STS-3xx: Difference between revisions

STS-400
Mission type	Crew rescue
Mission duration	7 days
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	Space Shuttle Endeavour
Crew
Crew size	4 up; 11 down;
Members	Christopher Ferguson; Eric A. Boe; Robert S. Kimbrough; Stephen G. Bowen;
Landing	Scott D. Altman; Gregory C. Johnson; Michael T. Good; Megan McArthur; John M. Grunsfeld; Michael J. Massimino; Andrew J. Feustel;
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	Low Earth
Inclination	28.5 degrees
	Space Shuttle program

STS-3xx
Mission type	Crew rescue
Mission duration	4 days
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft type	Space Shuttle
Crew
Crew size	4
Members	None assigned
Start of mission
Launch date	Flight Day 45; Relative to original mission
Launch site	Kennedy LC-39
End of mission
Landing date	Flight Day 49
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	Low Earth
Inclination	51.6 degrees
Docking with ISS
Docking date	Flight Day 47
Undocking date	Flight Day 48
Time docked	< 1 day
	Space Shuttle program

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Space Shuttle missions designated STS-3xx (officially called Launch On Need (LON) missions) were rescue missions which would have been mounted to rescue the crew of a Space Shuttle if their vehicle was damaged and deemed unable to make a successful reentry. Such a mission would have been flown if Mission Control determined that the heat shielding tiles and reinforced carbon-carbon panels of a currently flying orbiter were damaged beyond the repair capabilities of the available on-orbit repair methods. These missions were also referred to as Launch on Demand (LOD) and Contingency Shuttle Crew Support. The program was initiated following loss of Space Shuttle Columbia in 2003. No mission of this type was launched during the Space Shuttle program.

Procedure

The orbiter and four of the crew which were due to fly the next planned mission would be retasked to the rescue mission. The planning and training processes for a rescue flight would allow NASA to launch the mission within a period of 40 days of its being called up. During that time the damaged (or disabled) shuttle's crew would have to take refuge on the International Space Station (ISS). The ISS is able to support both crews for around 80 days, with oxygen supply being the limiting factor.^[1] Within NASA, this plan for maintaining the shuttle crew at the ISS is known as Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS) operations.^[2] Up to STS-121 all rescue missions were to be designated STS-300.

In the case of an abort to orbit, where the shuttle could have been unable to reach the ISS orbit and the thermal protection system inspections suggested that the shuttle could not have returned to Earth safely, the ISS may have been capable of descending to meet the shuttle. Such a procedure was known as a joint underspeed recovery.^[3]

Mission designations for STS-3xx flights
Flight	Rescue flight^[2]^[4]^[5]^[6]
STS-114 (Discovery)	STS-300 (Atlantis)
STS-121 (Discovery)	STS-300 (Atlantis)
STS-115 (Atlantis)	STS-301 (Discovery)
STS-116 (Discovery)	STS-317 (Atlantis)
STS-117 (Atlantis)	STS-318 (Endeavour^{[citation needed]})
STS-118 (Endeavour)	STS-322 (Discovery)
STS-120 (Discovery)	STS-320 (Atlantis)
STS-122 (Atlantis)	STS-323 (Discovery*)^[7]
STS-123 (Endeavour)	STS-324 (Discovery)
STS-124 (Discovery)	STS-326 (Endeavour)
STS-125 (Atlantis)	STS-400 (Endeavour)
STS-134 (Endeavour)	STS-335 (Atlantis)

* – originally scheduled to be Endeavour, changed to Discovery for contamination issues.^[7]

To save weight, and to allow the combined crews of both shuttles to return to Earth safely, many shortcuts would have to be made, and the risks of launching another orbiter without resolving the failure which caused the previous orbiter to become disabled would have to be faced.

Flight hardware

A number of pieces of Launch on Need flight hardware were built in preparation for a rescue mission including:

An extra three recumbent seats to be located in the aft middeck (ditch area)
Two handholds located on the starboard wall of the ditch area
Individual Cooling Units mounting provisions
Seat 5 modification to properly secure in a recumbent position
Mounting provisions for four additional Sky Genie egress devices (see picture)
Training with a Sky Genie egress device
Escape Pole mounting provisions for three additional lanyards^[8]

Remote Control Orbiter

The Remote Control Orbiter (RCO), also known as the Autonomous Orbiter Rapid Prototype (AORP), was a term used by NASA to describe a shuttle that could perform entry and landing without a human crew on board via remote control. NASA developed the RCO in-flight maintenance (IFM) cable to extend existing auto-land capabilities of the shuttle to allow remaining tasks to be completed from the ground. The purpose of the RCO IFM cable was to provide an electrical signal connection between the Ground Command Interface Logic (GCIL) and the flight deck panel switches. The cable is approximately 28 feet (8.5 m) long, weighs over 5 lb (2.3 kg), and has 16 connectors.^[9]^[10] With this system, signals could be sent from the Mission Control Center to the unmanned shuttle to control the following systems:

Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) start and run
Air Data Probe (ADP) deployment
Main Landing Gear (MLG) arming and deployment
Drag chute arming and deployment
Fuel cell reactant valve closure

The RCO IFM cable first flew aboard STS-121 and was transferred to the ISS for storage during the mission. The cable remained aboard the ISS until the end of the Shuttle program. Prior to STS-121 the plan was for the damaged shuttle to be abandoned and allowed to burn up on reentry. The prime landing site for an RCO orbiter would be Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.^[11] Edwards Air Force Base, a site already used to support shuttle landings, was the prime RCO landing site for the first missions carrying the equipment; however Vandenberg was later selected as the prime site as it is nearer the coast, and the shuttle can be ditched in the Pacific should a problem develop that would make landing dangerous. White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico is a likely alternate site.^[12] A major consideration in determining the landing site would be the desire to perform a high-risk re-entry far away from populated areas. The flight resource book, and flight rules in force during STS-121 suggest that the damaged shuttle would reenter on a trajectory such that if it should break up, it would do so with debris landing in the South Pacific Ocean.^[2]

The Soviet Buran shuttle was also remotely controlled during its entire maiden flight without a crew aboard. Landing was carried out by an onboard, automatic system.^[13]

As of March 2011 the Boeing X-37 extended duration robotic spaceplane has demonstrated autonomous orbital flight, reentry and landing.^[14]^[15] The X-37 was originally intended for launch from the Shuttle payload bay, but following the Columbia disaster, it was launched in a shrouded configuration on an Atlas V.

Sample timeline

Had a LON mission been required, a timeline would have been developed similar to the following:

FD-10 A decision on the requirement for Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS) is expected by flight day 10 of a nominal mission.
FD-10 Shortly after the need for CSCS operations a group C powerdown of the shuttle will take place.
FD-11→21 During flight days 11–21 of the mission the shuttle will remain docked to the international space station (ISS) with the hatch open. Various items will be transferred between the shuttle and ISS.
FD-21 Hatch closure will be conducted from the ISS side. The shuttle crew remains on the ISS, leaving the shuttle unmanned
FD-21 Deorbit burn – burn occurs four hours after separation. Orbiter lands at Vandenberg Air Force Base under remote control from Houston. (Prior to STS-121, the payload bay doors would have been left open to promote vehicle breakup.)
FD-45 Launch of rescue flight. 35 days from call-up to launch for the rescue flight is a best estimate of the minimum time it will take before a rescue flight is launched.^[16]
FD-45→47 The rescue flight catches up with the ISS, conducting heat shield inspections en route.
FD-47 The rescue flight docks with the station, on day three of its mission.
FD-48 Shuttle crew enters the rescue orbiter. Vehicle with a crew complement of 11 undocks from ISS.
FD-49 Rescue orbiter re-enters atmosphere over Indian or Pacific Ocean for landing at either Kennedy Space Center or Edwards Air Force Base. A Russian Progress resupply spacecraft is launched at later date to resupply ISS crew. ISS precautionary de-crew preparations begin.
FD-58 De-crew ISS due to ECLSS O₂ exhaustion in event Progress unable to perform resupply function.

STS-125 rescue plan

STS-400 was the Space Shuttle contingency support (Launch On Need) flight that would have been launched using Space Shuttle Endeavour if a major problem occurred on Space Shuttle Atlantis during STS-125, the final Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission (HST SM-4).^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]

Due to the much lower orbital inclination of the HST compared to the ISS, the shuttle crew would have been unable to use the International Space Station as a "safe haven", and NASA would not have been able to follow the usual plan of recovering the crew with another shuttle at a later date.^[19] Instead, NASA developed a plan to conduct a shuttle-to-shuttle rescue mission, similar to proposed rescue missions for pre-ISS flights.^[19]^[21]^[22] The rescue mission would have been launched only three days after call-up and as early as seven days after the launch of STS-125, since the crew of Atlantis would only have about three weeks of consumables after launch.^[18]

The mission was first rolled out in September 2008 to Launch Complex 39B two weeks after the STS-125 shuttle was rolled out to Launch Complex 39A, creating a rare scenario in which two shuttles were on launch pads at the same time.^[19] In October 2008, however, STS-125 was delayed and rolled back to the VAB.

