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{{for|the village in Comoros|Daji, Comoros}}
{{Short description|Favorite consort of the last Shang king, known for her alleged capabilities of seduction}}{{for|the village in Comoros|Daji, Comoros}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
|name=Daji<br>{{native name|zh|妲己}}
|name=Daji{{pb}}{{native name|zh|妲己}}
|succession=
|succession=
|reign=
|reign=
|predecessor=
|predecessor=
|issue=
|issue=
|full name= [[Chinese surname#Shi|Clan name]]: Su ({{lang|zh|蘇}})<br/>[[Courtesy name]]: Da ({{lang|zh|妲}})<br>[[Chinese surname#Xing|Ancestral name]]: Ji (己)<ref>''[[Guoyu (book)|Guoyu]]''<!--「{{lang|zh|有蘇氏女，妲字己姓也}}。」--></ref>
|full name= {{ubl|[[Chinese surname#Shi|Clan name]]: Su ({{lang|zh|蘇}})|[[Courtesy name]]: Da ({{lang|zh|妲}})|[[Chinese surname#Xing|Ancestral name]]: Ji (己)<ref>''[[Guoyu (book)|Guoyu]]''<!--「{{lang|zh|有蘇氏女，妲字己姓也}}。」--></ref>}}
|posthumous name=
|posthumous name=
|father=
|father= [[Su Hu]]
|image = Ping Sien Si - 026 Daji (16133466711).jpg
|image = Ping Sien Si - 026 Daji (16133466711).jpg
|caption = Daji, as depicted on a relief at Ping Sien Si Temple in Perak, Malaysia
|caption = Daji, as depicted on a relief at Ping Sien Si Temple in Perak, Malaysia
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}}
}}


'''Daji''' ({{zh|c=妲己|p=Dájǐ|w=Ta<sup>2</sup>-chi<sup>3</sup>}}) was the favorite consort of [[King Zhou of Shang]], the last king of the [[Shang dynasty]] in [[History of China|ancient China]]. She is portrayed as a malevolent [[Huli jing|fox spirit]] in legends as well as novels. However, the real Daji was slain by the latter one.<ref>{{cite book| last1=Chen|first1=Ya-chen| title=Women in Chinese martial arts films of the new millennium narrative analyses and gender politics|date=2012| publisher=Lexington Books|location=Lanham| page=11 |isbn=9780739139103}}</ref> Her identification as a fox spirit seems to have originated from at least the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book| last1=Huntington|first1=Rania|title=Alien kind : foxes and late imperial Chinese narrative| date=2003 |publisher=Harvard University Press| location=Cambridge| isbn=9780674010949|page=195}}</ref> These accounts have been popularized in works such as the ''Wu Wang Fa Zhou Pinghua'' (武王伐紂平話), the ''[[Investiture of the Gods|Fengshen Yanyi]]'', and the ''[[Chronicles of the Eastern Zhou Kingdoms|Lieguo Zhi]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Maram|title=Competing discourses: Orthodoxy, authenticity, and endangered meanings in late Imperial Chinese fiction|date=2001|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780674005129|page=136}}</ref> She is considered a classic example of how a beautiful woman can cause the downfall of a dynasty in [[Chinese culture]].
'''Daji''' ({{zh|c=妲己|p=Dájǐ|w=Ta<sup>2</sup>-chi<sup>3</sup>|j=Taan<sup>2</sup> Gei<sup>2</sup>}}) was the favourite consort of [[King Zhou of Shang]], the last king of the [[Shang dynasty]] in [[History of China|ancient China]]. In legends and fictions, she is portrayed as a malevolent [[fox spirit]] who kills and impersonates the real Daji.<ref>{{cite book| last1=Chen|first1=Ya-chen| title=Women in Chinese martial arts films of the new millennium narrative analyses and gender politics|date=2012| publisher=Lexington Books|location=Lanham| page=11 |isbn=9780739139103}}</ref> Her identification as a fox spirit seems to have originated from at least the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book| last1=Huntington|first1=Rania|title=Alien kind : foxes and late imperial Chinese narrative| date=2003 |publisher=Harvard University Press| location=Cambridge| isbn=9780674010949|page=195}}</ref> These accounts have been popularized in works such as the {{transl|zh|Wu Wang Fa Zhou Pinghua}} ({{lang|zh|武王伐紂平話}}), the {{transl|zh|[[Investiture of the Gods|Fengshen Yanyi]]}}, and the {{transl|zh|[[Chronicles of the Eastern Zhou Kingdoms|Lieguo Zhi]]}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Maram|title=Competing discourses: Orthodoxy, authenticity, and endangered meanings in late Imperial Chinese fiction|date=2001|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780674005129|page=136}}</ref> She is considered a classic example of how a beautiful [[femme fatale]] can cause the downfall of a dynasty in [[Chinese culture]].


