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{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{italic title}}
{{italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Taxus canadensis''
| name = Canada yew
| image = Taxus canadensis drawing.png
| image = Taxus canadensis drawing.png
| image_width = 200px
| status = LC
| status = LR/lc | status_system = IUCN2.3
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Thomas, P. |date=2013 |title=''Taxus canadensis'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T42547A2986960 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42547A2986960.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| genus = Taxus
| divisio = [[Pinophyta]]
| species = canadensis
| classis = [[Pinophyta|Pinopsida]]
| ordo = [[Pinales]]
| authority = [[Humphry Marshall|Marshall]]
| range_map = Taxus canadensis range map.png
| familia = [[Taxaceae]]
| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''T. canadensis''
| genus = ''[[Taxus]]''
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="PLANTS" /><ref name="FNA" /><!-- Not fully cited! -->
| species = '''''T. canadensis'''''
| synonyms =
| binomial = ''Taxus canadensis''
* ''Taxus baccata'' var. ''minor'' {{small|Michx. 1803}}
| binomial_authority = [[Humphry Marshall|Marshall]]
* ''Taxus procumbens'' {{small|Lodd. ex Loudon 1836}}
* ''Taxus baccata'' Linnaeus subsp. ''canadensis'' (Marshall) Pilger
* ''Taxus baccata'' var. ''procumbens'' {{small|Loudon 1842}}
* ''Taxus baccata'' var. ''adpressa'' {{small|Carrière 1855}}
* ''Taxus baccata'' var. ''canadensis'' {{small|(Marshall) A.Gray 1856}}
* ''Taxus minor'' {{small|(Michx.) Britton 1893}}
* ''Taxus baccata'' subsp. ''canadensis'' {{small|(Marshall) Pilg. 1903}}
* ''Taxus canadensis'' var. ''adpressa'' {{small|(Carrière) Spjut 2007}}
* ''Taxus canadensis'' var. ''minor'' {{small|(Michx.) Spjut 2007}}
}}
}}
{| class="infobox biota" style="margin-top:0px; text-align:left; width:212px; font-size:100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
! style="text-align:center; background-color:rgb(144,238,144)"|[[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]]
|-
|''Taxus baccata'' var. ''minor''
|-
|align="right" style="font-size:80%; line-height:80%"|Michx. 1803
|-
|''Taxus procumbens''
|-
|align="right" style="font-size:80%; line-height:80%"|Lodd. ex Loudon 1836
|-
|''Taxus baccata'' var. ''procumbens''
|-
|align="right" style="font-size:80%; line-height:80%"|Loudon 1842
|-
|''Taxus baccata'' var. ''adpressa''
|-
|align="right" style="font-size:80%; line-height:80%"|Carrière 1855
|-
|''Taxus baccata'' var. ''canadensis''
|-
|align="right" style="font-size:80%; line-height:80%"|(Marshall) A.Gray 1856
|-
|''Taxus minor''
|-
|align="right" style="font-size:80%; line-height:80%"|(Michx.) Britton 1893
|-
|''Taxus baccata'' subsp. ''canadensis''
|-
|align="right" style="font-size:80%; line-height:80%"|(Marshall) Pilg. 1903
|-
|''Taxus canadensis'' var. ''adpressa''
|-
|align="right" style="font-size:80%; line-height:80%"|(Carrière) Spjut 2007
|-
|''Taxus canadensis'' var. ''minor''
|-
|align="right" style="font-size:80%; line-height:80%"|(Michx.) Spjut 2007
|}


'''''Taxus canadensis''''' ('''Canadian Yew''') is a [[Pinophyta|conifer]] native to central and eastern [[North America]], thriving in swampy woods, ravines, riverbanks and on lake shores. Locally called simply "Yew", this species is also referred to as American Yew or Ground-hemlock.
'''''Taxus canadensis''''', the '''Canada yew'''<ref name="PLANTS" /> or '''Canadian yew''', is a [[conifer]] native to central and eastern [[North America]], thriving in swampy woods, ravines, riverbanks and on lake shores. Locally called simply as "yew", this species is also referred to as American yew or ground-hemlock.