Initially, STS-125 was retargeted for no earlier than February 2009. This changed the STS-400 vehicle from Endeavour to Discovery. The mission was redesignated STS-401 due to the swap from Endeavour to Discovery. STS-125 was then delayed further, allowing Discovery mission STS-119 to fly beforehand. This resulted in the rescue mission reverting to Endeavour, and the STS-400 designation being reinstated.^[20] In January, 2009, it was announced that NASA was evaluating conducting both launches from Complex 39A in order to avoid further delays to Ares I-X, which, at the time, was scheduled for launch from LC-39B in the September 2009 timeframe.^[20] It was planned that after the STS-125 mission in October 2008, Launch Complex 39B would undergo the conversion for use in Project Constellation for the Ares I-X rocket.^[20] Several of the members on the NASA mission management team said at the time (2009) that single-pad operations were possible, but the decision was made to use both pads.^[18]^[19]

Crew

The crew assigned to this mission was a subset of the STS-126 crew:^[18]^[23]


Position	Launching Astronaut	Landing Astronaut
Commander	Christopher Ferguson
Pilot	Eric A. Boe
Mission Specialist 1	Robert S. Kimbrough
Mission Specialist 2	Stephen G. Bowen
STS-125 Commander	None	Scott D. Altman
STS-125 Pilot	None	Gregory C. Johnson
STS-125 Mission Specialist 1	None	Michael T. Good
STS-125 Mission Specialist 2	None	Megan McArthur
STS-125 Mission Specialist 3	None	John M. Grunsfeld
STS-125 Mission Specialist 4	None	Michael J. Massimino
STS-125 Mission Specialist 5	None	Andrew J. Feustel

Early mission plans

Three different concept mission plans were evaluated: The first would be to use a shuttle-to-shuttle docking, where the rescue shuttle docks with the damaged shuttle, by flying upside down and backwards, relative to the damaged shuttle.^[22] It was unclear whether this would be practical, as the forward structure of either orbiter could collide with the payload bay of the other, resulting in damage to both orbiters. The second option that was evaluated, would be for the rescue orbiter to rendezvous with the damaged orbiter, and perform station-keeping while using its Remote Manipulator System (RMS) to transfer crew from the damaged orbiter. This mission plan would result in heavy fuel consumption. The third concept would be for the damaged orbiter to grapple the rescue orbiter using its RMS, eliminating the need for station-keeping.^[23] The rescue orbiter would then transfer crew using its RMS, as in the second option, and would be more fuel efficient than the station-keeping option.^[22]

The concept that was eventually decided upon was a modified version of the third concept. The rescue orbiter would use its RMS to grapple the end of the damaged orbiter's RMS.^[17]^[24]

Preparations

Diagram showing one of the proposals for crew and equipment transfers during STS-400.

After its most recent mission (STS-123), Endeavour was taken to the Orbiter Processing Facility for routine maintenance. Following the maintenance, Endeavour was on stand-by for STS-326 which would have been flown in the case that STS-124 would not have been able to return to Earth safely. Stacking of the solid rocket boosters (SRB) began on 11 July 2008. One month later, the external tank arrived at KSC and was mated with the SRBs on 29 August 2008. Endeavour joined the stack on 12 September 2008 and was rolled out to Pad 39B one week later.

Since STS-126 launched before STS-125, Atlantis was rolled back to the VAB on 20 October, and Endeavour rolled around to Launch Pad 39A on 23 October. When it was time to launch STS-125, Atlantis rolled out to pad 39A.^[20]

Mission plan

The Mission would not have included the extended heatshield inspection normally performed on flight day two.^[17]^[19] Instead, an inspection would have been performed after the crew was rescued.^[17]^[19] On flight day two, Endeavour would have performed the rendezvous and grapple with Atlantis.^[17]^[23] On flight day three, the first EVA would have been performed.^[17]^[19]^[23] During the first EVA, Megan McArthur, Andrew Feustel and John Grunsfeld would have set up a tether between the airlocks.^[18]^[19] They would have also transferred a large size Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) and, after McArthur had repressurized, transferred McArthur's EMU back to Atlantis. Afterwards they would have repressurized on Endeavour, ending flight day two activities.^[17]

The final two EVA were planned for flight day three.^[17]^[19] During the first, Grunsfeld would have depressurized on Endeavour in order to assist Gregory Johnson and Michael Massimino in transferring an EMU to Atlantis. He and Johnson would then repressurize on Endeavour, and Massimino would have gone back to Atlantis.^[17] He, along with Scott Altman and Michael Good would have taken the rest of the equipment and themselves to Endeavour during the final EVA. They would have been standing by in case the RMS system should malfunction.^[24] The damaged orbiter would have been commanded by the ground to deorbit and go through landing procedures over the Pacific, with the impact area being north of Hawaii.^[18]^[19] On flight day five, Endeavour would have had a full heat shield inspection, and land on flight day eight.^[17]^[18]^[19]

This mission could have marked the end of the Space Shuttle program, as it is considered unlikely that the program would have been able to continue with just two remaining orbiters, Discovery and Endeavour.^[25]

On Thursday, 21 May 2009, NASA officially released Endeavour from the rescue mission, freeing the orbiter to begin processing for STS-127. This also allowed NASA to continue processing LC-39B for the upcoming Ares I-X launch, as during the stand-down period, NASA installed a new lightning protection system, similar to those found on the Atlas V and Delta IV pads, to protect the newer, taller Ares I rocket from lightning strikes.^[26]^[27]

STS-335

STS-134 was the last scheduled flight of the Shuttle program. Because no more were planned after this, a special mission was developed as STS-335 to act as the LON mission for this flight. This would have paired Atlantis with ET-122, which had been refurbished following damage by Hurricane Katrina.^[28] Since there would be no next mission, STS-335 would also carry a Multi-Purpose Logistics Module filled with supplies to replenish the station.^[29]

The Senate authorized STS-135 as a regular flight on 5 August 2010,^[30] followed by the House on 29 September 2010,^[31] and later signed by President Obama on 11 October 2010.^[32] However funding for the mission remained dependent on a subsequent appropriations bill.

Nonetheless NASA converted STS-335, the final Launch On Need mission, into an operational mission (STS-135) on 20 January 2011.^[33] On 13 February 2011, program managers told their workforce that STS-135 would fly "regardless" of the funding situation via a continuing resolution.^[34] Finally the U.S. government budget approved in mid-April 2011 called for $5.5 billion for NASA's space operations division, including the Space Shuttle and space station programs. According to NASA, the budget running through 30 September 2011 ended all concerns about funding the STS-135 mission.^[35]

With the successful completion of STS-134, STS-335 was rendered unnecessary and launch preparations for STS-135 continued as Atlantis neared LC-39A during its rollout as STS-134 landed at the nearby Shuttle Landing Facility.^[36]

For the STS-135, no shuttle was available for a rescue mission. A different rescue plan was devised, involving the four crew members remaining aboard the International Space Station, and returning aboard Soyuz spacecraft one at a time over the next year. That contingency was not required.