In the [[Song dynasty]], [[fox spirit]] cults, including those dedicated to Daji, became outlawed, but their suppression was unsuccessful.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last1=Kang|first1=Xiaofei|title=The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China|date=2006|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780231133388|pages=37–39}}</ref> For example, in 1111, an imperial edict was issued for the destruction of many spirit shrines within Kaifeng, including those of Daji.<ref>{{cite book| last1=Lin|first1=Fu-shih |title=Modern Chinese Religion I| isbn=9789004271647| pages=262–263| chapter="Old Customs and New Fashions": An Examination of Features of Shamanism in Song China|date=8 December 2014 | location=Leiden |publisher=Brill}}</ref>
In the [[Song dynasty]], fox spirit cults, including those dedicated to Daji, became outlawed, but their suppression was unsuccessful.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last1=Kang|first1=Xiaofei|title=The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China|date=2006|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780231133388|pages=37–39}}</ref> For example, in 1111, an imperial edict was issued for the destruction of many spirit shrines within Kaifeng, including those of Daji.<ref>{{cite book| last1=Lin|first1=Fu-shih |title=Modern Chinese Religion I| isbn=9789004271647| pages=262–263| chapter="Old Customs and New Fashions": An Examination of Features of Shamanism in Song China|date=8 December 2014 | location=Leiden |publisher=Brill}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
[[File:Faits mémorables des empereurs de la Chine, tirés des annales chinoises (VII).jpg|thumb|King Zhou of Shang and his consort Daji as depicted in ''Faits mémorables des empereurs de la Chine, tirés des annales chinoises'' (1788)]]
[[File:Faits mémorables des empereurs de la Chine, tirés des annales chinoises (VII).jpg|thumb|King Zhou of Shang and his consort Daji as depicted in {{lang|fr|Faits mémorables des empereurs de la Chine, tirés des annales chinoises}} (1788)]]
Daji was from a noble family of Yousu ({{lang|zh|有蘇}}); her style name is '''Da''' ({{lang|zh|妲}}), and her clan name is '''Ji''' ({{lang|zh|己}}). Hence, she is also known as '''Su Da Ji''' or '''Da Ji''' in ancient sources. (For the same format, see also: [[Wen Jiang|Qi Wen Jiang]].) At some time during his early reign, [[King Zhou of Shang]] invaded Yousu and took Daji as his prize.
Daji was from a noble family of Yousu ({{lang|zh|有蘇}}); her style name is '''Da''' ({{lang|zh|妲}}), and her clan name is '''Ji''' ({{lang|zh|己}}). Hence, she is also known as '''Su Da Ji''' or '''Da Ji''' in ancient sources. At some time during his early reign, [[King Zhou of Shang]] invaded Yousu and took Daji as his prize.


