American Radiator Building: Difference between revisions

American Radiator Building
American Radiator Building
	Seen from Bryant Park
Former names	American Standard Building
General information
Architectural style	Gothic, Art Deco
Location	40–52 West 40th Street; Manhattan, New York
Coordinates	40°45′10.1″N 73°59′01.6″W / 40.752806°N 73.983778°W
Construction started	1923
Completed	1924
Renovated	1936–1937, 1998–2001
Owner	Bryant Park Hotel (original); City University of New York (annex)
Height
Roof	338 ft (103 m)
Technical details
Floor count	23
Floor area	77,000 sq ft (7,200 m2) (original); 75,000 to 91,000 sq ft (7,000 to 8,500 m2) (annex)
Design and construction
Architect(s)	Raymond Hood and André Fouilhoux
	American Radiator Building
	U.S. National Register of Historic Places
	New York State Register of Historic Places
	New York City Landmark No. 0878
Location	40 West 40th Street; Manhattan, New York City
Area	7,604 sq ft (706.4 m2)
NRHP reference No.	80002663
NYSRHP No.	06101.000631
NYCL No.	0878
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	May 7, 1980
Designated NYSRHP	June 23, 1980
Designated NYCL	November 12, 1974

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The American Radiator Building (also known as the American Standard Building) is an early skyscraper at 40 West 40th Street, just south of Bryant Park, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It was designed by Raymond Hood and André Fouilhoux in the Gothic and Art Deco styles for the American Radiator Company. The original section of the American Radiator Building, a 338 ft-tall (103 m), 23-story tower, was completed in 1924. A five-story annex, to the west of the original tower, was built from 1936 to 1937.

The original structure consists of an eighteen-story tower above a base of five stories, while the western annex only rises five stories. The American Radiator Building's facade is made predominantly of black brick. Gold-colored decorations are used on the building's setbacks and pinnacles. Hood had intended for the original structure to be a standalone shaft, requiring the building to be set back from the lot line and reducing the maximum amount of space available. Inside, the basement, first, and second floors were originally designed as exhibition showrooms, while the upper stories served as office space.

The building was completed five years before the American Radiator Company merged with Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Company to form American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation, later known as American Standard. American Standard sold the building in 1988 to a Japanese company. The main building was sold in 1998 to Philip Pilevsky, who opened the Bryant Park Hotel there in 2001. The annex operated as the Katharine Gibbs School from 2001 to 2009 and was converted into the City University of New York's Guttman Community College in 2012. The American Radiator Building is a New York City designated landmark and is on the National Register of Historic Places.

Site

The American Radiator Building is at 40 West 40th Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City.^[4]^[5] The original section of the building occupies a rectangular land lot with a frontage of 77 ft (23 m) along 40th Street, a depth of 98 ft (30 m), and an area of 7,604 sq ft (706.4 m²).^[4] There is also a five-story annex at 50 West 40th Street, west of the original tower.^[6] The annex's lot covers 11,455 sq ft (1,064.2 m²) with a frontage of 72 ft (22 m) along 40th Street, extending 197 ft (60 m) to the rear of the block at 39th Street.^[7]

The American Radiator Building is on 40th Street, which forms the southern border of Bryant Park, and between Fifth and Sixth Avenues.^[8] On the same block are the Engineers' Club Building, The Bryant, and 452 Fifth Avenue to the east; the Engineering Societies' Building and the Haskins & Sells Building to the south; and Bryant Park Studios to the west. Other nearby places include the New York Public Library Main Branch across 40th Street to the north, as well as the Lord & Taylor Building to the southeast.^[4]^[5] The surrounding block of 40th Street had contained brownstone row houses through the 1920s, before they were replaced by the American Radiator Building and several other multi-story structures.^[9]^[10] The site of the annex was occupied by six houses at 46–52 West 40th Street and 39–43 West 39th Street until the 1930s.^[11]

Architecture

The American Radiator Building was designed by Raymond Hood and J. André Fouilhoux, of the firm Hood, Godley, and Fouilhoux, in a mixture of the Gothic Revival and Art Deco styles.^[5]^[12]^[13] It was completed in 1924 as the headquarters of the American Radiator Company.^[5]^[14] Rene Paul Chambellan, a frequent collaborator of Hood and his associate John Mead Howells, created the ornamentation and sculptures.^[15] Numerous other contractors were hired for the construction.^[16]^[a]

Only the base of the building was designed in a strictly Gothic style, but the building as a whole contains abstract ornamentation, similar to those used on the Bush Tower and Woolworth Building.^[21] The American Radiator Building's massing is based on Eliel Saarinen's unbuilt competition entry for Chicago's Tribune Tower,^[12]^[13] augmented by a strong use of color.^[22]^[23]^[24] The building's design was also inspired by those of two nearby buildings: the base-and-tower massing of the Candler Building and the Gothic details of the Bush Tower.^[12] When the building was completed, Hood proclaimed that it was "in some respects a departure from the ordinary high building".^[25]

Form

The original structure measuring 338 ft (103 m) tall consists of an eighteen-story tower above a base of five stories.^[14]^[21]^[18] The western annex only rises five stories.^[6]^[26] According to Architectural Forum magazine, the lower floors "form a projecting screen, back of which rises the towering bulk of the building".^[27] The writer Eric Nash described the building as the "first true expression of the Art Deco skyscraper silhouette".^[12]

The original tower contains several setbacks to comply with the 1916 Zoning Resolution.^[16]^[28]^[29] The first setback is on the 4th floor, and there are also setbacks on the 12th, 17th, 22nd, and 23rd floors.^[30] Above the 15th story are indentations; those on the northern side of the building are beveled to make the tower appear like a shaft.^[12]^[28]^[29] Within these indentations are narrow window bays.^[28]^[29] The shaft-like design permitted the tower to be illuminated by natural light from all sides.^[27]^[31] The shaft-like form was not applied consistently; the rear conformed to the city's setback requirement for backyards, so the south facade of the base and tower are continuous.^[21]

Hood had intended for the original structure to be a standalone shaft. This required the building to be set back from the lot line, therefore reducing the maximum amount of space available in the building.^[32] Conversely, the slight setbacks and the indented corners ensure there would be some air between the tower and all adjacent buildings.^[16]^[21] The presence of the western annex also protected views from that direction.^[26] According to Hood, his team shaped "a small plasteline model into the maximum model that the zoning law permitted", which was similar to the structure's final form.^[33] Hood and his client only disagreed over whether the building should be more than twenty stories high and whether additional frontage should be used for the base.^[34]

Facade

The American Radiator Building was designed in a black and gold color scheme.^[21]^[24]^[30]^[32] These specific colors came from a "somewhat offhand" suggestion made during an early discussion with Hood and Fouilhoux's team.^[35] It is not known who exactly suggested the black and gold colors, but architectural writer Walter Littlefield Creese says it may have been Hood's friend, architect Joseph Urban.^[21]^[36] Hood used the black and gold palette because he believed that conventional office buildings, with their white-masonry facades and dark glass windows, were monotonous.^[24]^[32]^[35] He had compared such windows to "waffles" and wished to find a color to make the window openings more conspicuous.^[30]^[37]^[38] After the tower's completion, Hood anticipated that additional colorful skyscrapers would be developed in New York City.^[39]

The primary color of black was used to signify coal, while gold-coated decorations were used to symbolize fire.^[21]^[40] The "gold" was actually bronze powder placed on cast stone, a technique which was devised after a number of experiments by Hood and Fouilhoux's team.^[41] Hood had visited Brussels just before the American Radiator Building was built, and he had realized how golden colors had made "gloomy and dingy" buildings stand out, especially if their facades were darker.^[21]

Base

Early image of the entrance

The modern hotel entrance, covered by scaffolding

The original building's base is clad with polished black Swedish granite.^[16]^[40] The windows of the former ground-level showrooms contain large plate-glass panes with thin vertical bronze mullions in front of them. The spaces below the windows were originally clad in red Verona marble.^[16]^[42] The main entrance is a round-arched opening between the two original showroom windows.^[28]^[29] The western edge of the portal contains a plaque with the letters "1924 / Raymond Hood / Architect" embossed in bronze; the plaque originally contained a four-leaf clover, which has since fallen off.^[26] There are modified Gothic-style bronze pinnacles above the entrance opening, as well as a bronze frame around it.^[15]

A cornice, with corbels and modillions, runs above the second story.^[15] Originally, there were nine corbels, of which six contained ornamental figures depicting negative human emotions.^[43]^[b] According to the New York Herald Tribune, the corbels were inspired by caricatures of medieval grotesques.^[44] The grotesques on the building were designed in a whimsical manner, with figures that included a pipe fitter with a wrench.^[12]

The annex is designed in a similar style to the original building's base, with polished black granite on the first two stories. The annex has similar plate-glass panes and bronze mullions to the original building, but it has a revolving door at the center. The corbelled cornice above the second story of the annex is similar to that in the original building.^[6]

Tower

The original building is clad with black brick starting on the third floor.^[16]^[40] The third story consists of bays with one or two windows each, as well as carved railings at the bottom of each window and gold spandrel panels above each window. These bays are separated by slightly projecting black-brick pilasters, which in turn have gold pinnacles.^[15] This window pattern is repeated in the annex's third floor. The fourth and fifth floors of the annex are slightly set back from the first three stories and contain a facade of black brick, with a gold cornice on top. Projecting brick piers divide these stories into several bays, each with double windows.^[6]

The tower stories contain projecting bricks in various places, which give it a textured quality.^[15] Dark red, light red, amber, and white lights were placed on the setbacks to provide nighttime illumination.^[42] Cornices wrap around the building at the 16th and 20th stories.^[12] The facade contains various pinnacles and peaks clad with gold,^[21]^[40] which one publication compared to turrets in old English castles.^[30] These ornamental features are actually made of terracotta but are covered in gold leaf.^[16] Gold is also used on corbels, cornices, and the spandrels between stories,^[15] and the Gothic-style pinnacles at the top of the building are ornamented with gold leaf as well.^[43] When the building was being completed, Hood wrote for Architectural Forum that "false tops have gone out of vogue for office buildings, as well as the fashion of putting an ornamental front on one or two sides of a building".^[45]

The roof consists of a tank surrounding a chimney and installed on a frame.^[30] At night, the gold-leafed terracotta decorations of the American Radiator Building are illuminated; Hood intended for this to draw attention to the shaft.^[5]^[12]^[46] Hood chose not to illuminate the middle stories of the tower "to avoid any simulation of daylight effects".^[46] The nighttime lighting gives the crown the appearance of a heated radiator.^[21]^[47] Other parts of the building were sometimes illuminated as well; in 1928, eleven stories were lit in the shape of a cross to raise awareness for tuberculosis management.^[48]

Features

Initially, the building was designed with 77,000 sq ft (7,200 m²) of floor area.^[37]^[49] The annex has either 75,000 sq ft (7,000 m²)^[50] or 91,000 sq ft (8,500 m²) of space;^[51] according to the New York City Department of City Planning, the annex's gross floor area is 91,000 square feet.^[7] The building's original heating system consisted of radiators that were linked to a boiler room in the basement, which itself was available for public view.^[20]^[42] The ventilation system includes an exhaust shaft that led to a penthouse at the building's roof. Power is drawn directly from electric mains under the street.^[20] Twenty-five hundred lights were used in the interior, as well as motors capable of 230 hp (170 kW).^[42]

When the building was completed, the elevators used then-innovative technology. For example, the elevator cabs could automatically align to the floor level, and the elevator gates could be opened when the passenger pushed a button, instead of having to be shoved aside manually.^[32]^[46]^[42] Originally, the building had three primary elevators that ran from ground level only to the 16th story, while the top stories were served by a separate elevator.^[46]^[52] When the Bryant Park Hotel was constructed, elevator shafts were installed to transport guests directly from the lobby to the top stories.^[52]

Lower stories

Originally, the basement had low-arched spaces that served as showrooms for furnaces and boilers.^[32] The foundation consists of piers extending 8 to 22 ft (2.4 to 6.7 m) below the basement floor; the deepest foundation pier is about 40 ft (12 m) below street level.^[17] The basement includes a 73-seat screening room, which was created when the Bryant Park Hotel was constructed within the building in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The screening room was dug 45 ft (14 m) deep into the bedrock. Because of the high water table of the area, the excavation of the screening room entailed installing several pumps and drainage systems.^[52]

As designed, the American Radiator Building's main entrance led to a vestibule, which in turn led to a corridor, an elevator lobby with three elevators on the left (east) wall, and a central staircase.^[16]^[19]^[53] The vestibule had heavy glass and bronze doors leading to the lobby.^[42] The lobby was clad in Monte Cenrato marble panels from South America. The wall panels were encircled with brass moldings, while the marble on the floor was surrounded with brass trips.^[16]^[42] The cornice was decorated with antique-looking ornamental plaster.^[42]

Leading off either wall of the corridor were showrooms. Stairs led up from the west showroom to several intermediate display levels, while stairs led down from the east showroom to display level A1.^[53] This arrangement, according to Hood, was intended to give "more space in each store without sensibly leaving a general main level".^[54] Due to the layout, only the eastern showroom had a mezzanine above it. Bent girders were installed to support the different levels of showrooms, and the structural steel around the elevators were made of thin single-webs.^[19] Showrooms were also placed in the ground floor of the annex.^[6] When the main building was converted to a hotel in 2001, the lower stories were reconfigured and a restaurant space was created on the ground floor.^[41]^[55] In addition, two bars, a few shops, and a gym were created within the lower stories,^[41] including one bar in the basement.^[13]^[55] The annex's ground-floor showroom became part of the Katharine Gibbs School.^[55]

