
 {{Columbia University}}
@@ Line 39: / Line 40: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Columbia University tunnels}}
 [[Category:Columbia University campus]]
+[[Category:Culture of Columbia University]]
 [[Category:Tunnels in Manhattan]]