King Zhou became extremely infatuated with Daji and started to neglect state affairs in order to keep her company.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Theobald|first=Ulrich|title=Di Xin 帝辛 King Zhou 紂(www.chinaknowledge.de)|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Myth/personszhou.html|access-date=2020-12-15|website=www.chinaknowledge.de|language=en}}</ref> He used any means necessary to ingratiate himself with her and to please her. Daji liked animals, so he built her a zoological Xanadu with several rare species of birds and animals. In addition, he ordered musicians to compose and choreograph lewd music to satisfy her musical tastes.<ref name=":2" /> He also constructed his [[Deer Terrace Pavilion|"pond of alcohol" and "forest of meat"]] specifically for Daji.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Ko|first=Dorothy|date=2010|title=Footbinding|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474264716.0007549|journal=The Berg Companion to Fashion|doi=10.5040/9781474264716.0007549|isbn=9781474264716}}</ref> At one point, King Zhou gathered 3000 guests at a for his wine lake.<ref name=":2" /> He allowed the guests to play the [[cat and mouse]] game nude in the forest to amuse Daji. When one of King Zhou's concubines, the daughter of Lord Jiu, protested, King Zhou had her executed. Her father was ground in pieces, and his flesh fed to King Zhou's vassals.
King Zhou became extremely infatuated with Daji and started to neglect state affairs in order to keep her company.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Theobald|first=Ulrich|title=Di Xin 帝辛 King Zhou 紂(www.chinaknowledge.de)|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Myth/personszhou.html|access-date=2020-12-15|website=www.chinaknowledge.de|language=en}}</ref> He used any means necessary to ingratiate himself with her and please her. Daji liked animals, so he built her a zoological garden with several rare species of birds and animals. In addition, he ordered musicians to compose and choreograph lewd music to satisfy her musical tastes.<ref name=":2" /> He also constructed his [[Deer Terrace Pavilion|"pond of alcohol" and "forest of meat"]] specifically for Daji.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Ko|first=Dorothy|date=2010|title=Footbinding|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474264716.0007549|journal=The Berg Companion to Fashion|pages=345–348 |doi=10.5040/9781474264716.0007549|isbn=9781474264716}}</ref> At one point, King Zhou gathered 3000 guests to his wine lake.<ref name=":2" /> He allowed the guests to play the [[cat and mouse]] game nude in the forest to amuse Daji. When one of King Zhou's concubines, the daughter of Lord Jiu, protested, King Zhou had her executed. Her father was ground in pieces, and his flesh fed to King Zhou's vassals.


Daji also enjoyed torture and executions.<ref name=":2" /> Every execution, she would burst out laughing.<ref name=":3" /> According to stories, she also appears to be quick to torture. At one point, she noticed a farmer walking across ice barefoot, and so she ordered his feet cut off to understand why he was resistant to low temperatures.<ref name=":2" /> Also, in another story, Daji had a pregnant woman's belly cut open so that she could find out herself what happened inside. Also, Bi Gan, King Zhou's uncle, had the unfortunate end by having his heart cut dug out and examined to determine if the ancient saying of "a good man's heart has seven apertures" was true.<ref name=":3" />
Daji also enjoyed torture and executions,<ref name=":2" /> and would reportedly laugh at every execution.<ref name=":3" /> According to stories, she also appeared to be quick to torture. At one point, she noticed a farmer walking across ice barefoot, and so she ordered his feet cut off to understand why he was resistant to low temperatures.<ref name=":2" /> In another story, Daji had a pregnant woman's belly cut open so that she could find out herself what happened inside. Bi Gan, King Zhou's uncle, reportedly received an unfortunate end at Daji's hands by having his heart cut out and examined to determine if the ancient saying of "a good man's heart has seven apertures" was true.<ref name=":3" />


Daji was best known for her invention of a method of torture known as [[Creations of Daji#The Bronze Toaster|''Paolao'' zhi fa]] ({{lang|zh|炮烙}}).<ref name=":2" /> This is described as a bronze cylinder covered with oil heated like a furnace with charcoal beneath until its sides were extremely hot. The victim was forced to walk on top of the slowly heating cylinder, and he was forced to shift his feet in order to not burn. The oily surface made it difficult for the victim to maintain their balance, and if the victim fell into the charcoal below, they would be burnt to death.
Daji was best known for her invention of a method of torture known as the [[Creations of Daji#The Bronze Toaster|Bronze Toaster]] ({{lang|zh|炮烙}}).<ref name=":2" /> This is described as a bronze cylinder covered with oil heated like a furnace with charcoal beneath until its sides were extremely hot. The victim was forced to walk on top of the slowly heating cylinder, and he was forced to shift his feet in order to not burn. The oily surface made it difficult for the victim to maintain their balance, and if the victim fell into the charcoal below, they would be burnt to death.