Upper stories

The tower section of the American Radiator Building measures 79 by 63 ft (24 by 19 m).^[19] It is designed so that 90 percent of all office space was at most 25 ft (7.6 m) from a window.^[15]^[32]^[42] The office spaces were fairly small, since elevators and stairs took up much of the space; on average, each of the upper floors covered only 5,600 sq ft (520 m²).^[32] A sample floor plan for the 12th through 15th floors indicates that three elevators and two sets of stairs were clustered in a service core near the east wall. Each of these floors also had men's and women's toilets.^[56] A smokestack was placed right behind the elevators.^[17] At stories with setbacks, there are tiled terraces.^[16] As of 2021^[update], the upper stories contain 125 guestrooms for the Bryant Park Hotel.^[57]

On the 5th through 17th stories, there are no columns at the tower's front corners because of the presence of the indented corners. As a result, these corners are supported by cantilevered girders.^[58] Furthermore, while the front and rear walls were already stiffened at their setbacks, the east and west walls had to be stiffened with gusset plates.^[17] Most of the transverse girders in the tower are made of two I-beams, except at setbacks, where deeper built-up girders are used. Four interior columns, placed within the service core, rise the height of the tower, leaving the remainder of each floor as a column-free space. The tower's other girders are built with a maximum depth of 20 in (510 mm).^[19] The rear has a setback of 10 ft (3.0 m) at the 12th floor and 9 ft (2.7 m) at the 17th floor; two of the interior columns terminate above the 17th story.^[58] Structurally, the first 17 floors can support live loads of up to 120 psf (5.7 kPa), while the 18th floor and above can support 60 psf (2.9 kPa).^[17]

At the 21st and 22nd floors, there are girders that transfer weight between the centers of different columns. There are heavy girders on the 22nd through 24th floors, which support equipment on the roof.^[58] The roof had a spiral stair leading to a water tank, fan room, corridor, and another space.^[59]

History

Raymond Hood was a relatively obscure architect when, in 1921, he collaborated with John Mead Howells in an architectural design competition, submitting a successful proposal for the Tribune Tower.^[3]^[60] According to one author, Hood became a prominent architect "from almost complete obscurity and literally overnight".^[61]^[62] At the time, architects were using classical Beaux-Arts design elements, which were not commonly used on tall structures.^[3]^[60]

Development

In 1923, the American Radiator Company started developing a new office building in New York City.^[63] The American Radiator Building was only the second skyscraper Hood designed, after the Tribune Tower.^[43]^[64] The design and construction of the original skyscraper took only thirteen months.^[21]^[65] The design process started in April 1923, and the steel superstructure was constructed from August 22 to November 21 of the same year.^[17] According to Hood, the exterior design had still not been finalized at one-eighth scale until two months after the building's steel was ordered. The color scheme was not finalized until some of the steel had been erected.^[65] When the building reached the 17th floor, Hood was still determining how the top of the building could be constructed at one-half scale.^[21]^[65] The American Radiator Company announced it would occupy the building in January 1924, upon which the building was scheduled to be completed that May.^[49]

Initially, the American Radiator Company occupied 22,000 sq ft (2,000 m²).^[37]^[49]^[42] The company's space included one storefront, part of the 3rd and 4th floors, and the 16th through 24th floors.^[42] A. D. Julliard signed a lease for 17,000 sq ft (1,600 m²) for a store at the base in August 1924. The lease included the multi-tiered storefront on the ground and 2nd stories, as well as the remainder of the 3rd and 4th floors, all connected by a private elevator.^[66]^[67] Space was also leased to office tenants, such as the Association of Edison Illuminating Companies' electric laboratories,^[68] the Clarage Fan Company,^[69] and the American Engineering Company.^[70] Hood and Fouilhoux's architecture firm also took space in the American Radiator Building.^[71]

The American Radiator Company acquired a 12-story building at 35–39 West 39th Street, occupying a 44 by 100 ft (13 by 30 m) lot behind the company's tower, in 1928. This sale was intended to protect the views from the American Radiator Building.^[72] The next year, American Radiator Company merged with Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Company to form American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation, later American Standard.^[73] Consequently, the structure was renamed the American Standard Building.^[47] American Standard had hired Hood in 1929 to design a westward extension of its tower. Hood drew plans for a tower that would be two and a half times the original building's height, with a black-and-gold facade topped by a pinnacle. These plans were not executed due to financial issues caused by the Great Depression.^[74]

Expansion and mid-20th century

40th Street facade, with the original building at left and the annex at right

In February 1936, American Standard paid the Bowery Savings Bank $500,000 for the six adjacent houses at 46–52 West 40th Street and 39–43 West 39th Street. The structures were planned to be replaced with a showroom annex of no more than six stories.^[11]^[75] The new showrooms of the American Radiator Building opened in June 1937. The first exhibit held in the showrooms was a program about the planned redevelopment of Sixth Avenue after the planned demolition of the Sixth Avenue Elevated.^[76]^[77] Twenty-one of the project's laborers were given awards for the quality of their craftsmanship.^[78]^[79]

The expanded showrooms were initially used for exhibits such as "an ideal city of 2000 AD", displayed in 1937;^[80] an exhibit of home appliances, in 1938;^[81] and a model of the northern section of Sixth Avenue, in 1941.^[82] American Standard sold the structure behind its tower, at 35–39 West 39th Street, in 1950.^[83] The expanded tower continued to be occupied by office tenants such as the North Star Woolen Mill Company,^[84] as well as the Mosler Safe Company, the latter of which moved to the structure after American Standard acquired it in 1967.^[85]

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) held public hearings in September 1974 to determine whether to designate the American Radiator Building, along with Bryant Park and part of the New York Public Library's interior, as a city landmark. If approved, these would be the city's first modern-era, scenic, and interior landmarks, respectively.^[86] American Standard opposed the designation, stating that "the building has no historical significance at all"^[87] and claiming that it was only meant to "last a commercial length of time".^[88] Only two skyscrapers, the Flatiron Building and the Manhattan Municipal Building, were designated as city landmarks at the time. LPC chairwoman Beverly Moss Spatt said at the time that the "city is in serious trouble", with lawsuits questioning the commission's authority.^[86] The three landmark designations were granted in November 1974,^[89]^[90] and the designations were ratified by the New York City Board of Estimate early the next year.^[91] The American Standard Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 7, 1980.^[1]

Conversion

The pinnacle undergoing restoration in 2020

American Standard reduced the number of employees working at its New York City headquarters in the 1980s, decreasing the workforce from 500 to 200 within five years.^[92] In early 1988, Black+Decker made a surprise offer to buy American Standard and sell off the American Standard Building.^[93] In light of its downsizing, American Standard sold the tower and annex to Japanese company Clio Court (also known as Clio Biz^[32]) that September for $43 million.^[92]^[94] Clio initially proposed converting the building into a luxury hotel with either 160,^[92] 200,^[32] or 250 rooms.^[94] The high price was in part due to high demand for luxury hotels at the time.^[95] Clio contemplated erecting at least 15 stories above the annex but did not have a construction estimate at first.^[94] American Standard planned to sublease some space in the building in the meantime.^[92]^[94]

Following a lack of interest from Japanese investors in American real estate, the building stood vacant during the 1990s.^[96] When Christopher Gray wrote about the building for The New York Times in 1994, it had already been unoccupied for four years.^[32] In the 1990s, the building was also used as an observation area for fashion executives who were watching fashion shows in Bryant Park. By 1997, the shows had moved to Chelsea Piers, partly because Clio was trying to the American Standard Building and partly because of discontent over the Bryant Park location.^[97] Fashion designer Tommy Hilfiger reportedly expressed interest in leasing the American Standard Building as his company's headquarters, but no deal was ever made.^[98]

Main tower

The ownership of the main tower and its annex were split when the real estate developer Philip Pilevsky bought the main tower for $15 million in 1998^[96] and began turning it into a 170-room hotel.^[99] The hotel was one of several being established outside the traditional hotel districts in New York City.^[100] Daiwa Real Estate originally committed to funding the hotel conversion but reneged when Pilevsky experienced financial issues with other projects in late 1998.^[101] David Chipperfield was hired as the conversion architect.^[55] The city-landmark status required that the renovation architects be particularly careful about the restoration of the facade; the designation prohibited some proposed changes such as bigger guestroom windows. At about forty places, bricks had been taken out so that air-conditioning could be installed. The architects needed to close these holes with hundreds of black bricks, which had been difficult to obtain in the original construction; contractors reused some of the bricks from the interior, which were made of the same material.^[41]

The Bryant Park Hotel opened in early 2001 and was frequently fully occupied during its first two months.^[96] The Japanese restaurant Koi opened on the ground floor in 2005,^[102]^[103] and became popular with musicians such as Madonna and Rihanna, as well as those in the fashion and film industries, in part because New York Fashion Week was hosted in Bryant Park. However, by May 2011, the Bryant Park Hotel had fallen behind on its $89 million mortgage.^[104] The Moroccan-themed Célon Bar & Lounge opened in the basement in 2017, replacing the hotel's Cellar Bar.^[105]

The Bryant Park Hotel closed temporarily in early 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.^[106] By mid-2020, Pilevsky, along with hotel co-owners Raymond Gindi and Joseph Chehebar, had hired Philips International to advertise all 122,000 sq ft (11,300 m²) in the main building as office space. The men planned to rent the space in sections ranging from 1,900 to 7,535 ft (579 to 2,297 m).^[107]^[108] The hotel reopened with limited service in September 2020 and was 20 percent occupied by March 2021.^[106]

Annex

In 2001, the annex was converted to the New York location of Katharine Gibbs School^[50] Gibbs School operated until 2009, when it closed all of its locations.^[109] Afterward, the City University of New York (CUNY) indicated its intent to sign a lease for the American Radiator annex, which would house a new community college.^[51] The school, subsequently renamed Guttman Community College, opened in 2012.^[110]^[111]

Impact

Reception

When the building was completed, architect Harvey Wiley Corbett observed that "Comment upon the new building has been sharply divided", quoting one critic who cited the color scheme as a source of argument.^[112] Hugh Ferriss wrote that the design "provoked more arguments among laymen on the subject of architectural values than any other structure in the country".^[32] Architectural media perceived the building as a novelty.^[21] Architecture and Building, for instance, said the design "is unusual, but not therefore unnecessarily ugly", and therefore effective as an advertisement for the American Radiator Company.^[16] Architecture magazine's editors stated in 1925 that the building's "very atmosphere", including its color scheme, was "symbolic of its function".^[21]^[40]

Orrick Johns of The New York Times said that the building "has broken through the color line", saying: "It certainly is something new and tremendous but, like jazz and the Ku Klux, hard to place."^[21]^[113] An anonymous critic in The Villager said that the American Radiator Building "distilled" what they perceived as a monotonous skyline.^[74] Architect Talbot Hamlin also praised the building's symbolism as "the perfect artistic expression of the rush and excitement of modern life"^[74] and called it the "most daring experiment in color in modern buildings yet made in America".^[24] Upon Hood's death in 1934, the New York Daily News called the building "among the finest modern achievements in architecture", along with Hood's McGraw-Hill Building, Daily News Building, and Beaux-Arts Apartments.^[114] Praise continued even in later years. In 1987, architects Philip Johnson and John Burgee named the American Standard Building as having one of the city's most distinctive roofs.^[115] The design was additionally noted for its use of lighting. According to art and architectural historian Dietrich Neumann, the design "helped to introduce a new age of color and light in American architecture."^[116]

Other critics were less appreciative of the novel color scheme.^[117] An article published in Architecture magazine during 1925 said that the facade design "shocked and offended some of our good friends from the Middle West who saw it for the first time recently".^[118] Journalist Herbert Croly felt that the American Radiator Building was "not particularly successful in itself",^[119] though he believed the decorative scheme was useful as an inspiration for future colorful buildings in New York City.^[74]^[119] Similarly, George Harold Edgell said the design's "effect is theatrical to a degree that opens it to the charge of vulgarity", questioning whether a radiator company required such a prominent edifice.^[74]^[120]

Awards and media

In December 1924, the Fifth Avenue Association dubbed the American Radiator Building as the second-best new building erected around Fifth Avenue during that year.^[40]^[121] The Community Trust of New York installed a plaque near the original building's entrance in 1962, commemorating the building's architectural significance.^[28]^[122] According to Christopher Gray, the American Radiator Building was "so powerful that it inspired other works of art".^[41] These artworks included Georgia O'Keeffe's 1927 painting Radiator Building – Night, New York,^[15]^[123]^[124] as well as nighttime photographs by Samuel Gottscho.^[15] The Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art describes Radiator Building – Night, New York as O'Keeffe's "grandest statement on New York City".^[125]

References

Notes

^
The contractors included:
- Hegeman-Harris Company, general contractor^[17]^[16]
- Weiskopf and Pickworth, structural engineers^[18]^[19]
- Hay Foundry and Iron Works, steel contractor^[17]
- Meyer, Strong & Jones Inc., mechanical and electrical consultants^[16]^[20]
- Sterling Bronze Company, lighting contractor
- McGowan & Connolly Company, interior marble contractor^[16]
- John Leslie, granite supplier^[16]
- S. Haskel & Sons Inc., granite installer^[16]
- Washington Concrete Corporation, cement contractor^[16]
^ According to The New York Herald, New York Tribune, these figures resembled anger, drunkenness, revolt, lust, fury, and hatred.^[43]

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c "Federal Register: 46 Fed. Reg. 10451 (Feb. 3, 1981)" (PDF). Library of Congress. February 3, 1981. p. 10649 (PDF p. 179). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. November 7, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1974, p. 1.
^ ^a ^b ^c "38 West 40 Street, 10018". New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e National Park Service 1980, p. 3.
^ ^a ^b "50 West 40 Street, 10018". New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
^ Slatin, Peter (December 11, 1994). "Back-office structure to rise on West 40th, south of Bryant Park". The New York Times. p. R7. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 109314094.
^ "Building Activity in Central Zone; Two Twenty-five Story Buildings: Estimated to Cost $2,500,000 Ech, Will Occupy Madison and Fifth Avenue Corners – Hatriman National Bank to Have New Home on Delmonico Building Site". The New York Times. June 8, 1924. p. RE1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 103383170.
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External links

[21] The contractors included:
Hegeman-Harris Company, general contractor^[17]^[16]

Weiskopf and Pickworth, structural engineers^[18]^[19]

Hay Foundry and Iron Works, steel contractor^[17]

Meyer, Strong & Jones Inc., mechanical and electrical consultants^[16]^[20]

Sterling Bronze Company, lighting contractor

McGowan & Connolly Company, interior marble contractor^[16]

John Leslie, granite supplier^[16]

S. Haskel & Sons Inc., granite installer^[16]

Washington Concrete Corporation, cement contractor^[16]

[2] Hegeman-Harris Company, general contractor^[17]^[16]

[3] Weiskopf and Pickworth, structural engineers^[18]^[19]

[4] Hay Foundry and Iron Works, steel contractor^[17]

[5] Meyer, Strong & Jones Inc., mechanical and electrical consultants^[16]^[20]

[6] Sterling Bronze Company, lighting contractor

[7] McGowan & Connolly Company, interior marble contractor^[16]

[8] John Leslie, granite supplier^[16]

[9] S. Haskel & Sons Inc., granite installer^[16]

[10] Washington Concrete Corporation, cement contractor^[16]

[45] According to The New York Herald, New York Tribune, these figures resembled anger, drunkenness, revolt, lust, fury, and hatred.^[43]

[nris-1] "Federal Register: 46 Fed. Reg. 10451 (Feb. 3, 1981)" (PDF). Library of Congress. February 3, 1981. p. 10649 (PDF p. 179). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2020.