References

^ "Flight Readiness Review Briefing, Transcript of press briefing carried on NASA TV" (PDF). NASA. 17 June 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book" (PDF). NASA. 12 July 2005.
^ Engineering for Complex Systems Knowledge Engineering for Safety and Success Project^{[dead link‍]}
^ "STS-121 Nasa Press Kit" (PDF). NASA. May 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2006.
^ "NASA Launch Schedule" (PDF). NASA Via Hipstersunite.com. 2 November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2007.
^ Nasa Assurance Technology Center News Article Archived 2 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b Bergin, Chris (7 February 2008). "STS-122: Atlantis launches – Endeavour LON doubt". NASAspaceflight.com.
^ "STS-114 Flight Readiness Review Presentation" (PDF). NASA. 29 June 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2006.
^ Kestenbaum, David (29 June 2006). "Emergency Rescue Plans in Place for Astronauts". NPR. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
^ USA Master Template - Revised
^ Bergin, Chris (7 August 2006). "NASA enhancing unmanned orbiter capability". NASASpaceflight.com.
^ Malik, Tariq (29 June 2006). "Shuttle to Carry Tools for Repair and Remote-Control Landing". Space.com.
^ Karimov, A.G. (1997). "Control of Onboard Complex of Equipment". In Lozino-Lozinsky, G.E.; Bratukhin., A.G. (eds.). Aerospace Systems: Book of Technical Papers (ZIP MSWORD). Moscow: Publishing House of Moscow Aviation Institute. p. 206. Retrieved 3 August 2011. The structure is built with allowance for three possible Orbiter's control modes: automatic, manual and under commands from the ground-based control complex (GBCC).
^ "X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle". Office of the Secretary of the Air Force (Public Affairs). Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
^ "X-37 Demonstrator to Test Future Launch Technologies in Orbit and Reentry Environments". NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. May 2003. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
^ Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book. 12 July 2005 p. 101
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j NASA Mission Operations Directorate (2 June 2008). "STS-400 Flight Plan" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g NASA (5 May 2009). "STS-400: Ready and Waiting". NASA. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Atkinson, Nancy (17 April 2009). "The STS-400 Shuttle Rescue Mission Scenario". Universe Today. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Bergin, Chris (19 January 2009). "STS-125/400 Single Pad option progress – aim to protect Ares I-X". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
^ Bergin, Chris (9 May 2006). "Hubble Servicing Mission moves up". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Copella, John (31 July 2007). "NASA Evaluates Rescue Options for Hubble Mission". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d NASA (9 September 2008). "STS-125 Mission Overview Briefing Materials". NASA. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
^ ^a ^b Bergin, Chris (11 October 2007). "STS-400 – NASA draws up their Hubble rescue plans". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
^ Watson, Traci (22 March 2005). "The mission NASA hopes won't happen". USA Today. Retrieved 13 September 2006.
^ Harwood, William (21 May 2009). "Iffy weather forecast for Friday's shuttle landing". CBS News, Spaceflightnow.com. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
^ Bergin, Chris (22 May 2009). "Endeavour in STS-127 flow". NASA Spaceflight.com. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
^ Bergin, Chris (26 April 2009). "Downstream processing and planning – preparing the fleet through to STS-135". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
^ Bergin, Chris (13 October 2009). "NASA Evaluate STS-335/STS-133 Cross Country Farewell". NASASpaceflight.com.
^ Clark, Stephen (6 August 2010). "Senate approves bill adding extra space shuttle flight". Spaceflight Now Inc.
^ Abrams, Jim (30 September 2010). "NASA bill passed by Congress would allow for one additional shuttle flight in 2011". ABC Action News. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.
^ Amos, Jonathan (11 October 2010). "Obama signs Nasa up to new future". BBC News.
^ "Dean, James "Atlantis officially named final shuttle mission" (23 January 2010) Florida Today". Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
^ NASA managers insist STS-135 will fly – Payload options under assessment NASASpaceFlight.com
^ Clark, Stephen (21 April 2011). "Federal budget pays for summer shuttle flight". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
^ Endeavour arrives home one final time to conclude STS-134 | NASASpaceFlight.com

External links

"CSCS Flight Rules" (PDF). (34.2 KiB)

[FRRBriefingTranscript-1] "Flight Readiness Review Briefing, Transcript of press briefing carried on NASA TV" (PDF). NASA. 17 June 2006.

[CSCSResourceBook-2] "Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book" (PDF). NASA. 12 July 2005.

[jointunderspeed-3] Engineering for Complex Systems Knowledge Engineering for Safety and Success Project^{[dead link‍]}

[PressKit-4] "STS-121 Nasa Press Kit" (PDF). NASA. May 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2006.

[launchschedule-5] "NASA Launch Schedule" (PDF). NASA Via Hipstersunite.com. 2 November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2007.

[atcnews-6] Nasa Assurance Technology Center News Article Archived 2 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine

[NSF-323-7] Bergin, Chris (7 February 2008). "STS-122: Atlantis launches – Endeavour LON doubt". NASAspaceflight.com.

[STS114FRR-8] "STS-114 Flight Readiness Review Presentation" (PDF). NASA. 29 June 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2006.

[9] Kestenbaum, David (29 June 2006). "Emergency Rescue Plans in Place for Astronauts". NPR. Retrieved 19 September 2006.

[10] USA Master Template - Revised

[NSF-AORP-11] Bergin, Chris (7 August 2006). "NASA enhancing unmanned orbiter capability". NASASpaceflight.com.

[12] Malik, Tariq (29 June 2006). "Shuttle to Carry Tools for Repair and Remote-Control Landing". Space.com.

[Karimov_A.G.-13] Karimov, A.G. (1997). "Control of Onboard Complex of Equipment". In Lozino-Lozinsky, G.E.; Bratukhin., A.G. (eds.). Aerospace Systems: Book of Technical Papers (ZIP MSWORD). Moscow: Publishing House of Moscow Aviation Institute. p. 206. Retrieved 3 August 2011. The structure is built with allowance for three possible Orbiter's control modes: automatic, manual and under commands from the ground-based control complex (GBCC).

[14] "X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle". Office of the Secretary of the Air Force (Public Affairs). Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2011.

[15] "X-37 Demonstrator to Test Future Launch Technologies in Orbit and Reentry Environments". NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. May 2003. Retrieved 12 July 2011.

[autogenerated1-16] Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book. 12 July 2005 p. 101

[FP-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j NASA Mission Operations Directorate (2 June 2008). "STS-400 Flight Plan" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 19 May 2009.

[Rescueplan-18] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g NASA (5 May 2009). "STS-400: Ready and Waiting". NASA. Retrieved 17 May 2009.

[UTRescue-19] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Atkinson, Nancy (17 April 2009). "The STS-400 Shuttle Rescue Mission Scenario". Universe Today. Retrieved 18 May 2009.

[NSF-singlepad-20] Bergin, Chris (19 January 2009). "STS-125/400 Single Pad option progress – aim to protect Ares I-X". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 19 January 2009.

[move-21] Bergin, Chris (9 May 2006). "Hubble Servicing Mission moves up". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 16 October 2007.

[rescue-22] Copella, John (31 July 2007). "NASA Evaluates Rescue Options for Hubble Mission". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 16 October 2007.

[briefingmats-23] NASA (9 September 2008). "STS-125 Mission Overview Briefing Materials". NASA. Retrieved 17 May 2009.

[rescue2-24] Bergin, Chris (11 October 2007). "STS-400 – NASA draws up their Hubble rescue plans". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 16 October 2007.

[25] Watson, Traci (22 March 2005). "The mission NASA hopes won't happen". USA Today. Retrieved 13 September 2006.

[FD11a-26] Harwood, William (21 May 2009). "Iffy weather forecast for Friday's shuttle landing". CBS News, Spaceflightnow.com. Retrieved 22 May 2009.

[27] Bergin, Chris (22 May 2009). "Endeavour in STS-127 flow". NASA Spaceflight.com. Retrieved 24 May 2009.

[28] Bergin, Chris (26 April 2009). "Downstream processing and planning – preparing the fleet through to STS-135". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 14 June 2009.

[STS-335-29] Bergin, Chris (13 October 2009). "NASA Evaluate STS-335/STS-133 Cross Country Farewell". NASASpaceflight.com.

[30] Clark, Stephen (6 August 2010). "Senate approves bill adding extra space shuttle flight". Spaceflight Now Inc.

[31] Abrams, Jim (30 September 2010). "NASA bill passed by Congress would allow for one additional shuttle flight in 2011". ABC Action News. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.

[32] Amos, Jonathan (11 October 2010). "Obama signs Nasa up to new future". BBC News.

[33] "Dean, James "Atlantis officially named final shuttle mission" (23 January 2010) Florida Today". Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2011.

[34] NASA managers insist STS-135 will fly – Payload options under assessment NASASpaceFlight.com

[35] Clark, Stephen (21 April 2011). "Federal budget pays for summer shuttle flight". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 23 April 2011.

[36] Endeavour arrives home one final time to conclude STS-134 | NASASpaceFlight.com