Daji was executed on the orders of [[King Wu of Zhou]] after the fall of the Shang dynasty on the advice of [[Jiang Ziya]]. The Grand Historian, Sima Qian, only briefly mentions Daji and her execution earlier in King Zhou only listened to Daji and that she was killed after King Zhou.<ref>{{Citation|title=Ssu-ma ch'ien|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_59713|work=SpringerReference|year=2011|place=Berlin/Heidelberg|publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/springerreference_59713|access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref> Following her death, her head was hung on a small white flag to symbolize how this woman was the downfall of the dynasty.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=SEKIGUCHI|first1=Sumiko|last2=Burtscher|first2=Michael|date=2008|title=Gender in the Meiji Renovation: Confucian 'Lessons for Women' and the Making of Modern Japan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40649637|journal=Social Science Japan Journal|volume=11|issue=2|pages=201–221|doi=10.1093/ssjj/jyn057|jstor=40649637|issn=1369-1465}}</ref> She had become King Wu's excuse for taking over the kingdom, and, as such, now the government was renewed. Also, other sources do state that she committed suicide by strangulation.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
Daji was executed on the orders of [[King Wu of Zhou]] after the fall of the Shang dynasty on the advice of [[Jiang Ziya]]. The Grand Historian, Sima Qian, only briefly mentions Daji and her execution, that King Zhou had listened only to Daji, and that she was killed after King Zhou.<ref>''Shiji'' [https://ctext.org/shiji/yin-ben-ji#n4573 "Annals of Yin"]</ref> According to Han scholar [[Liu Xiang (scholar)|Liu Xiang]]'s [[Biographies of Exemplary Women]], following her death, her head was hung on a small white flag to symbolize how she had become the downfall of the dynasty.<ref>''Lienü Zhuan'' "Depraved Favourites [https://ctext.org/lie-nv-zhuan/yin-zhou-da-ji Da Ji (consort) of Zhou of Yin]". quote: "於是武王遂致天之罰，斬妲己頭，懸於小白旗，以為亡紂者是女也。"</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=SEKIGUCHI|first1=Sumiko|last2=Burtscher|first2=Michael|date=2008|title=Gender in the Meiji Renovation: Confucian 'Lessons for Women' and the Making of Modern Japan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40649637|journal=Social Science Japan Journal|volume=11|issue=2|pages=201–221|doi=10.1093/ssjj/jyn057|jstor=40649637|issn=1369-1465}}</ref> She had become King Wu's excuse for taking over the kingdom, and, as such, the government was renewed following her death. Other sources state that she committed suicide by strangulation.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />


=== Daji as a Mythical Fox ===
=== Daji as a mythical fox ===
From the Southern and Northern Dynasties period on, Daji was believed to be an incarnation of a nine-tailed fox.<ref name=":3" />
From the Southern and Northern Dynasties period on, Daji was believed to be an incarnation of a nine-tailed fox.<ref name=":3" />


As previously said, Daji had many shrines associated with her in fox form.<ref name=":1" /> The shrines dedicated to her were considered illicit cults and as such, banned.
Daji had many shrines associated with her in fox form.<ref name=":1" /> The shrines dedicated to her were considered illicit cults and as such, banned.


Also, while not related directly to one source, the creation of footbinding is associated with Daji as well.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> It is said that Daji created foot binding to hide her fox feet.<ref name=":3" /> As the other women did not know why she wrapped her feet, the other ladies at court imitated her.
While not related directly to one source, the creation of [[foot binding]] is associated with Daji as well.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> It is said that Daji created foot binding to hide her fox feet.<ref name=":3" /> As the other women did not know why she wrapped her feet, the other ladies at court imitated her.