[Cultural_Resource_Information_System-2] "Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. November 7, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2023.

[NYCL_p._1-3] Landmarks Preservation Commission 1974, p. 1.

[ZoLa_38-4] "38 West 40 Street, 10018". New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021.

[aia5-5] White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.

[NPS_p._3-6] National Park Service 1980, p. 3.

[ZoLa_50-7] "50 West 40 Street, 10018". New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021.

[8] Slatin, Peter (December 11, 1994). "Back-office structure to rise on West 40th, south of Bryant Park". The New York Times. p. R7. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 109314094.

[9] "Building Activity in Central Zone; Two Twenty-five Story Buildings: Estimated to Cost $2,500,000 Ech, Will Occupy Madison and Fifth Avenue Corners – Hatriman National Bank to Have New Home on Delmonico Building Site". The New York Times. June 8, 1924. p. RE1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 103383170.

[10] "Apartments in Which Homes for Many Families Are Provided: Brownstone Fronts Have Been Swept From 40th Street Tall Buildings Now Fill Skyline on South Side of Bryant Park and Library Block Builders Still Busy". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. February 8, 1925. p. B2. ProQuest 1113242850.

[p1318258291-11] "New Building Planned Facing Bryant Park: American Radiator Firm Reported to Have Taken Plot Adjoining Its Tower $500,000 Called Price Cliff Street Site Taken for 12 -Story Improvement". New York Herald Tribune. February 23, 1936. p. I1. ProQuest 1318258291.

[Nash_2005-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Nash, Eric (2005). Manhattan Skyscrapers. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-56898-652-4. OCLC 407907000.

[Stichweh2009-13] Stichweh, Dirk (2016). New York Skyscrapers. Prestel Publishing. p. 87. ISBN 978-3-7913-8226-5. OCLC 923852487.

[Emporis-14] "The Bryant Park Hotel". Emporis. Archived from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved March 9, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[NPS_p._2-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ National Park Service 1980, p. 2.

[A-B_1924-16] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q "American Radiator Building, New York City, Raymond M. Hood, Architect". Architecture and Building. Vol. 56. December 1924. p. 113. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.

[Hood_p._479b-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Hood 1924b, p. 479.

[Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat-18] "The Bryant Park Hotel – The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.

[Hood_p._475b-19] Hood 1924b, p. 475.

[Hood_p._481b-20] Hood 1924b, p. 481.

[Stern_(1987)_p._576-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 576.

[23] Henry, Jay C. (1993). Architecture in Texas, 1895–1945. University of Texas Press. pp. 217–218. ISBN 0-292-73072-1.

[24] Solomonson, Katharine (2003). The Chicago Tribune Tower Competition: Skyscraper Design and Cultural Change in the 1920s (2 ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 247. ISBN 0-226-76800-7.

[Robins_p._87-25] Robins 2017, p. 87.

[26] Hood 1924b, p. 467.

[Robins_p._88-27] Robins 2017, p. 88.

[Hood_p._99a-28] Hood 1924a, p. 99.

[NPS_p._6-29] National Park Service 1980, p. 6.

[NYCL_p._2-30] Landmarks Preservation Commission 1974, p. 2.

[TTA_p._15-31] Through the Ages 1924, p. 15.

[32] Federal Writers' Project (1939). New York City Guide. New York: Random House. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City.)

[nyt19940220-33] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Gray, Christopher (February 20, 1994). "Streetscapes/The American Radiator Building; A 1924 Precursor of Art Deco". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2021.

[34] Hood 1924b, p. 472.

[35] Hood 1924b, pp. 472–474.

[Hood_p._468b-36] Hood 1924b, p. 468.

[37] Creese, Walter Littlefield (1949). American Architecture from 1918–1933 (Report). Vol. II. Harvard University. pp. 7–8.

[p1114778872-38] "Black Brick Novel Departure for New Office Building: Golden-Colored Trimmings Will Also Adorn Structure of American Radiator Co. in West Fortieth Street". New-York Tribune. January 27, 1924. p. B3. ProQuest 1114778872.

[39] "Black Brick Building for New York City: Daring Departure From the Conventional in American Radiator Company's New Structure". The New York Times. January 20, 1924. p. RE1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 103445956.