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Contingency Space Shuttle rescue mission designations}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
 {{Infobox spaceflight
 | name                  = STS-3xx
 | image                 =
 | image_caption         =
-| insignia              = Shuttle_Patch.svg
+| insignia              =
+| programme = [[Space Shuttle program]]
 | mission_type          = Crew rescue
@@ Line 47: / Line 50: @@
 ==Procedure==
-The orbiter and four of the crew which were due to fly the next planned mission would be retasked to the rescue mission. The planning and training processes for a rescue flight would allow [[NASA]] to launch the mission within a period of 40 days of its being called up. During that time the damaged (or disabled) shuttle's crew would have to take refuge on the [[International Space Station]] (ISS). The ISS is able to support both crews for around 80 days, with oxygen supply being the limiting factor.<ref name=FRRBriefingTranscript>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/150494main_frr_brief_20060617.pdf |title=Flight Readiness Review Briefing, Transcript of press briefing carried on NASA TV|date= 17 June 2006|publisher=NASA|format=PDF}}</ref> Within NASA, this plan for maintaining the shuttle crew at the ISS is known as Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS) operations.<ref name=CSCSResourceBook>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/153444main_CSCS_Resource_%20Book.pdf |title=Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book|publisher=NASA|format=PDF|date= 12 July 2005}}</ref>  Up to [[STS-121]] all rescue missions were to be designated '''STS-300'''.
+The orbiter and four of the crew which were due to fly the next planned mission would be retasked to the rescue mission. The planning and training processes for a rescue flight would allow [[NASA]] to launch the mission within a period of 40 days of its being called up. During that time the damaged (or disabled) shuttle's crew would have to take refuge on the [[International Space Station]] (ISS). The ISS is able to support both crews for around 80 days, with oxygen supply being the limiting factor.<ref name=FRRBriefingTranscript>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/150494main_frr_brief_20060617.pdf |title=Flight Readiness Review Briefing, Transcript of press briefing carried on NASA TV|date= 17 June 2006|publisher=NASA}}</ref> Within NASA, this plan for maintaining the shuttle crew at the [[International Space Station|ISS]] is known as Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS) operations.<ref name=CSCSResourceBook>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/153444main_CSCS_Resource_%20Book.pdf |title=Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book|publisher=NASA|date= 12 July 2005}}</ref> Up to [[STS-121]] all rescue missions were to be designated '''STS-300'''.
-In the case of an abort to orbit, where the shuttle is unable to reach the ISS orbit and the thermal protection system inspections suggest the shuttle cannot return to Earth safely, the ISS may be capable of descent down to meet the shuttle. Such a procedure is known as a joint underspeed recovery.<ref name=jointunderspeed>[https://postdoc.arc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/postdoc/get/download/HORM-1-Final.to.AdvisoryCommittee.doc?url_id=117371&ext=doc Engineering for Complex Systems Knowledge Engineering for Safety and Success Project]{{Dead link|date=February 2010}}</ref>
+In the case of an abort to orbit, where the shuttle could have been unable to reach the ISS orbit and the thermal protection system inspections suggested that the shuttle could not have returned to Earth safely, the ISS may have been capable of descending to meet the shuttle. Such a procedure was known as a joint underspeed recovery.<ref name=jointunderspeed>[https://postdoc.arc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/postdoc/get/download/HORM-1-Final.to.AdvisoryCommittee.doc?url_id=117371&ext=doc Engineering for Complex Systems Knowledge Engineering for Safety and Success Project]{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
-[[File:Space shuttles Atlantis (STS-125) and Endeavour (STS-400) on launch pads.jpg|thumb|''Atlantis'' and ''Endeavour'' on LC-39A and LC-39B. ''Endeavour'' was slated to launch on the [[STS-400]] rescue mission if ''Atlantis'' ([[STS-125]]) was unable to return safely to Earth.]]
 {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
-|+ '''Mission designations for STS-3xx flights'''
+|+ Mission designations for STS-3xx flights
-! Flight || Rescue Flight<ref name=CSCSResourceBook/><ref name=PressKit>{{cite web |url=http://mynasa.nasa.gov/pdf/149873main_sts121_press_kit.pdf |title=STS-121 Nasa Press Kit |publisher=NASA |date=May 2006 |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060723042544/http://mynasa.nasa.gov/pdf/149873main_sts121_press_kit.pdf |archivedate=23 July 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=launchschedule>{{cite web |date=2 November 2006 |format=PDF |url=http://www.hipstersunite.com/nasa/Launch_Schedule.pdf |title=NASA Launch Schedule |publisher=NASA Via Hipstersunite.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109042847/http://www.hipstersunite.com/nasa/Launch_Schedule.pdf |archivedate=9 January 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name=atcnews>[http://atc.nasa.gov/news/entry/1347 Nasa Assurance Technology Center News Article] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202131150/http://atc.nasa.gov/news/entry/1347 |date=2 December 2007 }}</ref>
+! Flight || Rescue flight<ref name=CSCSResourceBook/><ref name=PressKit>{{cite web |url=http://mynasa.nasa.gov/pdf/149873main_sts121_press_kit.pdf |title=STS-121 Nasa Press Kit |publisher=NASA |date=May 2006|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060723042544/http://mynasa.nasa.gov/pdf/149873main_sts121_press_kit.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2006}}</ref><ref name=launchschedule>{{cite web |date=2 November 2006|url=http://www.hipstersunite.com/nasa/Launch_Schedule.pdf |title=NASA Launch Schedule |publisher=NASA Via Hipstersunite.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109042847/http://www.hipstersunite.com/nasa/Launch_Schedule.pdf |archive-date=9 January 2007}}</ref><ref name=atcnews>[http://atc.nasa.gov/news/entry/1347 Nasa Assurance Technology Center News Article] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202131150/http://atc.nasa.gov/news/entry/1347 |date=2 December 2007 }}</ref>
 |-
 | [[STS-114]] ([[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']])  || '''STS-300''' ([[Space Shuttle Atlantis|''Atlantis'']])
@@ Line 61: / Line 62: @@
 | [[STS-121]] (''Discovery'')  || '''STS-300'''   (''Atlantis'')
 |-
-| [[STS-115]] (''Atlantis'')  || '''STS-301''' (''Discovery'')
+| [[STS-115]] (''Atlantis'')  || '''STS-301''' (''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'')
 |-
 | [[STS-116]] (''Discovery'')  || '''STS-317''' (''Atlantis'')
@@ Line 81: / Line 82: @@
 | [[STS-134]] (''Endeavour'')  || '''STS-335''' (''Atlantis'')
 |}
-:<nowiki>*</nowiki> – originally scheduled to be ''Endeavour'', changed to ''Discovery'' for contamination issues.<ref name="NSF-323" />
+<nowiki>*</nowiki> – originally scheduled to be ''Endeavour'', changed to ''Discovery'' for contamination issues.<ref name="NSF-323" />
 To save weight, and to allow the combined crews of both shuttles to return to Earth safely, many shortcuts would have to be made, and the risks of launching another orbiter without resolving the failure which caused the previous orbiter to become disabled would have to be faced.
@@ Line 91: / Line 92: @@
 * Individual Cooling Units mounting provisions
 * Seat 5 modification to properly secure in a recumbent position
-* Mounting provisions for four additional Sky Genie egress devices (see picture on right) [[File:Ochoa on Sky Genie - GPN-2000-001068.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Training with a Sky Genie egress device]]
+* Mounting provisions for four additional Sky Genie egress devices (see picture) [[File:Ochoa on Sky Genie - GPN-2000-001068.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Training with a Sky Genie egress device]]
-* Escape Pole mounting provisions for three additional lanyards<ref name="STS114FRR">{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/FOIA/FRRdocs/05_foi.pdf |title=STS-114 Flight Readiness Review Presentation |format=PDF |publisher=NASA |date=29 June 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811090404/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/FOIA/FRRdocs/05_foi.pdf |archivedate=11 August 2006 |df=dmy }}</ref>
+* Escape Pole mounting provisions for three additional lanyards<ref name="STS114FRR">{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/FOIA/FRRdocs/05_foi.pdf |title=STS-114 Flight Readiness Review Presentation|publisher=NASA |date=29 June 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811090404/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/FOIA/FRRdocs/05_foi.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2006}}</ref>
 ==Remote Control Orbiter==
 {{update|section|date=February 2013}}
-The Remote Control Orbiter (RCO), also known as the Autonomous Orbiter Rapid Prototype (AORP), was a term used by NASA to describe a shuttle that could perform entry and landing without a human crew on board via remote control. NASA developed the RCO in-flight maintenance (IFM) cable to extend existing auto-land capabilities of the shuttle to allow remaining tasks to be completed from the ground. The purpose of the RCO IFM cable was to provide an electrical signal connection between the Ground Command Interface Logic (GCIL) and the flight deck panel switches.  The cable is approximately {{convert|28|ft|m}} long, weighs over {{convert|5|lb|abbr=on}}, and has 16 connectors.<ref>{{cite news | last = Kestenbaum | first = David | title = Emergency Rescue Plans in Place for Astronauts | publisher=NPR | date = 29 June 2006  | url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5521668 | accessdate =19 September 2006 }}</ref><ref>[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070019347_2007018898.pdf USA Master Template - Revised<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>  With this system, signals could be sent from the Mission Control Center to the unmanned shuttle to control the following systems:
+The Remote Control Orbiter (RCO), also known as the Autonomous Orbiter Rapid Prototype (AORP), was a term used by NASA to describe a shuttle that could perform entry and landing without a human crew on board via remote control. NASA developed the RCO in-flight maintenance (IFM) cable to extend existing auto-land capabilities of the shuttle to allow remaining tasks to be completed from the ground. The purpose of the RCO IFM cable was to provide an electrical signal connection between the Ground Command Interface Logic (GCIL) and the flight deck panel switches.  The cable is approximately {{convert|28|ft|m}} long, weighs over {{convert|5|lb|abbr=on}}, and has 16 connectors.<ref>{{cite news | last = Kestenbaum | first = David | title = Emergency Rescue Plans in Place for Astronauts | publisher=NPR | date = 29 June 2006  | url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5521668 | access-date =19 September 2006 }}</ref><ref>[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070019347_2007018898.pdf USA Master Template - Revised<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> With this system, signals could be sent from the Mission Control Center to the unmanned shuttle to control the following systems:
 *[[Auxiliary Power Unit]] (APU) start and run
 *Air Data Probe (ADP) deployment
@@ Line 105: / Line 106: @@