Most of its range is well north of the [[Ohio River]]. It is, however, found as a rare ice age [[relict]] in some coves of the Appalachian Mountains. The southernmost colonies are known from [[Ashe County, North Carolina|Ashe]] and [[Watauga County, North Carolina]].<ref>http://www.ncnhp.org/Images/2008%20Rare%20Plant%20List.pdf</ref>
Most of its range is well north of the [[Ohio River]]. It is, however, found as a rare ice age [[Relict (biology)|relict]] in some coves of the Appalachian Mountains. The southernmost colonies are known from [[Ashe County, North Carolina|Ashe]] and [[Watauga County, North Carolina|Watauga]] Counties in [[North Carolina]].<ref name=Oakley2000 />


== Description and ecology ==
It is usually a sprawling [[shrub]], rarely exceeding 2.5 m tall. It sometimes forms strong upright central leaders, but these cannot be formed from spreading branches, only from the original leader of the seedling plant. The shrub has thin scaly brown [[bark]]. The [[leaf|leaves]] are lanceolate, flat, dark green, 1–2.5&nbsp;cm long and 1.5&nbsp;mm broad, arranged in two flat rows either side of the branch.
It is usually a sprawling [[shrub]], rarely exceeding 2.5&nbsp;m tall. It sometimes forms strong upright central leaders, but these cannot be formed from spreading branches, only from the original leader of the seedling plant. The shrub has thin scaly brown [[Bark (botany)|bark]]. The [[leaf|leaves]] ([[needle (botany)|needles]]) are lanceolate, flat, dark green, {{convert|1|–|2.5|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=in}} long and {{convert|1|-|2.4|mm|in|abbr=in}} broad,<ref name="FNA" /> arranged in two flat rows either side of the branch.


The [[conifer cone|seed cones]] are highly modified, each cone containing a single [[seed]] partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft, bright red [[berry]]-like structure called an [[aril]], open at the end. The seeds are eaten by [[Thrush (bird)|thrushes]], [[waxwing]]s and other [[bird]]s, which disperse the hard seeds undamaged in their droppings. The male cones are globose, 3&nbsp;mm diameter. It is a [[Plant sexuality|monoecious]] plant — one of the few in the genus.
The [[seed cones]] are highly modified, each cone containing a single [[seed]] partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft, bright red [[Berry (botany)|berry]]-like structure called an [[aril]], open at the end. The seeds are eaten by [[Thrush (bird)|thrushes]], [[waxwing]]s and other [[bird]]s, which disperse the (highly toxic)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Elias|first=Thomas S.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244766414|title=Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods|last2=Dykeman|first2=Peter A.|publisher=[[Sterling Publishing|Sterling]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4027-6715-9|location=New York|pages=271|oclc=244766414|orig-year=1982}}</ref> hard seeds undamaged in their droppings. The male cones are globose, 3&nbsp;mm in diameter. It is a [[monoecious]] plant – one of the few in the genus.


==Uses and traditions==
== Uses and traditions ==
While one would be ill-advised to consume this plant, it is nonetheless thought to be of lower toxicity than ''[[Taxus baccata]]''. All parts of the plant, save the aril, should be considered toxic.
All parts of Canadian yew, save the aril, are [[Toxicity|toxic]]; it is, however, thought to be of lower toxicity than ''[[T. baccata]]''.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}


Tribes in its native range used small quantities of yew leaf tea topically or internally for a variety of ailments – notably [[rheumatism]]. Tribes are also been said to have used yew twigs in steam baths to help alleviate [[rheumatism]]. Again, the plant is quite toxic and modern [[Herbalism|herbalists]] prefer safer, more effective herbs.
Native Americans in its native range used small quantities of yew leaf tea topically or internally for a variety of ailments – notably [[rheumatism]]. They are also been said to have used yew twigs in [[Steambath|steam baths]] to help alleviate [[rheumatism]]. Again, the plant is quite toxic and modern [[Herbalism|herbalists]] prefer safer, more effective herbs. {{citation needed|date=September 2013}}


''Taxus canadensis'' is also being harvested in northern [[Ontario]], [[Québec]] and [[Atlantic Canada]] as the plant is a source of the class of poisonous chemicals known as [[taxane]]s, which have been a focus for [[cancer]] research. ''T. canadensis'' is much more abundant than the near-threatened ''[[Taxus brevifolia]]'' (Pacific Yew), and the "greens" (new growth) can be [[Sustainable yield|harvested sustainably]] every five years, instead of stripping the bark and killing the plant.
''Taxus canadensis'' is also being harvested in northern [[Ontario]], [[Québec]] and [[Atlantic Canada]] as the plant is a source of the class of poisonous chemicals known as [[taxane]]s, which have been a focus for [[cancer]] research.<ref name=MNR /> ''T. canadensis'' is much more abundant than the near-threatened ''[[Taxus brevifolia]]'' (Pacific yew), and the "greens" (new growth) can be [[Sustainable yield|harvested sustainably]] every five years, instead of stripping the bark and killing the plant.