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@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 |image_size         =
 |caption            = Seen from Bryant Park
+| mapframe-wikidata = yes
 |coordinates        = {{coord|40|45|10.1|N|73|59|01.6|W|region:US-NY_type:landmark|display=it}}
 |location           = 40–52 West 40th Street<br />Manhattan, New York
@@ Line 31: / Line 32: @@
 | refnum                   = 80002663<ref name="nris" />
 | mpsub                    =
+| designated_other1        = New York State Register of Historic Places
-| designated_other2_name   = NYC Landmark
+| designated_other1_abbr   = NYSRHP
+| designated_other1_date   = June 23, 1980<ref name="Cultural Resource Information System"/>
+| designated_other1_number = 06101.000631<ref name="Cultural Resource Information System">{{cite web | title=Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS) | publisher=[[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] | date=November 7, 2014 | url=https://cris.parks.ny.gov/ | access-date=July 20, 2023}}</ref>
+| designated_other1_num_position = bottom
+| designated_other2        = New York City Landmark
 | designated_other2_date   = November 12, 1974<ref name="NYCL p. 1" />
 | designated_other2_abbr   = NYCL
+| designated_other2_number = 0878
-| designated_other2_link   = New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
-| designated_other2_number = 0878<ref name="NYCL p. 1" />
-| designated_other2_color  = #ffe978
 | governing_body           =
 }}
@@ Line 52: / Line 56: @@
 The American Radiator Building is on 40th Street, which forms the southern border of [[Bryant Park]], and between [[Fifth Avenue|Fifth]] and [[Sixth Avenue]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Slatin |first=Peter |date=December 11, 1994 |title=Back-office structure to rise on West 40th, south of Bryant Park |page=R7 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|109314094}}}}</ref> On the same block are the [[Engineers' Club Building]], [[The Bryant]], and [[452 Fifth Avenue]] to the east; the [[Engineering Societies' Building]] and the [[Haskins & Sells Building]] to the south; and [[Bryant Park Studios]] to the west. Other nearby places include the [[New York Public Library Main Branch]] across 40th Street to the north, as well as the [[Lord & Taylor Building]] to the southeast.<ref name="ZoLa_38" /><ref name="aia5" /> The surrounding block of 40th Street had contained brownstone row houses through the 1920s, before they were replaced by the American Radiator Building and several other multi-story structures.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 8, 1924 |title=Building Activity in Central Zone; Two Twenty-five Story Buildings: Estimated to Cost $2,500,000 Ech, Will Occupy Madison and Fifth Avenue Corners – Hatriman National Bank to Have New Home on Delmonico Building Site. |page=RE1 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|103383170}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=February 8, 1925 |title=Apartments in Which Homes for Many Families Are Provided: Brownstone Fronts Have Been Swept From 40th Street Tall Buildings Now Fill Skyline on South Side of Bryant Park and Library Block Builders Still Busy |page=B2 |work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1113242850}}}}</ref> The site of the annex was occupied by six houses at 46–52 West 40th Street and 39–43 West 39th Street until the 1930s.<ref name="p1318258291">{{cite news |date=February 23, 1936 |title=New Building Planned Facing Bryant Park: American Radiator Firm Reported to Have Taken Plot Adjoining Its Tower $500,000 Called Price Cliff Street Site Taken for 12 -Story Improvement |page=I1 |work=New York Herald Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1318258291}}}}</ref>
-==Design==
+==Architecture==
-The American Radiator Building was designed by [[Raymond Hood]] and [[J. André Fouilhoux]], of the firm Hood, Godley, and Fouilhoux, in a mixture of the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] and [[Art Deco]] styles. It was completed in 1924 as the headquarters of the [[American Radiator Company]].<ref name="aia5" /><ref name="Emporis">{{Cite web |title=The Bryant Park Hotel |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/114278/the-bryant-park-hotel-new-york-city-ny-usa |access-date=March 9, 2021 |publisher=Emporis |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000136/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/114278/the-bryant-park-hotel-new-york-city-ny-usa |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rene Paul Chambellan]], a frequent collaborator of Hood and his associate [[John Mead Howells]], created the ornamentation and sculptures.<ref name="NPS p. 2">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1980|ps=.|p=2}}</ref> Numerous other contractors were hired for the construction.<ref name="A-B 1924">{{cite magazine |date=Dec 1924 |title=American Radiator Building, New York City, Raymond M. Hood, Architect |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015086592063&view=1up&seq=419&skin=2021 |journal=Architecture and Building |volume=56 |page=113 |access-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811194846/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015086592063&view=1up&seq=419&skin=2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|The contractors included:
+The American Radiator Building was designed by [[Raymond Hood]] and [[J. André Fouilhoux]], of the firm Hood, Godley, and Fouilhoux, in a mixture of the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] and [[Art Deco]] styles.<ref name="aia5" /><ref name="Nash 2005">{{cite book |last=Nash |first=Eric |title=Manhattan Skyscrapers |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-56898-652-4 |publication-place=New York |pages=31 |oclc=407907000}}</ref><ref name="Stichweh2009">{{cite book |last=Stichweh |first=Dirk |title=New York Skyscrapers |publisher=[[Prestel Publishing]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-3-7913-8226-5 |page=87 |oclc=923852487}}</ref> It was completed in 1924 as the headquarters of the [[American Radiator Company]].<ref name="aia5" /><ref name="Emporis">{{Cite web |title=The Bryant Park Hotel |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/114278/the-bryant-park-hotel-new-york-city-ny-usa |access-date=March 9, 2021 |publisher=Emporis |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000136/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/114278/the-bryant-park-hotel-new-york-city-ny-usa |url-status=usurped }}</ref> [[Rene Paul Chambellan]], a frequent collaborator of Hood and his associate [[John Mead Howells]], created the ornamentation and sculptures.<ref name="NPS p. 2">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1980|ps=.|p=2}}</ref> Numerous other contractors were hired for the construction.<ref name="A-B 1924">{{cite magazine |date=Dec 1924 |title=American Radiator Building, New York City, Raymond M. Hood, Architect |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015086592063&view=1up&seq=419&skin=2021 |journal=Architecture and Building |volume=56 |page=113 |access-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811194846/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015086592063&view=1up&seq=419&skin=2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|The contractors included:
 * [[Hegeman-Harris Company]], general contractor<ref name="Hood p. 479b" /><ref name="A-B 1924" />
 * Weiskopf and Pickworth, structural engineers<ref name="Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat" /><ref name="Hood p. 475b" />
@@ Line 67: / Line 71: @@
 [[File:2011-Bryant-Park-American-Radiator-Building.JPG|left|thumb|Seen at center from Bryant Park]]
-Only the base of the building was designed in a strictly Gothic style, but the building as a whole contains abstract ornamentation, similar to those used on the [[Bush Tower]] and [[Woolworth Building]].<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" /> The American Radiator Building's [[massing]] is based on [[Eliel Saarinen's Tribune Tower design|Eliel Saarinen's unbuilt competition entry]] for [[Chicago]]'s [[Tribune Tower]], augmented with a strong use of color.<ref>{{cite book |last=Henry |first=Jay C. |title=''[[Architecture in Texas, 1895–1945]]'' |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1993 |isbn=0-292-73072-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XSEKMBiN-OQC&pg=PA217 217]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=XSEKMBiN-OQC&pg=PA218 218]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Solomonson |first=Katharine |title=The Chicago Tribune Tower Competition: Skyscraper Design and Cultural Change in the 1920s |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-226-76800-7 |edition=2 |page=247}}</ref> When the building was completed, Hood proclaimed that it was "in some respects a departure from the ordinary high building".<ref>{{harvnb|Hood|1924b|ps=.|p=467}}</ref>
+Only the base of the building was designed in a strictly Gothic style, but the building as a whole contains abstract ornamentation, similar to those used on the [[Bush Tower]] and [[Woolworth Building]].<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" /> The American Radiator Building's [[massing]] is based on [[Eliel Saarinen's Tribune Tower design|Eliel Saarinen's unbuilt competition entry]] for [[Chicago]]'s [[Tribune Tower]],<ref name="Nash 2005" /><ref name="Stichweh2009" /> augmented by a strong use of color.<ref>{{cite book |last=Henry |first=Jay C. |title=''[[Architecture in Texas, 1895–1945]]'' |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1993 |isbn=0-292-73072-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XSEKMBiN-OQC&pg=PA217 217]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=XSEKMBiN-OQC&pg=PA218 218]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Solomonson |first=Katharine |title=The Chicago Tribune Tower Competition: Skyscraper Design and Cultural Change in the 1920s |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-226-76800-7 |edition=2 |page=247}}</ref><ref name="Robins p. 87">{{harvnb|Robins|2017|p=87|ps=.}}</ref> The building's design was also inspired by those of two nearby buildings: the base-and-tower massing of the [[Candler Building (New York City)|Candler Building]] and the Gothic details of the [[Bush Tower]].<ref name="Nash 2005" /> When the building was completed, Hood proclaimed that it was "in some respects a departure from the ordinary high building".<ref>{{harvnb|Hood|1924b|ps=.|p=467}}</ref>
 === Form ===
-The original structure measuring {{cvt|338|ft}} tall consists of an eighteen-story tower above a base of five stories.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" /><ref name="Emporis" /><ref name="Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat">{{cite web |title=The Bryant Park Hotel – The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-bryant-park-hotel/9067 |access-date=August 11, 2021 |website=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811190735/https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-bryant-park-hotel/9067 |url-status=live }}</ref> The western annex only rises five stories.<ref name="NPS p. 3" /> According to ''[[Architectural Forum]]'' magazine, the lower floors "form a projecting screen, back of which rises the towering bulk of the building".<ref name="Hood p. 99a">{{harvnb|Hood|1924a|ps=.|p=99}}</ref>
+The original structure measuring {{cvt|338|ft}} tall consists of an eighteen-story tower above a base of five stories.<ref name="Emporis" /><ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" /><ref name="Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat">{{cite web |title=The Bryant Park Hotel – The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-bryant-park-hotel/9067 |access-date=August 11, 2021 |website=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811190735/https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-bryant-park-hotel/9067 |url-status=live }}</ref> The western annex only rises five stories.<ref name="NPS p. 3" /><ref name="Robins p. 88">{{harvnb|Robins|2017|p=88|ps=.}}</ref> According to ''[[Architectural Forum]]'' magazine, the lower floors "form a projecting screen, back of which rises the towering bulk of the building".<ref name="Hood p. 99a">{{harvnb|Hood|1924a|ps=.|p=99}}</ref> The writer Eric Nash described the building as the "first true expression of the Art Deco skyscraper silhouette".<ref name="Nash 2005" />
-The original tower contains several [[Setback (architecture)|setbacks]] to comply with the [[1916 Zoning Resolution]].<ref name="A-B 1924" /><ref name="NPS p. 6" /><ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> The first setback is on the 4th floor, and there are also setbacks on the 12th, 17th, 22nd, and 23rd floors.<ref name="TTA p. 15">{{Harvnb|Through the Ages|1924|ps=.|page=15}}</ref> Above the 15th story, there are indentations; those on the northern side of the building are [[bevel]]ed to make the tower appear like a shaft. Within these indentations are narrow window [[Bay (architecture)|bays]].<ref name="NPS p. 6">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1980|ps=.|p=6}}</ref><ref name="NYCL p. 2">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1974|ps=.|p=2}}</ref> The shaft-like design permitted the tower to be illuminated by natural light from all sides.<ref name="Hood p. 99a" /><ref>{{cite fednyc |page=218}}</ref> The shaft-like form was not applied consistently; the rear conformed to the city's setback requirement for backyards, so the south facade of the base and tower are continuous.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" />
+The original tower contains several [[Setback (architecture)|setbacks]] to comply with the [[1916 Zoning Resolution]].<ref name="A-B 1924" /><ref name="NPS p. 6" /><ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> The first setback is on the 4th floor, and there are also setbacks on the 12th, 17th, 22nd, and 23rd floors.<ref name="TTA p. 15">{{Harvnb|Through the Ages|1924|ps=.|page=15}}</ref> Above the 15th story are indentations; those on the northern side of the building are [[bevel]]ed to make the tower appear like a shaft.<ref name="Nash 2005" /><ref name="NPS p. 6" /><ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> Within these indentations are narrow window [[Bay (architecture)|bays]].<ref name="NPS p. 6">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1980|ps=.|p=6}}</ref><ref name="NYCL p. 2">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1974|ps=.|p=2}}</ref> The shaft-like design permitted the tower to be illuminated by natural light from all sides.<ref name="Hood p. 99a" /><ref>{{cite fednyc |page=218}}</ref> The shaft-like form was not applied consistently; the rear conformed to the city's setback requirement for backyards, so the south facade of the base and tower are continuous.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" />
-Hood had intended for the original structure to be a standalone shaft. This required the building to be set back from the lot line, therefore reducing the maximum amount of space available in the building.<ref name="nyt19940220">{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=February 20, 1994 |title=Streetscapes/The American Radiator Building; A 1924 Precursor of Art Deco |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/20/realestate/streetscapes-the-american-radiator-building-a-1924-precursor-of-art-deco.html |access-date=August 9, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624100315/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/20/realestate/streetscapes-the-american-radiator-building-a-1924-precursor-of-art-deco.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Conversely, the slight setbacks and the indented corners ensure there would be some air between the tower and all adjacent buildings.<ref name="A-B 1924" /><ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" /> According to Hood, his team shaped "a small plasteline model into the maximum model that the zoning law permitted", which was similar to the structure's final form.<ref>{{harvnb|Hood|1924b|ps=.|p=472}}</ref> Hood and his client only disagreed over whether the building should be more than twenty stories high and whether additional frontage should be used for the base.<ref>{{harvnb|Hood|1924b|ps=.|pp=472–474}}</ref>
+Hood had intended for the original structure to be a standalone shaft. This required the building to be set back from the lot line, therefore reducing the maximum amount of space available in the building.<ref name="nyt19940220">{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=February 20, 1994 |title=Streetscapes/The American Radiator Building; A 1924 Precursor of Art Deco |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/20/realestate/streetscapes-the-american-radiator-building-a-1924-precursor-of-art-deco.html |access-date=August 9, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624100315/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/20/realestate/streetscapes-the-american-radiator-building-a-1924-precursor-of-art-deco.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Conversely, the slight setbacks and the indented corners ensure there would be some air between the tower and all adjacent buildings.<ref name="A-B 1924" /><ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" /> The presence of the western annex also protected views from that direction.<ref name="Robins p. 88" /> According to Hood, his team shaped "a small plasteline model into the maximum model that the zoning law permitted", which was similar to the structure's final form.<ref>{{harvnb|Hood|1924b|ps=.|p=472}}</ref> Hood and his client only disagreed over whether the building should be more than twenty stories high and whether additional frontage should be used for the base.<ref>{{harvnb|Hood|1924b|ps=.|pp=472–474}}</ref>
 === Facade ===
-The American Radiator Building was designed with a black and gold color scheme.<ref name="aia5" /><ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|ps=.|p=576}}</ref><ref name="TTA p. 15" /><ref name="nyt19940220" /> These specific colors came from a "somewhat offhand" suggestion made during an early discussion with Hood and Fouilhoux's team.<ref name="Hood p. 468b">{{harvnb|Hood|1924b|ps=.|p=468}}</ref> It is not known who exactly suggested the black and gold colors, but architectural writer Walter Littlefield Creese says it may have been Hood's friend, architect [[Joseph Urban]].<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" /><ref>{{Cite report |title=American Architecture from 1918–1933 |last=Creese |first=Walter Littlefield |date=1949 |publisher=Harvard University |volume=II |pages=7–8}}</ref> Hood believed that conventional office buildings, with their white-masonry facades and dark glass windows, were monotonous.<ref name="nyt19940220" /><ref name="Hood p. 468b" /> He had compared such windows to "waffles" and wished to find a color to make the window openings more conspicuous.<ref name="TTA p. 15" /><ref name="p1114778872">{{cite news |date=January 27, 1924 |title=Black Brick Novel Departure for New Office Building: Golden-Colored Trimmings Will Also Adorn Structure of American Radiator Co. in West Fortieth Street |page=B3 |work=New-York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1114778872}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 20, 1924 |title=Black Brick Building for New York City: Daring Departure From the Conventional in American Radiator Company's New Structure |page=RE1 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|103445956}}}}</ref> After the tower's completion, Hood anticipated that additional colorful skyscrapers would be developed in New York City.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 20, 1927 |title=Predict New York as City of Color: Many Architects Believe Future Skyscrapers Will Show Brilliant Exteriors |page=RE14 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|104003791}}}}</ref>