 The RCO IFM cable first flew aboard [[STS-121]] and was transferred to the ISS for storage during the mission. The cable remained aboard the ISS until the end of the Shuttle program. Prior to STS-121 the plan was for the damaged shuttle to be abandoned and allowed to burn up on reentry. The prime landing site for an RCO orbiter would be [[Vandenberg Air Force Base]] in California.<ref name="NSF-AORP">{{cite web|first=Chris|last=Bergin|date=7 August 2006|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2006/08/nasa-enhancing-unmanned-orbiter-capability/ |publisher=NASASpaceflight.com |title= NASA enhancing unmanned orbiter capability}}</ref> [[Edwards Air Force Base]], a site already used to support shuttle landings, was the prime RCO landing site for the first missions carrying the equipment; however Vandenberg was later selected as the prime site as it is nearer the coast, and the shuttle can be ditched in the Pacific should a problem develop that would make landing dangerous. [[White Sands Missile Range]] in [[New Mexico]] is a likely alternate site.<ref>{{cite web|first=Tariq|last=Malik|date=29 June 2006|url=http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/060629_newtools.html |publisher=Space.com|title=Shuttle to Carry Tools for Repair and Remote-Control Landing}}</ref> A major consideration in determining the landing site would be the desire to perform a high-risk re-entry far away from populated areas. The flight resource book, and flight rules in force during STS-121 suggest that the damaged shuttle would reenter on a trajectory such that if it should break up, it would do so with debris landing in the South Pacific Ocean.<ref name=CSCSResourceBook/>
-The Soviet [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran shuttle]] was also remotely controlled during its entire maiden flight without a crew aboard. Landing was carried out by an on board, automatic system.<ref name=Karimov_A.G.>{{cite book|title=Aerospace Systems: Book of Technical Papers |editor1-first=G.E.|editor1-last=Lozino-Lozinsky|editor2-first=A.G.|editor2-last=Bratukhin.|location=Moscow|publisher=Publishing House of Moscow Aviation Institute|year=1997|chapter=Control of Onboard Complex of Equipment|last1=Karimov|first1=A.G.|page=206|quote=The structure is built with allowance for three possible Orbiter’s control modes: automatic, manual and under commands from the ground-based control complex (GBCC).|url=http://www.buran.ru/other/p-206.zip|format=ZIP MSWORD|accessdate=3 August 2011}}</ref>
+The Soviet [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran shuttle]] was also remotely controlled during its entire maiden flight without a crew aboard. Landing was carried out by an onboard, automatic system.<ref name=Karimov_A.G.>{{cite book|title=Aerospace Systems: Book of Technical Papers |editor1-first=G.E.|editor1-last=Lozino-Lozinsky|editor2-first=A.G.|editor2-last=Bratukhin.|location=Moscow|publisher=Publishing House of Moscow Aviation Institute|year=1997|chapter=Control of Onboard Complex of Equipment|last1=Karimov|first1=A.G.|page=206|quote=The structure is built with allowance for three possible Orbiter's control modes: automatic, manual and under commands from the ground-based control complex (GBCC).|url=http://www.buran.ru/other/p-206.zip|format=ZIP MSWORD|access-date=3 August 2011}}</ref>
-As of March 2011 the [[Boeing X-37]] extended duration robotic spaceplane has demonstrated autonomous orbital flight, reentry and landing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=16639|publisher=Office of the Secretary of the Air Force (Public Affairs)|title=X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle|accessdate =12 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801120013/http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=16639|archivedate=1 August 2013}}
+As of March 2011 the [[Boeing X-37]] extended duration robotic spaceplane has demonstrated autonomous orbital flight, reentry and landing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=16639|publisher=Office of the Secretary of the Air Force (Public Affairs)|title=X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle|access-date =12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801120013/http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=16639|archive-date=1 August 2013}}
-</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 2003|publisher=NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center|title=X-37 Demonstrator to Test Future Launch Technologies in Orbit and Reentry Environments|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/background/facts/x37facts2.html | accessdate =12 July 2011 }}</ref>  The X-37 was originally intended for launch from the Shuttle payload bay, but following the  [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|Columbia accident]], it was launched in a shrouded configuration on an [[Atlas V]].
+</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 2003|publisher=NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center|title=X-37 Demonstrator to Test Future Launch Technologies in Orbit and Reentry Environments|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/background/facts/x37facts2.html | access-date =12 July 2011 }}</ref> The X-37 was originally intended for launch from the Shuttle payload bay, but following the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|''Columbia'' disaster]], it was launched in a shrouded configuration on an [[Atlas V]].
-==Pre-ISS era==
-{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2007}}
-The STS-3xx missions were developed in the aftermath of the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|loss of ''Columbia'']]. However, NASA spent some effort researching rescue options even before the disaster. Before the ISS was launched, or in the event of the shuttle being unable to reach the station, shuttle crews would have had to transfer directly between shuttles. The orbiters would have been unable to dock, so while they used their RMS arms to grapple each other, the crew would have made an [[Extra-vehicular activity|EVA]] between the shuttles. This would have been carried out using the two EVA-designated mission specialists wearing the [[Extravehicular Mobility Unit|Shuttle/ISS Extravehicular Mobility Unit]] (EMU) spacesuits, while the remaining crew would have been sealed up in pressurized [[Personal Rescue Enclosure]] and carried over either by hand, or using a pulley system (akin to that of a clothesline pulley) like that employed in the [[Project Apollo|Apollo]] program for lifting samples from the Moon's surface into the [[Apollo Lunar Module|Lunar Module]].
 ==Sample timeline==
@@ Line 119: / Line 116: @@
 *'''FD-10''' A decision on the requirement for Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS) is expected by flight day 10 of a nominal mission.
 *'''FD-10''' Shortly after the need for CSCS operations a group C powerdown of the shuttle will take place.
-*'''FD-11->21''' During flight days 11 ~ 21 of the mission the shuttle will remain docked to the international space station (ISS) with the hatch open. Various items will be transferred between the shuttle and ISS.
+*'''FD-11→21''' During flight days 11–21 of the mission the shuttle will remain docked to the international space station (ISS) with the hatch open. Various items will be transferred between the shuttle and ISS.
 *'''FD-21''' Hatch closure will be conducted from the ISS side. The shuttle crew remains on the ISS, leaving the shuttle unmanned
-*'''FD-21''' Deorbit Burn – Burn occurs four hours after separation. Orbiter lands at Vandenberg Air Force Base under remote control from Houston. (Prior to STS-121, the payload bay doors would have been left open to promote vehicle breakup.)
+*'''FD-21''' Deorbit burn – burn occurs four hours after separation. Orbiter lands at Vandenberg Air Force Base under remote control from Houston. (Prior to STS-121, the payload bay doors would have been left open to promote vehicle breakup.)
-*'''FD-45''' Launch of rescue flight. 35 days from call-up to Launch for the rescue flight is a best-estimate of the minimum time it will take before a rescue flight is launched.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/153444main_CSCS_Resource_%20Book.pdf Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book. 12 July 2005] p.101</ref>
+*'''FD-45''' Launch of rescue flight. 35 days from call-up to launch for the rescue flight is a best estimate of the minimum time it will take before a rescue flight is launched.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/153444main_CSCS_Resource_%20Book.pdf Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book. 12 July 2005] p.&nbsp;101</ref>
-*'''FD-45->47''' The rescue flight catches up with the ISS, conducting heat shield inspections en route.
+*'''FD-45→47''' The rescue flight catches up with the ISS, conducting heat shield inspections en route.
 *'''FD-47''' The rescue flight docks with the station, on day three of its mission.
 *'''FD-48''' Shuttle crew enters the rescue orbiter. Vehicle with a crew complement of 11 undocks from ISS.
@@ Line 130: / Line 127: @@
 ==STS-125 rescue plan==
+{{main|STS-400}}
 {{Infobox spaceflight
 | name                  = STS-400
 | image                 =
 | image_caption         =
-| insignia              = Shuttle_Patch.png
+| insignia              =
+| programme = [[Space Shuttle program]]
 | mission_type          = Crew rescue
@@ Line 146: / Line 146: @@
 | launch_date           =
-| launch_site           = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|LC-39B]]
+| launch_site           = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]], [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B|LC-39B]]
 | landing_date          =
@@ Line 160: / Line 160: @@
 | apsis                 = gee
-| crew_size             = 4 up<br/>11 down
+| crew_size             = {{ubl|4 up|11 down}}
-| crew_members          = [[Christopher Ferguson]]<br/>[[Eric A. Boe]]<br/>[[Robert S. Kimbrough]]<br/>[[Stephen G. Bowen]]
+| crew_members          = {{ubl|[[Christopher Ferguson]]|[[Eric A. Boe]]|[[Robert S. Kimbrough]]|[[Stephen G. Bowen]]}}
-| crew_landing          = [[Scott D. Altman]]<br/>[[Gregory C. Johnson]]<br/>[[Michael T. Good]]<br/>[[Megan McArthur]]<br/>[[John M. Grunsfeld]]<br/>[[Michael J. Massimino]]<br/>[[Andrew J. Feustel]]
+| crew_landing          = {{ubl|[[Scott D. Altman]]|[[Gregory C. Johnson]]|[[Michael T. Good]]|[[Megan McArthur]]|[[John M. Grunsfeld]]|[[Michael J. Massimino]]|[[Andrew J. Feustel]]}}
 }}
 [[File:Comparison ISS HST orbits globe centered in Cape Verde.svg|thumb|Comparison of International Space Station and Hubble Space Telescope orbits]]
-'''STS-400''' was the [[Space Shuttle]] contingency support (Launch On Need) flight that would have been launched using {{OV|105}} if a major problem occurred on {{OV|104}} during [[STS-125]], the final [[Hubble Space Telescope]] servicing mission (HST SM-4).<ref name="FP">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/345918main_FLT_PLN_400_B.pdf|title=STS-400 Flight Plan|author=[[NASA]] Mission Operations Directorate|date=2 June 2008|publisher=NASA|accessdate=19 May 2009|format=pdf}}</ref><ref name="Rescueplan">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/sts400-ready-and-waiting.html|title=STS-400: Ready and Waiting|author=NASA|date=5 May 2009|publisher=NASA|accessdate=17 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="UTRescue">{{cite web|url=http://www.universetoday.com/2009/04/17/the-sts-400-shuttle-rescue-mission-scenario/|title=The STS-400 Shuttle Rescue Mission Scenario|first=Nancy |last=Atkinson|date=17 April 2009|publisher=[[Universe Today]]|accessdate=18 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="NSF-singlepad">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/01/sts-125400-single-pad-option-progress-protect-ares-i-x/|title=STS-125/400 Single Pad option progress – aim to protect Ares I-X|last=Bergin|first=Chris|date=19 January 2009|publisher=[[NASASpaceflight.com]]|accessdate=19 January 2009}}</ref>