The most abundant taxane in ''T. canadensis'' is 9-dihydro-13-acetylbaccatin III, which can be effectively converted to [[10-deacetylbaccatin III]], used in the production of [[paclitaxel]]. Recently, two new taxanes have been identified from ''T. canadensis'', including 7β,10β,13α-triacetoxy-5α-(3'-dimethylamino-3'-phenylpropanoyl)oxy-2α-hydroxy-2(3→20)abeotaxa-4(20),11-dien-9-one and 2α,10β-diacetoxy-9α-hydroxy-5α-(3'-dimethylamino-3'-phenylpropanoyl)oxy-3,11-cyclotax-4(20)-en-13-one.
The most abundant taxane in ''T. canadensis'' is [[9-dihydro-13-acetylbaccatin III]], which can be effectively converted to [[10-deacetylbaccatin III]], used in the production of [[paclitaxel]].<ref name=Niko2000 /> Two additional taxanes have been identified from ''T. canadensis'', including 7β,10β,13α-triacetoxy-5α-(3'-dimethylamino-3'-phenylpropanoyl)oxy-2α-hydroxy-2(3→20)abeotaxa-4(20),11-dien-9-one; and 2α,10β-diacetoxy-9α-hydroxy-5α-(3'-dimethylamino-3'-phenylpropanoyl)oxy-3,11-cyclotax-4(20)-en-13-one.<ref name=Shi2006 />


[[File:Taxus canadensis 5443106.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Canada yew [[aril]]]]
[[Image:CanadaYew.JPG|left|thumb|''Taxis canadensis'']]
[[Image:Taxus canadensis range map.png|thumb|left|Natural range]]
[[File:Taxus canadensis, Pancake Bay.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Canada yew]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|
<references/>
refs=
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=Conifer Specialist Group|year=1998|id=42547|title=Taxus canadensis|downloaded=12 May 2006}}
<ref name="PLANTS">{{PLANTS|id=TACA7|taxon=Taxus canadensis|accessdate=8 December 2015}}</ref>
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/np50089a022 |author=Gunawardana GP, Premachandran U, Burres NS, Whittern DN, Henry R, Spanton S, Mcalpine JB |title=Isolation of 9-dihydro-13-acetylbaccatin III from ''Taxus canadensis'' |journal=[[Journal of Natural Products|J. Nat. Prod.]] |volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=1686–9 |year=1992 }}

*{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0968-0896(00)00056-0 |author=Nikolakakis A, Caron G, Cherestes A, Sauriol F, Mamer O, Zamir LO |title=''Taxus canadensis'' abundant taxane : Conversion to paclitaxel and rearrangements |journal=[[Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry|Bioorg. Med. Chem.]] |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=1269–80 |year=2000 }}
<ref name="FNA">{{eFloras|1|233501254|Taxus canadensis |family=Taxaceae |first=Matthew H. |last=Hils}}</ref>
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1271/bbb.70.732 |author=Shi QW, Si XT, Zhao YM, ''et al.'' |title=Two new alkaloidal taxoids from the needles of ''Taxus canadensis'' |journal=Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=732–6 |year=2006 |month=March |pmid=16556995 |url=http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/bbb/70.732?lang=en&from=PubMed}}



<ref name=MNR>{{cite web |title=Harvesting Canada Yew – Information for Landowners |url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/Forests/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_166360.html |publisher=Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources |accessdate=2013-09-09}}</ref>

<ref name=Niko2000>{{cite journal |author1=Nikolakakis, A |author2=Caron, G |author3=Cherestes, A |author4=Sauriol, F |author5=Mamer, O |author6=Zamir, LO |title=''Taxus canadensis'' abundant taxane: Conversion to paclitaxel and rearrangements |journal=[[Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry|Bioorg. Med. Chem.]] |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=1269–80 |year=2000 |doi=10.1016/S0968-0896(00)00056-0|pmid=10896107 }}</ref>

<ref name=Oakley2000>{{cite report |last=Oakley |first=Shawn C. |title=An Inventory of the Significant Natural Areas of Watauga County, North Carolina |url=http://portal.ncdenr.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=ea597067-443d-41f2-a725-7cdd7024d5f9&groupId=61587 |year=2000 |publisher=N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Div. of Parks and Rec |page=27 |accessdate=2013-09-09}}</ref>

<ref name=Shi2006>{{cite journal |doi=10.1271/bbb.70.732 |author1=Shi, QW |author2=Si, XT |author3=Zhao, YM |author4=Yamada, T |author5=Kiyota, H |title=Two new alkaloidal taxoids from the needles of ''Taxus canadensis'' |journal=Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=732–6 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16556995 |s2cid=24161551 |url=http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/bbb/70.732?lang=en&from=PubMed|doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}


==External links==
==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
*{{eol|1033701}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q1723511}}
[[Category:Taxus|Canadensis]]

[[Category:Poisonous plants]]
[[Category:Taxus|canadensis]]
[[Category:Least concern plants]]
[[Category:Least concern plants]]
[[Category:Flora of West Virginia]]
[[Category:Flora of West Virginia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1785]]

[[Category:Trees of Northern America]]
[[sv:Taxus canadensis]]