+The American Radiator Building was designed in a black and gold color scheme.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576">{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|ps=.|p=576}}</ref><ref name="Robins p. 87" /><ref name="TTA p. 15" /><ref name="nyt19940220" /> These specific colors came from a "somewhat offhand" suggestion made during an early discussion with Hood and Fouilhoux's team.<ref name="Hood p. 468b">{{harvnb|Hood|1924b|ps=.|p=468}}</ref> It is not known who exactly suggested the black and gold colors, but architectural writer Walter Littlefield Creese says it may have been Hood's friend, architect [[Joseph Urban]].<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" /><ref>{{Cite report |title=American Architecture from 1918–1933 |last=Creese |first=Walter Littlefield |date=1949 |publisher=Harvard University |volume=II |pages=7–8}}</ref> Hood used the black and gold palette because he believed that conventional office buildings, with their white-masonry facades and dark glass windows, were monotonous.<ref name="Robins p. 87" /><ref name="nyt19940220" /><ref name="Hood p. 468b" /> He had compared such windows to "waffles" and wished to find a color to make the window openings more conspicuous.<ref name="TTA p. 15" /><ref name="p1114778872">{{cite news |date=January 27, 1924 |title=Black Brick Novel Departure for New Office Building: Golden-Colored Trimmings Will Also Adorn Structure of American Radiator Co. in West Fortieth Street |page=B3 |work=New-York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1114778872}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 20, 1924 |title=Black Brick Building for New York City: Daring Departure From the Conventional in American Radiator Company's New Structure |page=RE1 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|103445956}}}}</ref> After the tower's completion, Hood anticipated that additional colorful skyscrapers would be developed in New York City.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 20, 1927 |title=Predict New York as City of Color: Many Architects Believe Future Skyscrapers Will Show Brilliant Exteriors |page=RE14 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|104003791}}}}</ref>
 The primary color of black was used to signify coal, while gold-coated decorations were used to symbolize fire.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" /><ref name="Arch 1925">{{cite magazine |date=Jan 1925 |title=Prizes Awarded for the Best Recent Buildings in the Fifth Avenue Section, New York |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001789133&view=1up&seq=39&skin=2021 |journal=Architecture |volume=51 |page=23 |access-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810012222/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001789133&view=1up&seq=39&skin=2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> The "gold" was actually bronze powder placed on cast stone, a technique which was devised after a number of experiments by Hood and Fouilhoux's team.<ref name="nyt19990811" /> Hood had visited [[Brussels]] just before the American Radiator Building was built, and he had realized how golden colors had made "gloomy and dingy" buildings stand out, especially if their facades were darker.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" />
@@ Line 91: / Line 95: @@
 |caption2=The modern hotel entrance, covered by scaffolding
 }}
-The original building's base is clad with polished black [[Sweden|Swedish]] granite.<ref name="A-B 1924" /><ref name="Arch 1925" /> The windows of the former ground-level showrooms contain large plate-glass panes with thin vertical bronze [[mullion]]s in front of them. The spaces below the windows were originally clad in red [[Verona]] marble.<ref name="A-B 1924" /><ref name="TTA p. 16">{{Harvnb|Through the Ages|1924|ps=.|page=16}}</ref> The main entrance is a round-arched opening between the two original showroom windows.<ref name="NPS p. 6" /><ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> There are modified Gothic-style bronze pinnacles above the entrance opening, as well as a bronze frame around it. A [[cornice]], with [[corbel]]s and [[modillion]]s, runs above the second story.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> Originally, there were nine corbels, of which six contained ornamental figures depicting negative human emotions.<ref name="p1113168718">{{cite news |date=September 25, 1924 |title=Radiator Bldg 'Eagle' Accused Of Blue Nose: Jab at Puritanism' in U. S. Denied by Architect of Bizarre Skyscraper, Who Says Plaque Is a Phoenix His Figures Very 'Warm' Not Drunkenness, Anger, Revolt, Lust, Fury and Hate but Kinds of Heat, He Says |page=13 |work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1113168718}}}}</ref>{{efn|According to ''The New York Herald, New York Tribune'', these figures resembled anger, drunkenness, revolt, lust, fury, and hatred.<ref name="p1113168718"/>}} According to the ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'', the corbels were inspired by caricatures of medieval [[grotesque]]s.<ref name="p1323203983">{{cite news |date=June 28, 1959 |title=City's Buildings Offer Exciting Gallery of Art: Sculptural Art Contributes Personality to Manhattan Buildings |page=1C |work=New York Herald Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1323203983}}}}</ref>
+The original building's base is clad with polished black Swedish granite.<ref name="A-B 1924" /><ref name="Arch 1925" /> The windows of the former ground-level showrooms contain large plate-glass panes with thin vertical bronze [[mullion]]s in front of them. The spaces below the windows were originally clad in red [[Verona]] marble.<ref name="A-B 1924" /><ref name="TTA p. 16">{{Harvnb|Through the Ages|1924|ps=.|page=16}}</ref> The main entrance is a round-arched opening between the two original showroom windows.<ref name="NPS p. 6" /><ref name="NYCL p. 2" /> The western edge of the portal contains a plaque with the letters "1924 / Raymond Hood / Architect" embossed in bronze; the plaque originally contained a four-leaf clover, which has since fallen off.<ref name="Robins p. 88" /> There are modified Gothic-style bronze pinnacles above the entrance opening, as well as a bronze frame around it.<ref name="NPS p. 2" />
+A [[cornice]], with [[corbel]]s and [[modillion]]s, runs above the second story.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> Originally, there were nine corbels, of which six contained ornamental figures depicting negative human emotions.<ref name="p1113168718">{{cite news |date=September 25, 1924 |title=Radiator Bldg 'Eagle' Accused Of Blue Nose: Jab at Puritanism' in U. S. Denied by Architect of Bizarre Skyscraper, Who Says Plaque Is a Phoenix His Figures Very 'Warm' Not Drunkenness, Anger, Revolt, Lust, Fury and Hate but Kinds of Heat, He Says |page=13 |work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1113168718}}}}</ref>{{efn|According to ''The New York Herald, New York Tribune'', these figures resembled anger, drunkenness, revolt, lust, fury, and hatred.<ref name="p1113168718"/>}} According to the ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'', the corbels were inspired by caricatures of medieval [[grotesque]]s.<ref name="p1323203983">{{cite news |date=June 28, 1959 |title=City's Buildings Offer Exciting Gallery of Art: Sculptural Art Contributes Personality to Manhattan Buildings |page=1C |work=New York Herald Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1323203983}}}}</ref> The grotesques on the building were designed in a whimsical manner, with figures that included a pipe fitter with a wrench.<ref name="Nash 2005"/>
 The annex is designed in a similar style to the original building's base, with polished black granite on the first two stories. The annex has similar plate-glass panes and bronze mullions to the original building, but it has a revolving door at the center. The corbelled cornice above the second story of the annex is similar to that in the original building.<ref name="NPS p. 3" />
@@ Line 100: / Line 106: @@
 [[File:American Radiator Building at night.jpg|thumb|Crown illuminated at night]]
-The tower stories contain projecting bricks in various places, which give it a textured quality.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> Dark red, light red, amber, and white lights were placed on the setbacks to provide nighttime illumination.<ref name="TTA p. 16" /> The facade contains various pinnacles and peaks clad with gold,<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" /><ref name="Arch 1925" /> which one publication compared to turrets in old English castles.<ref name="TTA p. 15" /> These ornamental features are actually made of terracotta but are covered in [[gold leaf]].<ref name="A-B 1924" /> Gold is also used on corbels, cornices, and the spandrels between stories,<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> and the Gothic-style pinnacles at the top of the building are ornamented with gold leaf as well.<ref name="p1113168718" /> When the building was being completed, Hood wrote for ''Architectural Forum'' that "false tops have gone out of vogue for office buildings, as well as the fashion of putting an ornamental front on one or two sides of a building".<ref>{{harvnb|Hood|1924a|ps=.|p=98}}</ref>
+The tower stories contain projecting bricks in various places, which give it a textured quality.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> Dark red, light red, amber, and white lights were placed on the setbacks to provide nighttime illumination.<ref name="TTA p. 16" /> Cornices wrap around the building at the 16th and 20th stories.<ref name="Nash 2005" /> The facade contains various pinnacles and peaks clad with gold,<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" /><ref name="Arch 1925" /> which one publication compared to turrets in old English castles.<ref name="TTA p. 15" /> These ornamental features are actually made of terracotta but are covered in [[gold leaf]].<ref name="A-B 1924" /> Gold is also used on corbels, cornices, and the spandrels between stories,<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> and the Gothic-style pinnacles at the top of the building are ornamented with gold leaf as well.<ref name="p1113168718" /> When the building was being completed, Hood wrote for ''Architectural Forum'' that "false tops have gone out of vogue for office buildings, as well as the fashion of putting an ornamental front on one or two sides of a building".<ref>{{harvnb|Hood|1924a|ps=.|p=98}}</ref>
-The roof consists of a tank surrounding a chimney and installed on a frame.<ref name="TTA p. 15" /> At night, the gold-leafed terracotta decorations of the American Radiator Building are lit up. Hood chose not to illuminate the middle stories of the tower "to avoid any simulation of daylight effects".<ref name="Hood p. 482b" /> The nighttime lighting gives the crown the appearance of a heated radiator.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" /><ref name="nyt2003013" /> Other parts of the building were sometimes illuminated as well; in 1928, eleven stories were lit in the shape of a cross to raise awareness for [[tuberculosis management]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 20, 1928 |title=Lighted Cross Aids Drive.; Skyscraper's Lights Form Symbol of Tuberculosis Fund. |language=en-US |page=12 |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/12/20/95683312.pdf |access-date=August 10, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
+The roof consists of a tank surrounding a chimney and installed on a frame.<ref name="TTA p. 15" /> At night, the gold-leafed terracotta decorations of the American Radiator Building are illuminated; Hood intended for this to draw attention to the shaft.<ref name="aia5" /><ref name="Nash 2005" /><ref name="Hood p. 482b" /> Hood chose not to illuminate the middle stories of the tower "to avoid any simulation of daylight effects".<ref name="Hood p. 482b" /> The nighttime lighting gives the crown the appearance of a heated radiator.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" /><ref name="nyt2003013" /> Other parts of the building were sometimes illuminated as well; in 1928, eleven stories were lit in the shape of a cross to raise awareness for [[tuberculosis management]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 20, 1928 |title=Lighted Cross Aids Drive.; Skyscraper's Lights Form Symbol of Tuberculosis Fund. |language=en-US |page=12 |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/12/20/95683312.pdf |access-date=August 10, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
 === Features ===
-Initially, the building was designed with {{cvt|77000|ft2}} of floor area.<ref name="p1114778872" /><ref name="n83196667">{{Cite news |date=January 26, 1924 |title=American Radiator Co's New New York Home |pages=12 |work=The Buffalo Enquirer |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83196667/american-radiator-cos-new-new-york-home/ |access-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810234946/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83196667/american-radiator-cos-new-new-york-home/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The annex has either {{cvt|75,000|ft2}}<ref name="nyp20000712" /><ref name="n83191405" /> or {{cvt|91,000|ft2}} of space;<ref name="nyt20101117" /> according to the [[New York City Department of City Planning]], the annex's [[gross floor area]] is 91,000 square feet.<ref name="ZoLa_50"/> The building's original heating system consisted of radiators that were linked to a boiler room in the basement, which itself was available for public view.<ref name="Hood p. 481b" /><ref name="TTA p. 16" /> The ventilation system includes an exhaust shaft that led to a penthouse at the building's roof. Power is drawn directly from electric mains under the street.<ref name="Hood p. 481b">{{harvnb|Hood|1924b|ps=.|p=481}}</ref> Twenty-five hundred lights were used in the interior, as well as motors capable of {{cvt|230|hp}}.<ref name="TTA p. 16" />
+Initially, the building was designed with {{cvt|77000|ft2}} of floor area.<ref name="p1114778872" /><ref name="n83196667">{{Cite news |date=January 26, 1924 |title=American Radiator Co's New New York Home |pages=12 |work=The Buffalo Enquirer |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83196667/american-radiator-cos-new-new-york-home/ |access-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810234946/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83196667/american-radiator-cos-new-new-york-home/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The annex has either {{cvt|75,000|ft2}}<ref name="n83191405" /> or {{cvt|91,000|ft2}} of space;<ref name="nyt20101117" /> according to the [[New York City Department of City Planning]], the annex's [[gross floor area]] is 91,000 square feet.<ref name="ZoLa_50"/> The building's original heating system consisted of radiators that were linked to a boiler room in the basement, which itself was available for public view.<ref name="Hood p. 481b" /><ref name="TTA p. 16" /> The ventilation system includes an exhaust shaft that led to a penthouse at the building's roof. Power is drawn directly from electric mains under the street.<ref name="Hood p. 481b">{{harvnb|Hood|1924b|ps=.|p=481}}</ref> Twenty-five hundred lights were used in the interior, as well as motors capable of {{cvt|230|hp}}.<ref name="TTA p. 16" />
 When the building was completed, the elevators used then-innovative technology. For example, the elevator cabs could automatically align to the floor level, and the elevator gates could be opened when the passenger pushed a button, instead of having to be shoved aside manually.<ref name="nyt19940220" /><ref name="Hood p. 482b" /><ref name="TTA p. 16" /> Originally, the building had three primary elevators that ran from ground level only to the 16th story, while the top stories were served by a separate elevator.<ref name="Hood p. 482b">{{harvnb|ps=.|Hood|1924b|p=482}}</ref><ref name="nyt20000910" /> When the Bryant Park Hotel was constructed, elevator shafts were installed to transport guests directly from the lobby to the top stories.<ref name="nyt20000910" />
@@ Line 111: / Line 117: @@
 ==== Lower stories ====
 [[File:American architect and architecture. v.126 1924 p. 985.jpg|thumb|Early photo of the elevator lobby]]
-Originally, the basement had low-arched spaces that served as showrooms for furnaces and boilers.<ref name="nyt19940220" /> The [[Foundation (engineering)|foundation]] consists of piers extending {{cvt|8|to|22|ft}} below the basement floor; the deepest foundation pier is about {{cvt|40|ft}} below street level.<ref name="Hood p. 479b">{{harvnb|Hood|1924b|ps=.|p=479}}</ref> The basement includes a 73-seat screening room, which was created when the Bryant Park Hotel was constructed within the building in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The screening room was dug {{cvt|45|ft}} deep into the bedrock, Because of the high [[water table]] of the area, the excavation of the screening room entailed installing several pumps and drainage systems.<ref name="nyt20000910">{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=September 10, 2000 |title=From Front Office to Front Desk |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/10/realestate/from-front-office-to-front-desk.html |access-date=August 9, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000138/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/10/realestate/from-front-office-to-front-desk.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Originally, the basement had low-arched spaces that served as showrooms for furnaces and boilers.<ref name="nyt19940220" /> The [[Foundation (engineering)|foundation]] consists of piers extending {{cvt|8|to|22|ft}} below the basement floor; the deepest foundation pier is about {{cvt|40|ft}} below street level.<ref name="Hood p. 479b">{{harvnb|Hood|1924b|ps=.|p=479}}</ref> The basement includes a 73-seat screening room, which was created when the Bryant Park Hotel was constructed within the building in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The screening room was dug {{cvt|45|ft}} deep into the bedrock. Because of the high [[water table]] of the area, the excavation of the screening room entailed installing several pumps and drainage systems.<ref name="nyt20000910">{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=September 10, 2000 |title=From Front Office to Front Desk |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/10/realestate/from-front-office-to-front-desk.html |access-date=August 9, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000138/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/10/realestate/from-front-office-to-front-desk.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 As designed, the American Radiator Building's main entrance led to a vestibule, which in turn led to a corridor, an elevator lobby with three elevators on the left (east) wall, and a central staircase.<ref name="A-B 1924" /><ref name="Hood p. 475b">{{harvnb|Hood|1924b|ps=.|p=475}}</ref><ref name="Corbett p. 474" /> The vestibule had heavy glass and bronze doors leading to the lobby.<ref name="TTA p. 16" /> The lobby was clad in Monte Cenrato marble panels from South America. The wall panels were encircled with brass moldings, while the marble on the floor was surrounded with brass trips.<ref name="A-B 1924" /><ref name="TTA p. 16" /> The cornice was decorated with antique-looking ornamental plaster.<ref name="TTA p. 16" />