+'''STS-400''' was the [[Space Shuttle]] contingency support (Launch On Need) flight that would have been launched using {{OV|105}} if a major problem occurred on {{OV|104}} during [[STS-125]], the final [[Hubble Space Telescope]] servicing mission (HST SM-4).<ref name="FP">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/345918main_FLT_PLN_400_B.pdf|title=STS-400 Flight Plan|author=[[NASA]] Mission Operations Directorate|date=2 June 2008|publisher=NASA|access-date=19 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="Rescueplan">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/sts400-ready-and-waiting.html|title=STS-400: Ready and Waiting|author=NASA|date=5 May 2009|publisher=NASA|access-date=17 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="UTRescue">{{cite web|url=http://www.universetoday.com/2009/04/17/the-sts-400-shuttle-rescue-mission-scenario/|title=The STS-400 Shuttle Rescue Mission Scenario|first=Nancy |last=Atkinson|date=17 April 2009|publisher=[[Universe Today]]|access-date=18 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="NSF-singlepad">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/01/sts-125400-single-pad-option-progress-protect-ares-i-x/|title=STS-125/400 Single Pad option progress – aim to protect Ares I-X|last=Bergin|first=Chris|date=19 January 2009|publisher=[[NASASpaceflight.com]]|access-date=19 January 2009}}</ref>
-Due to the much lower [[orbital inclination]] of the HST compared to the ISS, the shuttle crew would have been unable to use the [[International Space Station]] as a "safe haven," and NASA would not have been able to follow the usual plan of recovering the crew with another shuttle at a later date.<ref name="UTRescue"/>  Instead, NASA developed a plan to conduct a shuttle-to-shuttle rescue mission, similar to [[STS-3xx#Pre-ISS era|proposed rescue missions for pre-ISS flights]].<ref name="UTRescue"/><ref name="move">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2006/05/hubble-servicing-mission-moves-up/|title=Hubble Servicing Mission moves up|date=9 May 2006|accessdate=16 October 2007|publisher=NASASpaceflight.com|first=Chris |last=Bergin}}</ref><ref name="rescue">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2006/07/nasa-evaluates-rescue-options-for-hubble-mission/|title=NASA Evaluates Rescue Options for Hubble Mission|accessdate=16 October 2007|date=31 July 2007|publisher=NASASpaceflight.com|first=John |last=Copella}}</ref>  The rescue mission would have been launched only three days after call-up and as early as seven days after the launch of STS-125, since the crew of ''Atlantis'' would only have about three weeks of consumables after launch.<ref name="Rescueplan"/>
+Due to the much lower [[orbital inclination]] of the HST compared to the ISS, the shuttle crew would have been unable to use the [[International Space Station]] as a "safe haven", and NASA would not have been able to follow the usual plan of recovering the crew with another shuttle at a later date.<ref name="UTRescue"/> Instead, NASA developed a plan to conduct a shuttle-to-shuttle rescue mission, similar to [[STS-3xx#Pre-ISS era|proposed rescue missions for pre-ISS flights]].<ref name="UTRescue"/><ref name="move">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2006/05/hubble-servicing-mission-moves-up/|title=Hubble Servicing Mission moves up|date=9 May 2006|access-date=16 October 2007|publisher=NASASpaceflight.com|first=Chris |last=Bergin}}</ref><ref name="rescue">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2006/07/nasa-evaluates-rescue-options-for-hubble-mission/|title=NASA Evaluates Rescue Options for Hubble Mission|access-date=16 October 2007|date=31 July 2007|publisher=NASASpaceflight.com|first=John |last=Copella}}</ref> The rescue mission would have been launched only three days after call-up and as early as seven days after the launch of STS-125, since the crew of ''Atlantis'' would only have about three weeks of consumables after launch.<ref name="Rescueplan"/>
 The mission was first rolled out in September 2008 to [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|Launch Complex 39B]] two weeks after the STS-125 shuttle was rolled out to [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|Launch Complex 39A]], creating a rare scenario in which two shuttles were on launch pads at the same time.<ref name="UTRescue"/> In October 2008, however, STS-125 was delayed and rolled back to the [[Vehicle Assembly Building|VAB]].
-Initially, STS-125 was retargeted for no earlier than February 2009. This changed the STS-400 vehicle from [[Space Shuttle Endeavour|''Endeavour'']] to [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']]. The mission was redesignated STS-401 due to the swap from ''Endeavour'' to ''Discovery''. STS-125 was then delayed further, allowing ''Discovery'' mission [[STS-119]] to fly beforehand. This resulted in the rescue mission reverting to ''Endeavour'', and the STS-400 designation being reinstated.<ref name="NSF-singlepad"/>  In January, 2009, it was announced that NASA was evaluating conducting both launches from Complex 39A in order to avoid further delays to [[Ares I-X]], which, at the time, was scheduled for launch from LC-39B in the September 2009 timeframe.<ref name="NSF-singlepad"/>  It was planned that after the STS-125 mission in October 2008, Launch Complex 39B would undergo the conversion for use in [[Project Constellation]] for the [[Ares I-X]] rocket.<ref name="NSF-singlepad"/> Several of the members on the NASA mission management team said at the time (2009) that single-pad operations were possible, but the decision was made to use both pads.<ref name="Rescueplan"/><ref name="UTRescue"/>
+Initially, STS-125 was retargeted for no earlier than February 2009. This changed the STS-400 vehicle from [[Space Shuttle Endeavour|''Endeavour'']] to [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']]. The mission was redesignated STS-401 due to the swap from ''Endeavour'' to ''Discovery''. STS-125 was then delayed further, allowing ''Discovery'' mission [[STS-119]] to fly beforehand. This resulted in the rescue mission reverting to ''Endeavour'', and the STS-400 designation being reinstated.<ref name="NSF-singlepad"/> In January, 2009, it was announced that NASA was evaluating conducting both launches from Complex 39A in order to avoid further delays to [[Ares I-X]], which, at the time, was scheduled for launch from LC-39B in the September 2009 timeframe.<ref name="NSF-singlepad"/> It was planned that after the STS-125 mission in October 2008, Launch Complex 39B would undergo the conversion for use in [[Project Constellation]] for the [[Ares I-X]] rocket.<ref name="NSF-singlepad"/> Several of the members on the NASA mission management team said at the time (2009) that single-pad operations were possible, but the decision was made to use both pads.<ref name="Rescueplan"/><ref name="UTRescue"/>
 === Crew ===
-The crew assigned to this mission was a subset of the [[STS-126]] crew:<ref name="Rescueplan"/><ref name="briefingmats">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts125/news/125_mission_overview.html|title=STS-125 Mission Overview Briefing Materials|author=NASA|date=9 September 2008|publisher=NASA|accessdate=17 May 2009}}</ref>
+The crew assigned to this mission was a subset of the [[STS-126]] crew:<ref name="Rescueplan"/><ref name="briefingmats">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts125/news/125_mission_overview.html|title=STS-125 Mission Overview Briefing Materials|author=NASA|date=9 September 2008|publisher=NASA|access-date=17 May 2009}}</ref>
 {{Spaceflight crew
 |terminology       = Astronaut
@@ Line 210: / Line 210: @@
 === Early mission plans ===
-[[File:Space shuttles Atlantis (STS-125) and Endeavour (STS-400) on launch pads.jpg|thumb|''Atlantis'' (foreground) and ''Endeavour'' on LC-39A and LC-39B in 2008.]]
+[[File:Space shuttles Atlantis (STS-125) and Endeavour (STS-400) on launch pads.jpg|thumb|''Atlantis'' (foreground) and ''Endeavour'' on LC-39A and LC-39B in 2008. ''Endeavour'' was slated to launch on the [[STS-400]] rescue mission if ''Atlantis'' ([[STS-125]]) was unable to return safely to Earth.]]
-Three different concept mission plans were evaluated: The first would be to use a shuttle-to-shuttle docking, where the rescue shuttle docks with the damaged shuttle, by flying upside down and backwards, relative to the damaged shuttle.<ref name="rescue" /> It was unclear whether this would be practical, as the forward structure of either orbiter could collide with the payload bay of the other, resulting in damage to both orbiters. The second option that was evaluated, would be for the rescue orbiter to rendezvous with the damaged orbiter, and perform station-keeping while using its [[Canadarm|Remote Manipulator System]] (RMS) to transfer crew from the damaged orbiter. This mission plan would result in heavy fuel consumption. The third concept would be for the damaged orbiter to grapple the rescue orbiter using its RMS, eliminating the need for station-keeping.<ref name="briefingmats"/> The rescue orbiter would then transfer crew using its RMS, as in the second option, and would be more fuel efficient than the station-keeping option.<ref name="rescue" />
+Three different concept mission plans were evaluated: The first would be to use a shuttle-to-shuttle docking, where the rescue shuttle docks with the damaged shuttle, by flying upside down and backwards, relative to the damaged shuttle.<ref name="rescue" /> It was unclear whether this would be practical, as the forward structure of either orbiter could collide with the payload bay of the other, resulting in damage to both orbiters. The second option that was evaluated, would be for the rescue orbiter to rendezvous with the damaged orbiter, and perform [[Orbital station-keeping|station-keeping]] while using its [[Canadarm|Remote Manipulator System]] (RMS) to transfer crew from the damaged orbiter. This mission plan would result in heavy fuel consumption. The third concept would be for the damaged orbiter to grapple the rescue orbiter using its RMS, eliminating the need for station-keeping.<ref name="briefingmats"/> The rescue orbiter would then transfer crew using its RMS, as in the second option, and would be more fuel efficient than the station-keeping option.<ref name="rescue" />
-The concept that was eventually decided upon was a modified version of the third concept. The rescue orbiter would use its RMS to grapple the end of the damaged orbiter's RMS.<ref name="FP"/><ref name="rescue2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2007/10/sts-400-nasa-draws-up-their-hubble-rescue-plans/|title=
+The concept that was eventually decided upon was a modified version of the third concept. The rescue orbiter would use its RMS to grapple the end of the damaged orbiter's RMS.<ref name="FP"/><ref name="rescue2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2007/10/sts-400-nasa-draws-up-their-hubble-rescue-plans/|title=STS-400 – NASA draws up their Hubble rescue plans|access-date=16 October 2007|publisher=NASASpaceflight.com|date=11 October 2007|first=Chris |last=Bergin}}</ref>
-STS-400 – NASA draws up their Hubble rescue plans|accessdate=16 October 2007|publisher=NASASpaceflight.com|date=11 October 2007|first=Chris |last=Bergin}}</ref>
 === Preparations ===
@@ Line 227: / Line 226: @@
 The final two EVA were planned for flight day three.<ref name="FP"/><ref name="UTRescue"/> During the first, Grunsfeld would have depressurized on ''Endeavour'' in order to assist Gregory Johnson and Michael Massimino in transferring an EMU to ''Atlantis''. He and Johnson would then repressurize on ''Endeavour'', and Massimino would have gone back to ''Atlantis''.<ref name="FP"/> He, along with Scott Altman and Michael Good would have taken the rest of the equipment and themselves to ''Endeavour'' during the final EVA. They would have been standing by in case the RMS system should malfunction.<ref name="rescue2" /> The damaged orbiter would have been commanded by the ground to deorbit and go through landing procedures over the Pacific, with the impact area being north of Hawaii.<ref name="Rescueplan"/><ref name="UTRescue"/> On flight day five, ''Endeavour'' would have had a full heat shield inspection, and land on flight day eight.<ref name="FP"/><ref name="Rescueplan"/><ref name="UTRescue"/>