Latest revision as of 21:10, 27 September 2024

Canada yew
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Cupressales
Family: Taxaceae
Genus: Taxus
Species:
T. canadensis
Binomial name
Taxus canadensis
Natural range of T. canadensis
Synonyms[2][3]
  • Taxus baccata var. minor Michx. 1803
  • Taxus procumbens Lodd. ex Loudon 1836
  • Taxus baccata Linnaeus subsp. canadensis (Marshall) Pilger
  • Taxus baccata var. procumbens Loudon 1842
  • Taxus baccata var. adpressa Carrière 1855
  • Taxus baccata var. canadensis (Marshall) A.Gray 1856
  • Taxus minor (Michx.) Britton 1893
  • Taxus baccata subsp. canadensis (Marshall) Pilg. 1903
  • Taxus canadensis var. adpressa (Carrière) Spjut 2007
  • Taxus canadensis var. minor (Michx.) Spjut 2007

Taxus canadensis, the Canada yew[2] or Canadian yew, is a conifer native to central and eastern North America, thriving in swampy woods, ravines, riverbanks and on lake shores. Locally called simply as "yew", this species is also referred to as American yew or ground-hemlock.

Most of its range is well north of the Ohio River. It is, however, found as a rare ice age relict in some coves of the Appalachian Mountains. The southernmost colonies are known from Ashe and Watauga Counties in North Carolina.[4]

Description and ecology

[edit]

It is usually a sprawling shrub, rarely exceeding 2.5 m tall. It sometimes forms strong upright central leaders, but these cannot be formed from spreading branches, only from the original leader of the seedling plant. The shrub has thin scaly brown bark. The leaves (needles) are lanceolate, flat, dark green, 1–2.5 cm (3⁄8–1 inch) long and 1–2.4 mm (0.039–0.094 inches) broad,[3] arranged in two flat rows either side of the branch.

The seed cones are highly modified, each cone containing a single seed partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft, bright red berry-like structure called an aril, open at the end. The seeds are eaten by thrushes, waxwings and other birds, which disperse the (highly toxic)[5] hard seeds undamaged in their droppings. The male cones are globose, 3 mm in diameter. It is a monoecious plant – one of the few in the genus.

Uses and traditions

[edit]

All parts of Canadian yew, save the aril, are toxic; it is, however, thought to be of lower toxicity than T. baccata.[citation needed]

Native Americans in its native range used small quantities of yew leaf tea topically or internally for a variety of ailments – notably rheumatism. They are also been said to have used yew twigs in steam baths to help alleviate rheumatism. Again, the plant is quite toxic and modern herbalists prefer safer, more effective herbs. [citation needed]

Taxus canadensis is also being harvested in northern Ontario, Québec and Atlantic Canada as the plant is a source of the class of poisonous chemicals known as taxanes, which have been a focus for cancer research.[6] T. canadensis is much more abundant than the near-threatened Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew), and the "greens" (new growth) can be harvested sustainably every five years, instead of stripping the bark and killing the plant.

The most abundant taxane in T. canadensis is 9-dihydro-13-acetylbaccatin III, which can be effectively converted to 10-deacetylbaccatin III, used in the production of paclitaxel.[7] Two additional taxanes have been identified from T. canadensis, including 7β,10β,13α-triacetoxy-5α-(3'-dimethylamino-3'-phenylpropanoyl)oxy-2α-hydroxy-2(3→20)abeotaxa-4(20),11-dien-9-one; and 2α,10β-diacetoxy-9α-hydroxy-5α-(3'-dimethylamino-3'-phenylpropanoyl)oxy-3,11-cyclotax-4(20)-en-13-one.[8]

Canada yew aril
Canada yew

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Thomas, P. (2013). "Taxus canadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42547A2986960. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42547A2986960.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b NRCS. "Taxus canadensis". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  3. ^ a b Hils, Matthew H. (1993). "Taxus canadensis". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  4. ^ Oakley, Shawn C. (2000). An Inventory of the Significant Natural Areas of Watauga County, North Carolina (Report). N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Div. of Parks and Rec. p. 27. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
  5. ^ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
  6. ^ "Harvesting Canada Yew – Information for Landowners". Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
  7. ^ Nikolakakis, A; Caron, G; Cherestes, A; Sauriol, F; Mamer, O; Zamir, LO (2000). "Taxus canadensis abundant taxane: Conversion to paclitaxel and rearrangements". Bioorg. Med. Chem. 8 (6): 1269–80. doi:10.1016/S0968-0896(00)00056-0. PMID 10896107.
  8. ^ Shi, QW; Si, XT; Zhao, YM; Yamada, T; Kiyota, H (March 2006). "Two new alkaloidal taxoids from the needles of Taxus canadensis". Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 70 (3): 732–6. doi:10.1271/bbb.70.732. PMID 16556995. S2CID 24161551.
[edit]
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