==Literature==
==Literature==
⚫
[[File: Hokusai Daji.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Daji in the [[Hokusai Manga]]]]
{{see also|Creations of Daji}}
{{see also|Creations of Daji}}
⚫
[[File: Hokusai Daji.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Daji in the ''[[Hokusai Manga]]'']]
Daji is featured in the Chinese novel ''[[Investiture of the Gods|Fengshen Yanyi]]'' as a major antagonist. She was the first featured corrupter of the declining [[Shang dynasty]] in the novel. She was summoned by Nu Wa, the celestial sovereign, to destroy King Zhou. In return, Nu Wa promised immortality after her mission was finished (Harvard wku). In ''[[Feng Shen Yan Yi]]'', she was a daughter of [[Su Hu]] ({{lang|zh|蘇護}}); in the early chapters, she was killed by a thousand-year-old [[Huli jing|vixen spirit]] who [[Possessed by spirits|possessed]] her body before becoming a [[Concubinage|concubine]] of King Zhou. Her father Su Hu gave her to [[King Zhou of Shang]] as an appeasement offer after armed conflict broke out between Su's and Shang military forces.
Daji is featured in the Chinese novel {{transl|zh|[[Investiture of the Gods|Fengshen Yanyi]]}} as a major antagonist. She was the first featured corrupter of the declining [[Shang dynasty]] in the novel. She was summoned by [[Nüwa]], the celestial sovereign, to destroy King Zhou. In return, Nüwa promised immortality after her mission was finished. In {{transl|zh|Fengshen Yanyi}}, she was a daughter of [[Su Hu]] ({{lang|zh|蘇護}}); in the early chapters, she was killed by a thousand-year-old [[fox spirit]] who [[Possessed by spirits|possessed]] her body before becoming a [[Concubinage|concubine]] of King Zhou. Her father Su Hu gave her to [[King Zhou of Shang]] as an appeasement offer after armed conflict broke out between Su's and Shang military forces.


One night before, Daji was sent to the capital city of [[Zhaoge]], and she was possessed by an evil [[Hu Li Jing|nine-tailed fox spirit]] (aka Thousand-Year-Old Vixen). When Daji arrived in Zhaoge, she became the center of attention of King Zhou and caused the king to be extremely obsessed with her. King Zhou neglected state affairs to keep her company and ignored the advice of his subjects. [[Yunzhongzi]] was the first man to act against Daji by giving the king a magical peach-wood sword which would make Daji ill and kill her eventually. She rose above the ranks from a minor concubine to become the queen based on the king's favoritism towards her.
One night before, Daji was sent to the capital city of [[Zhaoge]], and she was possessed by an evil [[Hu Li Jing|nine-tailed fox spirit]] (aka Thousand-Year-Old Vixen). When Daji arrived in Zhaoge, she became the center of attention of King Zhou and caused the king to be extremely obsessed with her. King Zhou neglected state affairs to keep her company and ignored the advice of his subjects. [[Yunzhongzi]] was the first man to act against Daji by giving the king a magical peach-wood sword which would make Daji ill and kill her eventually. She rose above the ranks from a minor concubine to become the queen based on the king's favouritism towards her.


Daji was blamed for the fall of the Shang dynasty by corrupting King Zhou and causing him to neglect state affairs and rule with tyranny and despotism. This ultimately led to the dynasty's decline and widespread chaos. King Zhou's tyranny incurred the anger and resentment of the common people, who eventually rose up in revolt against him under [[King Wu of Zhou]]'s leadership. After the fall of the Shang dynasty, Daji was exorcised by [[Jiang Ziya]] (aka Jiang Taigong) and died eventually.
Daji was blamed for the fall of the Shang dynasty by corrupting King Zhou and causing him to neglect state affairs and rule with tyranny and despotism. This ultimately led to the dynasty's decline and widespread chaos. King Zhou's tyranny incurred the anger and resentment of the common people, who eventually rose up in revolt against him under King Wu of Zhou's leadership. After the fall of the Shang dynasty, Daji was exorcised by [[Jiang Ziya]] (aka Jiang Taigong) and died eventually.