-Leading off either wall of the corridor were showrooms. Stairs led up from the west showroom to several intermediate display levels, while stairs led down from the east showroom to display level A1.<ref name="Corbett p. 474">{{harvnb|Corbett|1924|ps=.|p=474}}</ref> This arrangement, according to Hood, was intended to give "more space in each store without sensibly leaving a general main level".<ref>{{harvnb|Hood|1924b|ps=.|p=474}}</ref> Due to the layout, only the eastern showroom had a mezzanine above it. Bent girders were installed to support the different levels of showrooms, and the structural steel around the elevators were made of thin single-webs.<ref name="Hood p. 475b" /> Showrooms were also placed in the ground floor of the annex.<ref name="NPS p. 3" /> When the main building was converted to a hotel in 2001, the lower stories were reconfigured and a restaurant space was created on the ground floor.<ref name="nyt19990811" /><ref name="AR 2006-02">{{cite magazine |last=Stephens |first=Suzanne |date=Feb 2006 |title=From corporate ad to chic caravansary |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-2006-02.pdf |journal=Architectural Record |volume=194 |pages=212 |access-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810234946/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-2006-02.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, two bars, a few shops, and a gym were created within the lower stories,<ref name="nyt19990811" /> including one bar in the basement.<ref name="AR 2006-02" /> The annex's ground-floor showroom became part of the [[Gibbs College|Katharine Gibbs School]].<ref name="AR 2006-02" />
+Leading off either wall of the corridor were showrooms. Stairs led up from the west showroom to several intermediate display levels, while stairs led down from the east showroom to display level A1.<ref name="Corbett p. 474">{{harvnb|Corbett|1924|ps=.|p=474}}</ref> This arrangement, according to Hood, was intended to give "more space in each store without sensibly leaving a general main level".<ref>{{harvnb|Hood|1924b|ps=.|p=474}}</ref> Due to the layout, only the eastern showroom had a mezzanine above it. Bent girders were installed to support the different levels of showrooms, and the structural steel around the elevators were made of thin single-webs.<ref name="Hood p. 475b" /> Showrooms were also placed in the ground floor of the annex.<ref name="NPS p. 3" /> When the main building was converted to a hotel in 2001, the lower stories were reconfigured and a restaurant space was created on the ground floor.<ref name="nyt19990811" /><ref name="AR 2006-02">{{cite magazine |last=Stephens |first=Suzanne |date=Feb 2006 |title=From corporate ad to chic caravansary |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-2006-02.pdf |journal=Architectural Record |volume=194 |pages=212 |access-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810234946/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-2006-02.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, two bars, a few shops, and a gym were created within the lower stories,<ref name="nyt19990811" /> including one bar in the basement.<ref name="Stichweh2009" /><ref name="AR 2006-02" /> The annex's ground-floor showroom became part of the [[Gibbs College|Katharine Gibbs School]].<ref name="AR 2006-02" />
 ==== Upper stories ====
@@ Line 125: / Line 131: @@
 ==History==
-Raymond Hood was a relatively obscure architect when, in 1921, he collaborated with John Mead Howells in an [[architectural design competition]], submitting a successful proposal for the Tribune Tower.<ref name="NYCL p. 1">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1974|ps=.|p=1}}</ref><ref name="NPS p. 4">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1980|ps=.|p=4}}</ref> According to one author, Hood became a prominent architect "from almost complete obscurity and literally overnight".<ref>{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|ps=.|p=575}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kilham |first=Walter |title=Raymond Hood, architect; form through function in the American skyscraper |publisher=Architectural Book Pub. Co |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-8038-0218-6|publication-place=New York |page=57 |oclc=677537}}</ref> At the time, architects were using classical [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] design elements, which were poorly suited to tall structures.<ref name="NYCL p. 1" /><ref name="NPS p. 4" />
+Raymond Hood was a relatively obscure architect when, in 1921, he collaborated with John Mead Howells in an [[architectural design competition]], submitting a successful proposal for the Tribune Tower.<ref name="NYCL p. 1">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1974|ps=.|p=1}}</ref><ref name="NPS p. 4">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1980|ps=.|p=4}}</ref> According to one author, Hood became a prominent architect "from almost complete obscurity and literally overnight".<ref>{{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|ps=.|p=575}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kilham |first=Walter |title=Raymond Hood, architect; form through function in the American skyscraper |publisher=Architectural Book Pub. Co |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-8038-0218-6|publication-place=New York |page=57 |oclc=677537}}</ref> At the time, architects were using classical [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] design elements, which were not commonly used on tall structures.<ref name="NYCL p. 1" /><ref name="NPS p. 4" />
 === Development ===
@@ Line 141: / Line 147: @@
 The expanded showrooms were initially used for exhibits such as "an ideal city of 2000 AD", displayed in 1937;<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 13, 1937 |title=Exhibit Envisions City of 2,000 A. D.; Even Outdoor Temperature Will Be Controlled if Dream Is Realized |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1937/06/13/94388300.pdf |page=8 |access-date=August 11, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> an exhibit of home appliances, in 1938;<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 14, 1938 |title=Exhibit Home Comforts; Radiator Co.'s Display Viewed by 67,571 Persons |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1938/08/14/96834835.pdf |page=159 |access-date=August 11, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and a model of the northern section of Sixth Avenue, in 1941.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 12, 1941 |title=Model 'Avenue Of Americas' on Display Today: Sixth Av. Association Plan for 34th–57th St. Section in Radiator Building |page=36 |work=New York Herald Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1263713866}}}}</ref> American Standard sold the structure behind its tower, at 35–39 West 39th Street, in 1950.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 3, 1950 |title=Operator Obtains Midtown Offices; Meister Buys 12-story Building on W. 39th St.--investor Gets W. 45th St. Parcel |language=en-US |page=51 |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1950/05/03/84652064.pdf |access-date=August 10, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The expanded tower continued to be occupied by office tenants such as the [[North Star Woolen Mill]] Company,<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 17, 1942 |title=Chemical Firm Expands Offices; Air Reduction Company, Inc., Leases Additional Space at 295 Madison Ave Woolen Concern Moves North Star Rents Quarters in West 40th Street to Be Closer to Trade |language=en-US |page=34 |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/04/17/85324860.pdf |access-date=August 11, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> as well as the [[Mosler Safe Company]], the latter of which moved to the structure after American Standard acquired it in 1967.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 13, 1968 |title=News of Realty: I.t.&t. Signs Lease: Takes 18th Floor in Building Bearing Its Name |page=70 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|118465070}}}}</ref>
-The [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] (LPC) held public hearings in September 1974 to determine whether to designate the American Radiator Building, along with Bryant Park and part of the New York Public Library's interior as a city landmark. If approved, these would be the city's first modern-era, scenic, and interior landmarks, respectively.<ref name="nyt19740929">{{Cite news |last=Horsley |first=Carter B. |date=September 29, 1974 |title=Skyscraper Here May Be Landmark |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/29/archives/skyscraper-here-may-be-landmark-seek-to-create-anchors-american.html |access-date=August 9, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000136/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/29/archives/skyscraper-here-may-be-landmark-seek-to-create-anchors-american.html |url-status=live }}</ref> American Standard opposed the designation, stating that "the building has no historical significance at all"<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Toscano |first1=John |last2=Moritz |first2=Owen |date=October 9, 1974 |title=Ask Status for Social Landmark |pages=184 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83135708/ask-status-for-social-landmark/ |access-date=August 9, 2021 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000136/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83135708/ask-status-for-social-landmark/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and claiming that it was only meant to "last a commercial length of time".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fried |first=Joseph P. |date=October 22, 1974 |title=Issue and Debate |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/22/archives/preservation-of-city-landmark-buildings-issue-and-debate.html |access-date=August 14, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814235830/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/22/archives/preservation-of-city-landmark-buildings-issue-and-debate.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Only two skyscrapers, the [[Flatiron Building]] and the [[Manhattan Municipal Building]], were designated as city landmarks at the time. LPC chairwoman [[Beverly Moss Spatt]] said at the time that the "city is in serious trouble", with lawsuits questioning the commission's authority.<ref name="nyt19740929" /> The three landmark designations were granted in November 1974,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Maurice |date=November 14, 1974 |title=3 New Sorts of Landmarks Designated in City |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/14/archives/3-new-sorts-of-landmarks-designatedin-city-landmarks-of-3-sorts-are.html |access-date=August 9, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000136/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/14/archives/3-new-sorts-of-landmarks-designatedin-city-landmarks-of-3-sorts-are.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Miele |first=Alfred |date=November 14, 1974 |title=First Houses is Designated a Landmark |pages=7 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83135618/first-houses-is-designated-a-landmark/ |access-date=August 9, 2021 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000136/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83135618/first-houses-is-designated-a-landmark/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the designations were ratified by the [[New York City Board of Estimate]] early the next year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fowler |first=Glenn |date=February 7, 1975 |title=2 Landmark Designations Voided by Estimate Board |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/07/archives/2-landmark-designations-voided-by-estimate-board.html |access-date=August 9, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000139/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/07/archives/2-landmark-designations-voided-by-estimate-board.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The American Standard Building was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on May 7, 1980.<ref name="nris">{{cite web |title=Federal Register: 46 Fed. Reg. 10451 (Feb. 3, 1981) |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |date=February 3, 1981 |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/fedreg/fr046/fr046022/fr046022.pdf |access-date=March 8, 2020 |page=10649 (PDF p.&nbsp;179) |archive-date=February 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201110754/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/fedreg/fr046/fr046022/fr046022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] (LPC) held public hearings in September 1974 to determine whether to designate the American Radiator Building, along with Bryant Park and part of the New York Public Library's interior, as a city landmark. If approved, these would be the city's first modern-era, scenic, and interior landmarks, respectively.<ref name="nyt19740929">{{Cite news |last=Horsley |first=Carter B. |date=September 29, 1974 |title=Skyscraper Here May Be Landmark |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/29/archives/skyscraper-here-may-be-landmark-seek-to-create-anchors-american.html |access-date=August 9, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000136/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/29/archives/skyscraper-here-may-be-landmark-seek-to-create-anchors-american.html |url-status=live }}</ref> American Standard opposed the designation, stating that "the building has no historical significance at all"<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Toscano |first1=John |last2=Moritz |first2=Owen |date=October 9, 1974 |title=Ask Status for Social Landmark |pages=184 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83135708/ask-status-for-social-landmark/ |access-date=August 9, 2021 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000136/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83135708/ask-status-for-social-landmark/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and claiming that it was only meant to "last a commercial length of time".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fried |first=Joseph P. |date=October 22, 1974 |title=Issue and Debate |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/22/archives/preservation-of-city-landmark-buildings-issue-and-debate.html |access-date=August 14, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814235830/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/22/archives/preservation-of-city-landmark-buildings-issue-and-debate.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Only two skyscrapers, the [[Flatiron Building]] and the [[Manhattan Municipal Building]], were designated as city landmarks at the time. LPC chairwoman [[Beverly Moss Spatt]] said at the time that the "city is in serious trouble", with lawsuits questioning the commission's authority.<ref name="nyt19740929" /> The three landmark designations were granted in November 1974,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Maurice |date=November 14, 1974 |title=3 New Sorts of Landmarks Designated in City |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/14/archives/3-new-sorts-of-landmarks-designatedin-city-landmarks-of-3-sorts-are.html |access-date=August 9, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000136/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/14/archives/3-new-sorts-of-landmarks-designatedin-city-landmarks-of-3-sorts-are.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Miele |first=Alfred |date=November 14, 1974 |title=First Houses is Designated a Landmark |pages=7 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83135618/first-houses-is-designated-a-landmark/ |access-date=August 9, 2021 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000136/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83135618/first-houses-is-designated-a-landmark/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the designations were ratified by the [[New York City Board of Estimate]] early the next year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fowler |first=Glenn |date=February 7, 1975 |title=2 Landmark Designations Voided by Estimate Board |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/07/archives/2-landmark-designations-voided-by-estimate-board.html |access-date=August 9, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000139/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/07/archives/2-landmark-designations-voided-by-estimate-board.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The American Standard Building was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on May 7, 1980.<ref name="nris">{{cite web |title=Federal Register: 46 Fed. Reg. 10451 (Feb. 3, 1981) |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |date=February 3, 1981 |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/fedreg/fr046/fr046022/fr046022.pdf |access-date=March 8, 2020 |page=10649 (PDF p.&nbsp;179) |archive-date=February 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201110754/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/fedreg/fr046/fr046022/fr046022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 === Conversion ===
@@ Line 147: / Line 153: @@
 American Standard reduced the number of employees working at its New York City headquarters in the 1980s, decreasing the workforce from 500 to 200 within five years.<ref name="n83203929" /> In early 1988, [[Black+Decker]] made a surprise offer to buy American Standard and sell off the American Standard Building.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cole |first=Robert J. |date=January 28, 1988 |title=Surprise Bid for American Standard |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/28/business/surprise-bid-for-american-standard.html |access-date=August 11, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811022218/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/28/business/surprise-bid-for-american-standard.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In light of its downsizing, American Standard sold the tower and annex to Japanese company Clio Court (also known as Clio Biz<ref name="nyt19940220" />) that September for $43 million.<ref name="n83203929">{{Cite news |first=Neil |last=Barsky |date=September 1, 1988 |title=Sayonara American Standard tower sold |pages=197 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83203929/sayonara-american-standard-tower-sold/ |access-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811022218/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83203929/sayonara-american-standard-tower-sold/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="n83203806">{{Cite news |date=September 1, 1988 |title=Hotel-Seeking Japanese Firm Pays $43M for American Standard Bldg |pages=64, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83204187/building-conversion/ 74] |first=Harry |last=Berkowitz |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83203806/hotel-seeking-japanese-firm-pays-43m/ |access-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811022218/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83203806/hotel-seeking-japanese-firm-pays-43m/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Clio initially proposed converting the building into a luxury hotel with either 160,<ref name="n83203929" /> 200,<ref name="nyt19940220" /> or 250 rooms.<ref name="n83203806" /> The high price was in part due to high demand for luxury hotels at the time.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Agovino |first=Theresa |date=October 3, 1988 |title=Why Prices for Hotels Are Hitting the Roof |volume=4 |issue=40 |page=21 |id={{ProQuest|219124101}}|journal=Crain's New York Business}}</ref> Clio contemplated erecting at least 15 stories above the annex but did not have a construction estimate at first.<ref name="n83203806" /> American Standard planned to sublease some space in the building in the meantime.<ref name="n83203929" /><ref name="n83203806" />