-This mission could have marked the end of the Space Shuttle program, as it is considered unlikely that the program would have been able to continue with just two remaining [[Space Shuttle orbiter|orbiter]]s, ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'' and ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]''.<ref>{{cite news | last = Watson | first = Traci | title = The mission NASA hopes won't happen |work=USA Today | date = 22 March 2005  | url = https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2005-03-22-shuttle-cover_x.htm  | accessdate =13 September 2006 }}</ref>
+This mission could have marked the end of the Space Shuttle program, as it is considered unlikely that the program would have been able to continue with just two remaining [[Space Shuttle orbiter|orbiter]]s, ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'' and ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]''.<ref>{{cite news | last = Watson | first = Traci | title = The mission NASA hopes won't happen |work=USA Today | date = 22 March 2005  | url = https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2005-03-22-shuttle-cover_x.htm  | access-date =13 September 2006 }}</ref>
-On Thursday, 21 May 2009, NASA officially released ''Endeavour'' from the rescue mission, freeing the orbiter to begin processing for [[STS-127]]. This also allowed NASA to continue processing LC-39B for the upcoming Ares I-X launch, as during the stand-down period, NASA installed a new lightning protection system, similar to those found on the [[Atlas V]] and [[Delta IV]] pads, to protect the newer, taller Ares I rocket from lightning strikes.<ref name="FD11a">{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/shuttle/sts125/090521fd11/index2.html|title=Iffy weather forecast for Friday's shuttle landing|first=William |last=Harwood |date=21 May 2009|publisher=CBS News, Spaceflightnow.com|accessdate=22 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Bergin|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/05/atlantis-sets-sights-saturday-endeavour-sts-127-flow/|title=Endeavour in STS-127 flow|date=22 May 2009|publisher=NASA Spaceflight.com|accessdate=24 May 2009}}</ref>
+On Thursday, 21 May 2009, NASA officially released ''Endeavour'' from the rescue mission, freeing the orbiter to begin processing for [[STS-127]]. This also allowed NASA to continue processing LC-39B for the upcoming Ares I-X launch, as during the stand-down period, NASA installed a new lightning protection system, similar to those found on the [[Atlas V]] and [[Delta IV]] pads, to protect the newer, taller Ares I rocket from lightning strikes.<ref name="FD11a">{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/shuttle/sts125/090521fd11/index2.html|title=Iffy weather forecast for Friday's shuttle landing|first=William |last=Harwood |date=21 May 2009|publisher=CBS News, Spaceflightnow.com|access-date=22 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Bergin|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/05/atlantis-sets-sights-saturday-endeavour-sts-127-flow/|title=Endeavour in STS-127 flow|date=22 May 2009|publisher=NASA Spaceflight.com|access-date=24 May 2009}}</ref>
 ==STS-335==
-[[STS-134]] was the last scheduled flight of the Shuttle program. Because no more were planned after this, a special mission was developed as STS-335 to act as the LON mission for this flight. This would have paired [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|''Atlantis'']] with [[Space Shuttle external tank|ET-122]], which had been refurbished following damage by [[Hurricane Katrina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/04/downstream-processing-and-planning-preparing-fleet-to-sts-135/|title=Downstream processing and planning – preparing the fleet through to STS-135|accessdate=14 June 2009|publisher=NASASpaceflight.com|date=26 April 2009|first=Chris |last=Bergin}}</ref> Since there would be no next mission, STS-335 would also carry a [[Multi-Purpose Logistics Module]] filled with supplies to replenish the station.<ref name="STS-335">{{cite web|first=Chris|last=Bergin|date=13 October 2009|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/10/nasa-evaluate-sts-335-sts-133-cross-country-farewell/ |title=NASA Evaluate STS-335/STS-133 Cross Country Farewell| publisher=NASASpaceflight.com}}</ref>
+[[STS-134]] was the last scheduled flight of the Shuttle program. Because no more were planned after this, a special mission was developed as STS-335 to act as the LON mission for this flight. This would have paired [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|''Atlantis'']] with [[Space Shuttle external tank|ET-122]], which had been refurbished following damage by [[Hurricane Katrina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/04/downstream-processing-and-planning-preparing-fleet-to-sts-135/|title=Downstream processing and planning – preparing the fleet through to STS-135|access-date=14 June 2009|publisher=NASASpaceflight.com|date=26 April 2009|first=Chris |last=Bergin}}</ref> Since there would be no next mission, STS-335 would also carry a [[Multi-Purpose Logistics Module]] filled with supplies to replenish the station.<ref name="STS-335">{{cite web|first=Chris|last=Bergin|date=13 October 2009|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/10/nasa-evaluate-sts-335-sts-133-cross-country-farewell/ |title=NASA Evaluate STS-335/STS-133 Cross Country Farewell| publisher=NASASpaceflight.com}}</ref>
-The Senate authorized [[STS-135]] as a regular flight on 5 August 2010,<ref>{{cite web|first=Stephen|last=Clark|date=6 August 2010|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1008/06senate/ |title=Senate approves bill adding extra space shuttle flight| publisher=Spaceflight Now Inc.}}</ref> followed by the House on 29 September 2010,<ref>{{cite web|first=Jim|last=Abrams|date=30 September 2010|url=http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/national/nasa-bill-passed-by-congress-would-allow-for-one-additional-shuttle-flight-in-2011|title=NASA bill passed by Congress would allow for one additional shuttle flight in 2011|publisher=ABC Action News|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707073317/http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/national/nasa-bill-passed-by-congress-would-allow-for-one-additional-shuttle-flight-in-2011|archivedate=7 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and later signed by President Obama on 11 October 2010.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jonathan|last=Amos|date=11 October 2010|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11518049 |title=Obama signs Nasa up to new future|publisher=BBC News }}</ref> However funding for the mission remained dependent on a subsequent appropriations bill.
+The Senate authorized [[STS-135]] as a regular flight on 5 August 2010,<ref>{{cite web|first=Stephen|last=Clark|date=6 August 2010|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1008/06senate/ |title=Senate approves bill adding extra space shuttle flight| publisher=Spaceflight Now Inc.}}</ref> followed by the House on 29 September 2010,<ref>{{cite web|first=Jim|last=Abrams|date=30 September 2010|url=http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/national/nasa-bill-passed-by-congress-would-allow-for-one-additional-shuttle-flight-in-2011|title=NASA bill passed by Congress would allow for one additional shuttle flight in 2011|publisher=ABC Action News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707073317/http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/national/nasa-bill-passed-by-congress-would-allow-for-one-additional-shuttle-flight-in-2011|archive-date=7 July 2011}}</ref> and later signed by President Obama on 11 October 2010.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jonathan|last=Amos|date=11 October 2010|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11518049 |title=Obama signs Nasa up to new future|publisher=BBC News }}</ref> However funding for the mission remained dependent on a subsequent appropriations bill.
-Nonetheless NASA converted STS-335, the final Launch On Need mission, into an operational mission (STS-135) on 20 January 2011.<ref>[http://space.flatoday.net/2011/01/atlantis-officially-designated-final.html Dean, James "Atlantis officially named final shuttle mission" (23 January 2010) ''Florida Today'']</ref>  On 13 February 2011, program managers told their workforce that STS-135 would fly "regardless" of the funding situation via a continuing resolution.<ref>[http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/02/nasa-insist-sts-135-will-fly-payload-options-assessment/ NASA managers insist STS-135 will fly – Payload options under assessment] NASASpaceFlight.com</ref> Finally the U.S. government budget approved in mid-April 2011 called for $5.5&nbsp;billion for NASA's space operations division, including the space shuttle and space station programs. According to NASA, the budget running through 30 September 2011 ended all concerns about funding the STS-135 mission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/shuttle/sts135/110421budget/|title=Federal budget pays for summer shuttle flight|publisher=Spaceflight Now|author=Stephen Clark|date=21 April 2011|accessdate=23 April 2011}}</ref>
+Nonetheless NASA converted STS-335, the final Launch On Need mission, into an operational mission (STS-135) on 20 January 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://space.flatoday.net/2011/01/atlantis-officially-designated-final.html |title=Dean, James "Atlantis officially named final shuttle mission" (23 January 2010) ''Florida Today'' |access-date=21 January 2011 |archive-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926225630/http://space.flatoday.net/2011/01/atlantis-officially-designated-final.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>  On 13 February 2011, program managers told their workforce that STS-135 would fly "regardless" of the funding situation via a continuing resolution.<ref>[http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/02/nasa-insist-sts-135-will-fly-payload-options-assessment/ NASA managers insist STS-135 will fly – Payload options under assessment] NASASpaceFlight.com</ref> Finally the U.S. government budget approved in mid-April 2011 called for $5.5&nbsp;billion for NASA's space operations division, including the Space Shuttle and space station programs. According to NASA, the budget running through 30 September 2011 ended all concerns about funding the STS-135 mission.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Clark |first=Stephen |date=21 April 2011 |title=Federal budget pays for summer shuttle flight |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/shuttle/sts135/110421budget/ |access-date=23 April 2011 |publisher=Spaceflight Now}}</ref>
-With the successful completion of STS-134, STS-335 was rendered unnecessary and launch preparations for STS-135 continued as Atlantis neared LC-39A during her rollout as STS-134 landed at the nearby [[Shuttle Landing Facility]].<ref>[http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/06/live-endeavour-one-final-time-conclude-sts-134/ Endeavour arrives home one final time to conclude STS-134 | NASASpaceFlight.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+With the successful completion of STS-134, STS-335 was rendered unnecessary and launch preparations for STS-135 continued as ''Atlantis'' neared LC-39A during its rollout as STS-134 landed at the nearby [[Shuttle Landing Facility]].<ref>[http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/06/live-endeavour-one-final-time-conclude-sts-134/ Endeavour arrives home one final time to conclude STS-134 | NASASpaceFlight.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 For the STS-135, no shuttle was available for a rescue mission. [[STS-135#Crew|A different rescue plan]] was devised, involving the four crew members remaining aboard the International Space Station, and returning aboard [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] spacecraft one at a time over the next year. That contingency was not required.