In ''Renshi Zuan'', Daji is paranoid about others finding out her secret of being a fox.<ref name=":0" /> As such, she escalates to violence and kills until the king is the only one who does not know. In most literature involving Daji, there is some reason as to why she cannot be killed in human form since she is too beautiful.<ref name=":0" />
In {{transl|zh|Renshi Zuan}}, Daji is paranoid about others finding out her secret of being a fox.<ref name=":0" /> As such, she escalates to violence and kills until the king is the only one who does not know. In most literature involving Daji, there is some reason as to why she cannot be killed in human form since she is too beautiful.<ref name=":0" /> In {{transl|zh|Fengshen Yanyi}}, a magical weapon is required to kill her. In {{transl|zh|Wang Fa Zhou Pingua}}, a mirror is used to expose and destroy her. In this piece of literature, Daji's true form was a nine-tailed fox with a woman's face.


⚫
In {{transl|zh|Zhaoyang Qushi}}, a Ming dynasty novel, Daji is a fox spirit who leaves heaven. She was unhappy after her time on earth, so she left again for the earth to make a fox kingdom.<ref>{{Citation|title=Foxes and Sex|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1tfjcmj.10|work=Alien Kind|pages=171–223|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1tfjcmj.10|isbn=978-1-68417-382-2|access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>
As previously stated, in Fengshen Yanyi, it requires a magical weapon to kill her. In Wang Fa Zhou Pingua, a mirror is used to expose and destroy her. In this piece of literature, Daji's true form was a nine-tailed fox with a woman's face.

⚫
In ''Zhaoyang Qushi'', a Ming dynasty novel, Daji is a fox spirit who leaves heaven. She was unhappy after her time on earth, so she left again for the earth to make a fox kingdom.<ref>{{Citation|title=Foxes and Sex|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1tfjcmj.10|work=Alien Kind|pages=171–223|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1tfjcmj.10|isbn=978-1-68417-382-2|access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Bao Si]]
*[[Bo Yikao]]
*[[Bo Yikao]]
⚫
*[[Femme fatale]]
*[[Jade Pipa]]
*[[Jade Pipa]]
*[[Jiutou Zhiji Jing]]
*[[Jiutou Zhiji Jing]]
*[[Nüwa]]
*[[Nüwa]]
*[[Tamamo-no-Mae]]
*[[Tamamo-no-Mae]]
⚫
*[[Femme fatale]]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Investiture of the Gods characters]]
[[Category:Investiture of the Gods characters]]
[[Category:Shang dynasty people]]
[[Category:Shang dynasty people]]
[[Category:Women in Chinese mythology]]

Latest revision as of 22:23, 27 September 2024

For the village in Comoros, see Daji, Comoros.
Daji
妲己 (Chinese)
Daji, as depicted on a relief at Ping Sien Si Temple in Perak, Malaysia
Bornaround 1076 BC
Diedafter 1046 BC
SpouseKing Zhou of Shang
Names
FatherSu Hu

Daji (Chinese: 妲己; pinyin: Dájǐ; Wade–Giles: Ta2-chi3; Jyutping: Taan2 Gei2) was the favourite consort of King Zhou of Shang, the last king of the Shang dynasty in ancient China. In legends and fictions, she is portrayed as a malevolent fox spirit who kills and impersonates the real Daji.[2] Her identification as a fox spirit seems to have originated from at least the Tang dynasty.[3] These accounts have been popularized in works such as the Wu Wang Fa Zhou Pinghua (武王伐紂平話), the Fengshen Yanyi, and the Lieguo Zhi.[4] She is considered a classic example of how a beautiful femme fatale can cause the downfall of a dynasty in Chinese culture.

In the Song dynasty, fox spirit cults, including those dedicated to Daji, became outlawed, but their suppression was unsuccessful.[5] For example, in 1111, an imperial edict was issued for the destruction of many spirit shrines within Kaifeng, including those of Daji.[6]

Biography

[edit]
King Zhou of Shang and his consort Daji as depicted in Faits mémorables des empereurs de la Chine, tirés des annales chinoises (1788)

Daji was from a noble family of Yousu (有蘇); her style name is Da (妲), and her clan name is Ji (己). Hence, she is also known as Su Da Ji or Da Ji in ancient sources. At some time during his early reign, King Zhou of Shang invaded Yousu and took Daji as his prize.