-Following a lack of interest from Japanese investors in American real estate, the building stood vacant during the 1990s.<ref name="nyt20010624">{{Cite news |last=McDowell |first=Edwin |date=June 24, 2001 |title=Commercial Property; When Hotels Add Hospitality to History |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/24/realestate/commercial-property-when-hotels-add-hospitality-to-history.html |access-date=August 9, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000138/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/24/realestate/commercial-property-when-hotels-add-hospitality-to-history.html |url-status=live }}</ref> When [[Christopher Gray]] wrote about the building for ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1994, it had already been unoccupied for four years.<ref name="nyt19940220" /> In the 1990s, the building was also used as an observation area for fashion executives who were watching fashion shows in Bryant Park. By 1997, the shows had moved to [[Chelsea Piers]], partly because Clio was trying to the American Standard Building and partly because of discontent over the Bryant Park location.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bounds |first=Wendy |date=October 24, 1997 |title=Bowl a Strike, Strike A Pose, Walk About In Designer Clothes: New York's Fashion Shows Try on a Sports Complex. And Some Arc Having Fits |page=A1 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|1634333313}}}}</ref> The ownership of the main tower and its annex were split afterward.<ref name="nyp20000712">{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Lois |date=July 12, 2000 |title=Katharine Gibbs Moves to Bryant Park |url=https://nypost.com/2000/07/12/katharine-gibbs-moves-to-bryant-park/ |url-status=live |access-date=August 10, 2021 |website=New York Post |language=en-US |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810220309/https://nypost.com/2000/07/12/katharine-gibbs-moves-to-bryant-park/ }}</ref> Fashion designer [[Tommy Hilfiger]] reportedly expressed interest in leasing the American Standard Building as his company's headquarters, but no deal was ever made.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Croghan |first=Lore |date=October 12, 1998 |title=Tomfoolery foils Hilfiger flagship |volume=14 |issue=41 |page=4 |id={{ProQuest|219182276}}|journal=Crain's New York Business}}</ref>
+Following a lack of interest from Japanese investors in American real estate, the building stood vacant during the 1990s.<ref name="nyt20010624">{{Cite news |last=McDowell |first=Edwin |date=June 24, 2001 |title=Commercial Property; When Hotels Add Hospitality to History |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/24/realestate/commercial-property-when-hotels-add-hospitality-to-history.html |access-date=August 9, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000138/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/24/realestate/commercial-property-when-hotels-add-hospitality-to-history.html |url-status=live }}</ref> When [[Christopher Gray (architectural historian)|Christopher Gray]] wrote about the building for ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1994, it had already been unoccupied for four years.<ref name="nyt19940220" /> In the 1990s, the building was also used as an observation area for fashion executives who were watching fashion shows in Bryant Park. By 1997, the shows had moved to [[Chelsea Piers]], partly because Clio was trying to the American Standard Building and partly because of discontent over the Bryant Park location.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bounds |first=Wendy |date=October 24, 1997 |title=Bowl a Strike, Strike A Pose, Walk About In Designer Clothes: New York's Fashion Shows Try on a Sports Complex. And Some Arc Having Fits |page=A1 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|1634333313}}}}</ref> Fashion designer [[Tommy Hilfiger]] reportedly expressed interest in leasing the American Standard Building as his company's headquarters, but no deal was ever made.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Croghan |first=Lore |date=October 12, 1998 |title=Tomfoolery foils Hilfiger flagship |volume=14 |issue=41 |page=4 |id={{ProQuest|219182276}}|journal=Crain's New York Business}}</ref>
 ==== Main tower ====
-The real estate developer Philip Pilevsky bought the main tower for $15 million in 1998<ref name="nyt20010624" /> and began turning it into a 170-room hotel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=March 18, 1998 |title=Developer Seeks to Build Another Hotel in (Where Else) Times Square |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/18/nyregion/developer-seeks-to-build-another-hotel-in-where-else-times-square.html |access-date=August 10, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810234946/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/18/nyregion/developer-seeks-to-build-another-hotel-in-where-else-times-square.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The hotel was one of several being established outside the traditional hotel districts in New York City.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Holusha |first=John |date=March 21, 1999 |title=Commercial Property / The Iroquois, on West 44th Street Between Fifth and Sixth Avenues; From a Budget Hostelry to a Small Luxury Hotel |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/21/realestate/commercial-property-iroquois-west-44th-street-between-fifth-sixth-avenues-budget.html |access-date=August 11, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811022220/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/21/realestate/commercial-property-iroquois-west-44th-street-between-fifth-sixth-avenues-budget.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Daiwa Securities Group|Daiwa]] Real Estate originally committed to funding the hotel conversion but reneged when Pilevsky experienced financial issues with other projects in late 1998.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Croghan |first=Lore |date=November 23, 1988 |title=Pilevsky develops foreclosure trouble |volume=3 |issue=47 |page=21 |id={{ProQuest|219121953}}|journal=Crain's New York Business}}</ref> [[David Chipperfield]] was hired as the conversion architect.<ref name="AR 2006-02" /> The city-landmark status required that the renovation architects be particularly careful about the restoration of the facade; the designation prohibited some proposed changes such as bigger guestroom windows. At about forty places, bricks had been taken out so air-conditioning could be installed. The architects needed to close these holes with hundreds of black bricks, which had been difficult to obtain in the original construction; contractors reused some of the bricks from the interior, which were made of the same material.<ref name="nyt19990811">{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=August 11, 1999 |title=Commercial Real Estate; Turning Radiator Building Into a Boutique Hotel |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/11/nyregion/commercial-real-estate-turning-radiator-building-into-a-boutique-hotel.html |access-date=August 9, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809202252/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/11/nyregion/commercial-real-estate-turning-radiator-building-into-a-boutique-hotel.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The ownership of the main tower and its annex were split when the real estate developer Philip Pilevsky bought the main tower for $15 million in 1998<ref name="nyt20010624" /> and began turning it into a 170-room hotel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=March 18, 1998 |title=Developer Seeks to Build Another Hotel in (Where Else) Times Square |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/18/nyregion/developer-seeks-to-build-another-hotel-in-where-else-times-square.html |access-date=August 10, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810234946/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/18/nyregion/developer-seeks-to-build-another-hotel-in-where-else-times-square.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The hotel was one of several being established outside the traditional hotel districts in New York City.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Holusha |first=John |date=March 21, 1999 |title=Commercial Property / The Iroquois, on West 44th Street Between Fifth and Sixth Avenues; From a Budget Hostelry to a Small Luxury Hotel |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/21/realestate/commercial-property-iroquois-west-44th-street-between-fifth-sixth-avenues-budget.html |access-date=August 11, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811022220/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/21/realestate/commercial-property-iroquois-west-44th-street-between-fifth-sixth-avenues-budget.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Daiwa Securities Group|Daiwa]] Real Estate originally committed to funding the hotel conversion but reneged when Pilevsky experienced financial issues with other projects in late 1998.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Croghan |first=Lore |date=November 23, 1988 |title=Pilevsky develops foreclosure trouble |volume=3 |issue=47 |page=21 |id={{ProQuest|219121953}}|journal=Crain's New York Business}}</ref> [[David Chipperfield]] was hired as the conversion architect.<ref name="AR 2006-02" /> The city-landmark status required that the renovation architects be particularly careful about the restoration of the facade; the designation prohibited some proposed changes such as bigger guestroom windows. At about forty places, bricks had been taken out so that air-conditioning could be installed. The architects needed to close these holes with hundreds of black bricks, which had been difficult to obtain in the original construction; contractors reused some of the bricks from the interior, which were made of the same material.<ref name="nyt19990811">{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=August 11, 1999 |title=Commercial Real Estate; Turning Radiator Building Into a Boutique Hotel |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/11/nyregion/commercial-real-estate-turning-radiator-building-into-a-boutique-hotel.html |access-date=August 9, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809202252/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/11/nyregion/commercial-real-estate-turning-radiator-building-into-a-boutique-hotel.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The Bryant Park Hotel opened in early 2001 and was frequently fully occupied during its first two months.<ref name="nyt20010624" /> The Japanese restaurant Koi opened in the ground floor in 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bruni |first=Frank |date=May 25, 2005 |title=Japanese Chic, With Volume Turned Up |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/25/dining/reviews/japanese-chic-with-volume-turned-up.html |access-date=August 11, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811005113/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/25/dining/reviews/japanese-chic-with-volume-turned-up.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Patronite |first1=Rob |last2=Raisfeld |first2=Robin |date=March 28, 2005 |title=Openings |journal=New York |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=54 |id={{proquest|205111946}}}}</ref> The hotel became popular with musicians such as [[Madonna]] and [[Rihanna]], as well as those in the fashion and film industries, in part because [[New York Fashion Week]] was hosted in Bryant Park. However, by May 2011, the Bryant Park Hotel had fallen behind on its $89 million mortgage.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hudson |first=Kris |date=May 2, 2011 |title=Bryant Park Hotel in Pinch |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703703304576297112131668244.html |access-date=August 10, 2021 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225042722/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703703304576297112131668244.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Moroccan-themed Célon Bar & Lounge opened in the basement in 2017, replacing the hotel's Cellar Bar.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fern |first=Ashley |date=October 9, 2017 |title=The Bryant Park Hotel Welcomes New Cocktail Bar And Lounge, Célon |url=https://hauteliving.com/2017/10/bryant-park-hotel-opens-celon/644638/ |access-date=August 11, 2021 |website=Haute Living |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811005117/https://hauteliving.com/2017/10/bryant-park-hotel-opens-celon/644638/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The Bryant Park Hotel opened in early 2001 and was frequently fully occupied during its first two months.<ref name="nyt20010624" /> The Japanese restaurant Koi opened on the ground floor in 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bruni |first=Frank |date=May 25, 2005 |title=Japanese Chic, With Volume Turned Up |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/25/dining/reviews/japanese-chic-with-volume-turned-up.html |access-date=August 11, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811005113/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/25/dining/reviews/japanese-chic-with-volume-turned-up.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Patronite |first1=Rob |last2=Raisfeld |first2=Robin |date=March 28, 2005 |title=Openings |journal=New York |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=54 |id={{ProQuest|205111946}}}}</ref> and became popular with musicians such as [[Madonna]] and [[Rihanna]], as well as those in the fashion and film industries, in part because [[New York Fashion Week]] was hosted in Bryant Park. However, by May 2011, the Bryant Park Hotel had fallen behind on its $89 million mortgage.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hudson |first=Kris |date=May 2, 2011 |title=Bryant Park Hotel in Pinch |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703703304576297112131668244.html |access-date=August 10, 2021 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225042722/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703703304576297112131668244.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Moroccan-themed Célon Bar & Lounge opened in the basement in 2017, replacing the hotel's Cellar Bar.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fern |first=Ashley |date=October 9, 2017 |title=The Bryant Park Hotel Welcomes New Cocktail Bar And Lounge, Célon |url=https://hauteliving.com/2017/10/bryant-park-hotel-opens-celon/644638/ |access-date=August 11, 2021 |website=Haute Living |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811005117/https://hauteliving.com/2017/10/bryant-park-hotel-opens-celon/644638/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 The Bryant Park Hotel closed temporarily in early 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City]].<ref name="Gelinas 2021">{{cite web |last=Gelinas |first=Nicole |date=April 14, 2021 |title=What's Next for Midtown? |url=https://www.city-journal.org/whats-next-for-midtown-manhattan |access-date=August 11, 2021 |website=City Journal |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811005123/https://www.city-journal.org/whats-next-for-midtown-manhattan |url-status=live }}</ref> By mid-2020, Pilevsky, along with hotel co-owners Raymond Gindi and Joseph Chehebar, had hired Philips International to advertise all {{cvt|122000|ft2}} in the main building as office space. The men planned to rent the space in sections ranging from {{cvt|1900|to|7535|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Krisel |first=Brendan |date=July 30, 2020 |title=Bryant Park Hotel To Be {{sic|Coverted|hide=y}} Into Office Building: Report |url=https://patch.com/new-york/midtown-nyc/bryant-park-hotel-be-coverted-office-building-report |access-date=August 11, 2021 |website=Midtown-Hell's Kitchen, NY Patch |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811005115/https://patch.com/new-york/midtown-nyc/bryant-park-hotel-be-coverted-office-building-report |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2020 |title=Bryant Park Hotel Being Marketed as Office Space |url=https://therealdeal.com/2020/08/04/bryant-park-hotel-being-marketed-as-office-space/ |access-date=August 11, 2021 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811005114/https://therealdeal.com/2020/08/04/bryant-park-hotel-being-marketed-as-office-space/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The hotel reopened with limited service in September 2020 and was 20 percent occupied by March 2021.<ref name="Gelinas 2021" />
@@ Line 158: / Line 164: @@
 ==== Annex ====
 [[File:Guttman Community College.jpg|thumb|The annex, which contains Guttman Community College]]
-The Atlanta-based Homestead Properties had purchased the annex for $19 million, intending to convert it into an extended-stay hotel, though this never happened.<ref name="nyp20000712" />  In 2001, the annex was converted to the New York location of [[Gibbs College|Katharine Gibbs School]].<ref name="nyp20000712" /><ref name="n83191405">{{Cite news |date=April 10, 2001 |title=A. Philip Randolph Gets $10,000 Prize |pages=94 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83191405/a-philip-randolph-gets-10000-prize/ |access-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810220309/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83191405/a-philip-randolph-gets-10000-prize/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Gibbs School operated until 2009, when it closed all of its locations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Croghan |first=Lore |date=February 16, 2008 |title=Doors are closing at Katharine Gibbs |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/money/doors-closing-katharine-gibbs-article-1.310882 |access-date=August 10, 2021 |website=New York Daily News |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810220307/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/money/doors-closing-katharine-gibbs-article-1.310882 |url-status=live }}</ref> Afterward, the [[City University of New York]] (CUNY) indicated its intent to sign a lease for the American Radiator annex, which would house a new community college.<ref name="nyt20101117">{{Cite news |last=Satow |first=Julie |date=November 17, 2010 |title=Bryant Park Finds Bright Spots Amid the Gloom |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/17/realestate/commercial/17bryant.html |access-date=August 10, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810220306/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/17/realestate/commercial/17bryant.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The school, subsequently renamed [[Guttman Community College]], opened in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2012 |title=New community college opens at Bryant Park |url=https://therealdeal.com/2012/08/21/new-community-college-opens-at-bryant-park/ |url-status=live |access-date=August 10, 2021 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810220307/https://therealdeal.com/2012/08/21/new-community-college-opens-at-bryant-park/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pérez-Peña |first=Richard |date=July 20, 2012 |title=The New Community College Try |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/20/education/edlife/the-new-community-college-cunys-multimillion-dollar-experiment-in-education.html |access-date=August 10, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810220307/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/20/education/edlife/the-new-community-college-cunys-multimillion-dollar-experiment-in-education.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In 2001, the annex was converted to the New York location of [[Gibbs College|Katharine Gibbs School]]<ref name="n83191405">{{Cite news |date=April 10, 2001 |title=A. Philip Randolph Gets $10,000 Prize |pages=94 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83191405/a-philip-randolph-gets-10000-prize/ |access-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810220309/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83191405/a-philip-randolph-gets-10000-prize/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Gibbs School operated until 2009, when it closed all of its locations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Croghan |first=Lore |date=February 16, 2008 |title=Doors are closing at Katharine Gibbs |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/money/doors-closing-katharine-gibbs-article-1.310882 |access-date=August 10, 2021 |website=New York Daily News |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810220307/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/money/doors-closing-katharine-gibbs-article-1.310882 |url-status=live }}</ref> Afterward, the [[City University of New York]] (CUNY) indicated its intent to sign a lease for the American Radiator annex, which would house a new community college.<ref name="nyt20101117">{{Cite news |last=Satow |first=Julie |date=November 17, 2010 |title=Bryant Park Finds Bright Spots Amid the Gloom |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/17/realestate/commercial/17bryant.html |access-date=August 10, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810220306/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/17/realestate/commercial/17bryant.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The school, subsequently renamed [[Guttman Community College]], opened in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2012 |title=New community college opens at Bryant Park |url=https://therealdeal.com/2012/08/21/new-community-college-opens-at-bryant-park/ |url-status=live |access-date=August 10, 2021 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810220307/https://therealdeal.com/2012/08/21/new-community-college-opens-at-bryant-park/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pérez-Peña |first=Richard |date=July 20, 2012 |title=The New Community College Try |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/20/education/edlife/the-new-community-college-cunys-multimillion-dollar-experiment-in-education.html |access-date=August 10, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810220307/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/20/education/edlife/the-new-community-college-cunys-multimillion-dollar-experiment-in-education.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-== Reception and legacy ==