v t e Space Shuttle program
Space Shuttle List of missions List of crews
Components	Orbiter Solid Rocket Booster External tank Main engine Orbital Maneuvering System Reaction control system Thermal protection system Booster separation motor
Orbiters	Enterprise Columbia Challenger Discovery Atlantis Endeavour
Add-ons	Spacelab (ESA) Canadarm (CSA) Extended Duration Orbiter Remote Controlled Orbiter Spacehab Multi-Purpose Logistics Module
Sites	Launch Complex 39 A B Space Launch Complex 6 Landing sites Shuttle Landing Facility Abort landing sites
Operations and training	Missions (canceled) Crews Mission timeline Rollbacks Abort modes Rendezvous pitch maneuver Shuttle Mission Simulator Shuttle Training Aircraft
Testing	Inspiration (design) Pathfinder (simulator) MPTA (engine test article) Approach and Landing Tests
Disasters	Challenger disaster (report) Columbia disaster (report)
Support	Crawler-transporter Mate-Demate Device Mobile Launcher Platform NASA recovery ship Orbiter Processing Facility Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL) Shuttle Carrier Aircraft flights Shuttle Training Aircraft STS-3xx
Special	Deutschland-1 Getaway Special Journalist in Space Project Teacher in Space Project Shuttle-Mir Hitchhiker
Space suits	Extravehicular Mobility Unit Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit Launch Entry Suit Advanced Crew Escape Suit
Experiments	Freestar experiments Inflatable Antenna Experiment Spartan Packet Radio Experiment Shuttle pallet satellite Wake Shield Facility
Derivatives	Saturn-Shuttle Magnum Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle Jupiter Shuttle-C Shuttle-Centaur Ares I IV V Liberty Space Launch System OmegA
Replicas	Independence
Related	Space Shuttle design process studied designs Inertial Upper Stage Payload Assist Module International Space Station Criticism Retirement Conroy Virtus Hail Columbia (1982 documentary) The Dream Is Alive (1985 documentary) Challenger (1990 film) Destiny in Space (1994 documentary) Columbia: The Tragic Loss (2004 documentary) Hubble (2010 documentary) The Challenger Disaster (2013 film) Challenger: The Final Flight (2020 documentary miniseries) Space Shuttle America Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation Space Shuttle Project Shuttle Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space Space Shuttle Mission 2007 Orbiter Space Flight Simulator When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions Flightgear Space Shuttle realistic simulation