King Zhou became extremely infatuated with Daji and started to neglect state affairs in order to keep her company.[7] He used any means necessary to ingratiate himself with her and please her. Daji liked animals, so he built her a zoological garden with several rare species of birds and animals. In addition, he ordered musicians to compose and choreograph lewd music to satisfy her musical tastes.[7] He also constructed his "pond of alcohol" and "forest of meat" specifically for Daji.[8] At one point, King Zhou gathered 3000 guests to his wine lake.[7] He allowed the guests to play the cat and mouse game nude in the forest to amuse Daji. When one of King Zhou's concubines, the daughter of Lord Jiu, protested, King Zhou had her executed. Her father was ground in pieces, and his flesh fed to King Zhou's vassals.

Daji also enjoyed torture and executions,[7] and would reportedly laugh at every execution.[8] According to stories, she also appeared to be quick to torture. At one point, she noticed a farmer walking across ice barefoot, and so she ordered his feet cut off to understand why he was resistant to low temperatures.[7] In another story, Daji had a pregnant woman's belly cut open so that she could find out herself what happened inside. Bi Gan, King Zhou's uncle, reportedly received an unfortunate end at Daji's hands by having his heart cut out and examined to determine if the ancient saying of "a good man's heart has seven apertures" was true.[8]

Daji was best known for her invention of a method of torture known as the Bronze Toaster (炮烙).[7] This is described as a bronze cylinder covered with oil heated like a furnace with charcoal beneath until its sides were extremely hot. The victim was forced to walk on top of the slowly heating cylinder, and he was forced to shift his feet in order to not burn. The oily surface made it difficult for the victim to maintain their balance, and if the victim fell into the charcoal below, they would be burnt to death.

Daji was executed on the orders of King Wu of Zhou after the fall of the Shang dynasty on the advice of Jiang Ziya. The Grand Historian, Sima Qian, only briefly mentions Daji and her execution, that King Zhou had listened only to Daji, and that she was killed after King Zhou.[9] According to Han scholar Liu Xiang's Biographies of Exemplary Women, following her death, her head was hung on a small white flag to symbolize how she had become the downfall of the dynasty.[10][11] She had become King Wu's excuse for taking over the kingdom, and, as such, the government was renewed following her death. Other sources state that she committed suicide by strangulation.[7][8]

Daji as a mythical fox

[edit]

From the Southern and Northern Dynasties period on, Daji was believed to be an incarnation of a nine-tailed fox.[8]

Daji had many shrines associated with her in fox form.[5] The shrines dedicated to her were considered illicit cults and as such, banned.

While not related directly to one source, the creation of foot binding is associated with Daji as well.[8][5] It is said that Daji created foot binding to hide her fox feet.[8] As the other women did not know why she wrapped her feet, the other ladies at court imitated her.

Literature

[edit]
See also: Creations of Daji
Depiction of Daji in the Hokusai Manga

Daji is featured in the Chinese novel Fengshen Yanyi as a major antagonist. She was the first featured corrupter of the declining Shang dynasty in the novel. She was summoned by Nüwa, the celestial sovereign, to destroy King Zhou. In return, Nüwa promised immortality after her mission was finished. In Fengshen Yanyi, she was a daughter of Su Hu (蘇護); in the early chapters, she was killed by a thousand-year-old fox spirit who possessed her body before becoming a concubine of King Zhou. Her father Su Hu gave her to King Zhou of Shang as an appeasement offer after armed conflict broke out between Su's and Shang military forces.

One night before, Daji was sent to the capital city of Zhaoge, and she was possessed by an evil nine-tailed fox spirit (aka Thousand-Year-Old Vixen). When Daji arrived in Zhaoge, she became the center of attention of King Zhou and caused the king to be extremely obsessed with her. King Zhou neglected state affairs to keep her company and ignored the advice of his subjects. Yunzhongzi was the first man to act against Daji by giving the king a magical peach-wood sword which would make Daji ill and kill her eventually. She rose above the ranks from a minor concubine to become the queen based on the king's favouritism towards her.