+== Impact ==
-=== Critical reception ===
+=== Reception ===
 When the building was completed, architect [[Harvey Wiley Corbett]] observed that "Comment upon the new building has been sharply divided", quoting one critic who cited the color scheme as a source of argument.<ref>{{harvnb|Corbett|1924|ps=.|p=477}}</ref> [[Hugh Ferriss]] wrote that the design "provoked more arguments among laymen on the subject of architectural values than any other structure in the country".<ref name="nyt19940220" /> Architectural media perceived the building as a novelty.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" /> ''Architecture and Building'', for instance, said the design "is unusual, but not therefore unnecessarily ugly", and therefore effective as an advertisement for the American Radiator Company''.''<ref name="A-B 1924" /> [[Architecture (magazine, 1900–1936)|''Architecture'']] magazine's editors stated in 1925 that the building's "very atmosphere", including its color scheme, was "symbolic of its function".<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" /><ref name="Arch 1925" />
-Orrick Johns of ''The New York Times'' said that the building "has broken through the color line", saying: "It certainly is something new and tremendous but, like jazz and the Ku Klux, hard to place."<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Johns |first=Orrick |date=October 4, 1925 |title=What the Modish Building Will Wear; Architecture Follows the Changing Styles of Couturiere and Tailor, Reflecting Period That Produced It |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/10/04/119054382.pdf |page=SM11 |access-date=August 11, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> An anonymous critic in [[The Villager (Manhattan)|''The Villager'']] said that the American Radiator Building "distilled" what they perceived as a monotonous skyline. Architect [[Talbot Hamlin]] also praised the building's symbolism as "the perfect artistic expression of the rush and excitement of modern life".<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 577" /> Upon Hood's death in 1934, the ''[[New York Daily News]]'' called the building "among the finest modern achievements in architecture", along with Hood's [[330 West 42nd Street|McGraw-Hill Building]], [[Daily News Building]], and [[Beaux-Arts Apartments]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 15, 1934 |title=Obituary; Raymond Mathewson Hood |pages=216 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74200937/obituary-raymond-mathewson-hood/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 23, 2021 |archive-date=August 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804142942/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74200937/obituary-raymond-mathewson-hood/ }}</ref> Praise continued even in later years. In 1987, architects [[Philip Johnson]] and [[John Burgee]] named the American Standard Building as having one of the city's most distinctive roofs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vogel |first=Carol |date=October 30, 1987 |title=Seeing New York City Through the Eyes of Its Architects |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/30/arts/seeing-new-york-city-through-the-eyes-of-its-architects.html |access-date=August 11, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811022220/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/30/arts/seeing-new-york-city-through-the-eyes-of-its-architects.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The design was additionally noted for its use of lighting. According to art and architectural historian [[Dietrich Neumann]], the design "helped to introduce a new age of color and light in American architecture."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Conklin |first1=Jo-Ann |url=https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/arts/bell-gallery/sites/brown.edu.campus-life.arts.bell-gallery/files/publications/DWBG_Hood_Catalogue_Web.pdf |title=Raymond Hood and the American Skyscrape |last2=Duval |first2=Jonathan |last3=Neumann |first3=Dietrich |publisher=David Winton Bell Gallery |year=2020 |location=Providence, RI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219182537/https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/arts/bell-gallery/sites/brown.edu.campus-life.arts.bell-gallery/files/publications/DWBG_Hood_Catalogue_Web.pdf |archive-date=February 19, 2021}}</ref>
+Orrick Johns of ''The New York Times'' said that the building "has broken through the color line", saying: "It certainly is something new and tremendous but, like jazz and the Ku Klux, hard to place."<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 576" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Johns |first=Orrick |date=October 4, 1925 |title=What the Modish Building Will Wear; Architecture Follows the Changing Styles of Couturiere and Tailor, Reflecting Period That Produced It |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/10/04/119054382.pdf |page=SM11 |access-date=August 11, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> An anonymous critic in [[The Villager (Manhattan)|''The Villager'']] said that the American Radiator Building "distilled" what they perceived as a monotonous skyline.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 577" /> Architect [[Talbot Hamlin]] also praised the building's symbolism as "the perfect artistic expression of the rush and excitement of modern life"<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 577" /> and called it the "most daring experiment in color in modern buildings yet made in America".<ref name="Robins p. 87" /> Upon Hood's death in 1934, the ''[[New York Daily News]]'' called the building "among the finest modern achievements in architecture", along with Hood's [[330 West 42nd Street|McGraw-Hill Building]], [[Daily News Building]], and [[Beaux-Arts Apartments]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 15, 1934 |title=Obituary; Raymond Mathewson Hood |pages=216 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74200937/obituary-raymond-mathewson-hood/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 23, 2021 |archive-date=August 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804142942/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74200937/obituary-raymond-mathewson-hood/ }}</ref> Praise continued even in later years. In 1987, architects [[Philip Johnson]] and [[John Burgee]] named the American Standard Building as having one of the city's most distinctive roofs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vogel |first=Carol |date=October 30, 1987 |title=Seeing New York City Through the Eyes of Its Architects |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/30/arts/seeing-new-york-city-through-the-eyes-of-its-architects.html |access-date=August 11, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811022220/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/30/arts/seeing-new-york-city-through-the-eyes-of-its-architects.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The design was additionally noted for its use of lighting. According to art and architectural historian [[Dietrich Neumann]], the design "helped to introduce a new age of color and light in American architecture."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Conklin |first1=Jo-Ann |url=https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/arts/bell-gallery/sites/brown.edu.campus-life.arts.bell-gallery/files/publications/DWBG_Hood_Catalogue_Web.pdf |title=Raymond Hood and the American Skyscrape |last2=Duval |first2=Jonathan |last3=Neumann |first3=Dietrich |publisher=David Winton Bell Gallery |year=2020 |location=Providence, RI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219182537/https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/arts/bell-gallery/sites/brown.edu.campus-life.arts.bell-gallery/files/publications/DWBG_Hood_Catalogue_Web.pdf |archive-date=February 19, 2021}}</ref>
 Other critics were less appreciative of the novel color scheme.<ref>{{harvnb|ps=.|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|pp=576–577}}</ref>  An article published in ''Architecture'' magazine during 1925 said that the facade design "shocked and offended some of our good friends from the Middle West who saw it for the first time recently".<ref>{{cite magazine |date=Jul 1925 |title=Color |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001789133&view=1up&seq=39&skin=2021 |journal=Architecture |volume=52 |page=248 |access-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810012222/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001789133&view=1up&seq=39&skin=2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> Journalist [[Herbert Croly]] felt that the American Radiator Building was "not particularly successful in itself",<ref name="Croly1925">{{Cite magazine |last=Croly |first=Herbert |date=Jan 1925 |title=A New Dimension in Architectural Effects |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435022834295&view=1up&seq=111&skin=2021 |journal=Architectural Record |volume=57 |pages=93–94 |access-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811232807/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435022834295&view=1up&seq=111&skin=2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> though he believed the decorative scheme was useful as an inspiration for future colorful buildings in New York City.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 577" /><ref name="Croly1925" /> Similarly, [[George Harold Edgell]] said the design's "effect is theatrical to a degree that opens it to the charge of vulgarity", questioning whether a radiator company required such a prominent edifice.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 577" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Edgell |first=George Harold |title=The American architecture of to-day |date=1928 |publisher=C. Scribner's sons |location=New York |language=English |oclc=491975655 |page=363}}</ref>
 === Awards and media ===
-In December 1924, the Fifth Avenue Association dubbed the American Radiator Building as the second-best new building erected around Fifth Avenue during that year.<ref name="Arch 1925" /><ref>{{cite news |date=November 23, 1924 |title=Coveted Annual Prizes Are Awarded by Committee to Owners of Four Interesting Structures: Saks Wins First Honor "Black Tower," on 40th St., Second Finest New Building; Selection Big Task |page=B1 |work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1113075864}}}}</ref> The [[Community Trust of New York]] installed a plaque near the original building's entrance in 1962, commemorating the building's architectural significance.<ref name="NPS p. 6" /><ref>{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1974|ps=.|p=3}}</ref> According to Christopher Gray, the American Radiator Building was "so powerful that it inspired other works of art",<ref name=nyt19990811/> namely [[Georgia O'Keeffe]]'s 1927 painting ''[[New York skyscraper paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe|Radiator Building – Night, New York]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 6, 1986 |title=Georgia O'Keeffe Artworks & Famous Paintings |url=https://www.theartstory.org/artist/okeeffe-georgia/artworks/ |access-date=August 9, 2021 |website=The Art Story |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000137/https://www.theartstory.org/artist/okeeffe-georgia/artworks/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Souter |first=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJrhiVo30U4C&pg=PA159 |title=Georgia O'Keeffe |publisher=Parkstone International |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78042-298-5 |series=Great Masters |page=60 |access-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000136/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJrhiVo30U4C&pg=PA159 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art]] describes ''Radiator Building – Night, New York'' as O'Keeffe's "grandest statement on New York City".<ref name="CBMAA">{{cite web|url=http://stieglitzcollection.crystalbridges.org/object/radiator-building-night-new-york/|title=Radiator Building—Night, New York|publisher=Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art|access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref>
+In December 1924, the Fifth Avenue Association dubbed the American Radiator Building as the second-best new building erected around Fifth Avenue during that year.<ref name="Arch 1925" /><ref>{{cite news |date=November 23, 1924 |title=Coveted Annual Prizes Are Awarded by Committee to Owners of Four Interesting Structures: Saks Wins First Honor "Black Tower," on 40th St., Second Finest New Building; Selection Big Task |page=B1 |work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1113075864}}}}</ref> The [[Community Trust of New York]] installed a plaque near the original building's entrance in 1962, commemorating the building's architectural significance.<ref name="NPS p. 6" /><ref>{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1974|ps=.|p=3}}</ref> According to Christopher Gray, the American Radiator Building was "so powerful that it inspired other works of art".<ref name=nyt19990811/> These artworks included [[Georgia O'Keeffe]]'s 1927 painting ''[[New York skyscraper paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe|Radiator Building – Night, New York]]'',<ref name="NPS p. 2" /><ref>{{cite web |date=March 6, 1986 |title=Georgia O'Keeffe Artworks & Famous Paintings |url=https://www.theartstory.org/artist/okeeffe-georgia/artworks/ |access-date=August 9, 2021 |website=The Art Story |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000137/https://www.theartstory.org/artist/okeeffe-georgia/artworks/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Souter |first=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJrhiVo30U4C&pg=PA159 |title=Georgia O'Keeffe |publisher=Parkstone International |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78042-298-5 |series=Great Masters |page=60 |access-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000136/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJrhiVo30U4C&pg=PA159 |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as nighttime photographs by [[Samuel Gottscho]].<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> The [[Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art]] describes ''Radiator Building – Night, New York'' as O'Keeffe's "grandest statement on New York City".<ref name="CBMAA">{{cite web|url=http://stieglitzcollection.crystalbridges.org/object/radiator-building-night-new-york/|title=Radiator Building—Night, New York|publisher=Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art|access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref>
 == See also ==
+* [[Art Deco architecture of New York City]]
 * [[List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets]]
 * [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets]]
@@ Line 184: / Line 191: @@
 ===Sources===
-* {{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0878.pdf |title=American Radiator Building |date=November 12, 1974 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |archive-url= |archive-date= |ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1974}}}}
+* {{cite report |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0878.pdf |title=American Radiator Building |date=November 12, 1974 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1974}}}}
-* {{cite web |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/80002663.pdf |title=American Radiator Building |date=May 7, 1980 |publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]] |ref={{harvid|National Park Service|1980}}}}
+* {{cite report |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/80002663.pdf |title=American Radiator Building |date=May 7, 1980 |publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]] |ref={{harvid|National Park Service|1980}}}}
-*{{cite magazine |date=Jul 1924 |title=Black and Gold American Radiator Company's Building, in New York, Presents an{{sic |nolink=yes}} Unique Color Scheme |url=https://usmodernist.org/TTA/TTA-1924-07.pdf |journal=Through the Ages |volume=2 |pages=15–16 |ref={{harvid|Through the Ages|1924}}}}
+* {{cite magazine |date=Jul 1924 |title=Black and Gold American Radiator Company's Building, in New York, Presents an{{sic |nolink=yes}} Unique Color Scheme |url=https://usmodernist.org/TTA/TTA-1924-07.pdf |journal=Through the Ages |volume=2 |pages=15–16 |ref={{harvid|Through the Ages|1924}}}}
 * {{Cite magazine |last=Corbett |first=Harvey Wiley |date=May 1924 |title=American Radiator Building, New York City |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015033430284&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021 |journal=Architectural Record |volume=55 |pages=473–477}}
 * {{cite magazine |last=Hood |first=Raymond M. |date=September 1924 |title=Exterior Architecture of Office Buildings |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015035827610&view=1up&seq=181&skin=2021 |journal=Architectural Forum |volume=41 |pages=97–99 |ref={{harvid|Hood|1924a}}|number=}}
 * {{cite magazine |last=Hood |first=Raymond M. |date=November 19, 1924 |title=The American Radiator Company Building, New York |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011399204&view=1up&seq=970&skin=2021 |journal=American Architect & Building News |volume=126 |pages=467–479 |ref={{harvid|Hood|1924b}}|number=2459}}
+* {{cite book |last=Robins |first=Anthony W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cnC6DgAAQBAJ |title=New York Art Deco: A Guide to Gotham's Jazz Age Architecture |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4384-6396-4 |series=Excelsior Editions |oclc=953576510}}
 * {{Cite ny1930}}
@@ Line 205: / Line 213: @@
 [[Category:2001 establishments in New York City]]
 [[Category:Art Deco architecture in Manhattan]]
+[[Category:Art Deco skyscrapers]]
 [[Category:Bryant Park buildings]]
 [[Category:Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan]]
@@ Line 211: / Line 220: @@
 [[Category:Office buildings completed in 1924]]
 [[Category:Skyscraper hotels in Manhattan]]
+[[Category:New York State Register of Historic Places in New York County]]

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