Daji was blamed for the fall of the Shang dynasty by corrupting King Zhou and causing him to neglect state affairs and rule with tyranny and despotism. This ultimately led to the dynasty's decline and widespread chaos. King Zhou's tyranny incurred the anger and resentment of the common people, who eventually rose up in revolt against him under King Wu of Zhou's leadership. After the fall of the Shang dynasty, Daji was exorcised by Jiang Ziya (aka Jiang Taigong) and died eventually.

In Renshi Zuan, Daji is paranoid about others finding out her secret of being a fox.[3] As such, she escalates to violence and kills until the king is the only one who does not know. In most literature involving Daji, there is some reason as to why she cannot be killed in human form since she is too beautiful.[3] In Fengshen Yanyi, a magical weapon is required to kill her. In Wang Fa Zhou Pingua, a mirror is used to expose and destroy her. In this piece of literature, Daji's true form was a nine-tailed fox with a woman's face.

In Zhaoyang Qushi, a Ming dynasty novel, Daji is a fox spirit who leaves heaven. She was unhappy after her time on earth, so she left again for the earth to make a fox kingdom.[12]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Guoyu
  2. ^ Chen, Ya-chen (2012). Women in Chinese martial arts films of the new millennium narrative analyses and gender politics. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 11. ISBN 9780739139103.
  3. ^ a b c Huntington, Rania (2003). Alien kind : foxes and late imperial Chinese narrative. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 195. ISBN 9780674010949.
  4. ^ Epstein, Maram (2001). Competing discourses: Orthodoxy, authenticity, and endangered meanings in late Imperial Chinese fiction. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center. p. 136. ISBN 9780674005129.
  5. ^ a b c Kang, Xiaofei (2006). The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 37–39. ISBN 9780231133388.
  6. ^ Lin, Fu-shih (8 December 2014). ""Old Customs and New Fashions": An Examination of Features of Shamanism in Song China". Modern Chinese Religion I. Leiden: Brill. pp. 262–263. ISBN 9789004271647.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Theobald, Ulrich. "Di Xin 帝辛 King Zhou 紂(www.chinaknowledge.de)". www.chinaknowledge.de. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Ko, Dorothy (2010). "Footbinding". The Berg Companion to Fashion: 345–348. doi:10.5040/9781474264716.0007549. ISBN 9781474264716.
  9. ^ Shiji "Annals of Yin"
  10. ^ Lienü Zhuan "Depraved Favourites Da Ji (consort) of Zhou of Yin". quote: "於是武王遂致天之罰，斬妲己頭，懸於小白旗，以為亡紂者是女也。"
  11. ^ SEKIGUCHI, Sumiko; Burtscher, Michael (2008). "Gender in the Meiji Renovation: Confucian 'Lessons for Women' and the Making of Modern Japan". Social Science Japan Journal. 11 (2): 201–221. doi:10.1093/ssjj/jyn057. ISSN 1369-1465. JSTOR 40649637.
  12. ^ "Foxes and Sex", Alien Kind, Harvard University Asia Center, pp. 171–223, doi:10.2307/j.ctt1tfjcmj.10, ISBN 978-1-68417-382-2, retrieved 2020-12-15

Sources

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  • Chen, Ya-chen - Women in Chinese martial arts films of the new millennium narrative analyses and gender politics (2012) - ISBN 9780739139103
  • Epstein, Maram - Competing discourses: Orthodoxy, authenticity, and endangered meanings in late Imperial Chinese fiction (2001) - ISBN 9780674005129
  • Huntington, Rania - Alien kind: foxes and late imperial Chinese narrative (2003) - ISBN 9780674010949
  • Kang, Xiaofei - The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China (2006) - ISBN 9780231133388.
  • Lin, Fu-shih - Modern Chinese Religion I - ISBN 9789004271647.
  • Xu, Zhonglin - Fengshen Yanyi (16th century)
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