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⚫
{{Short description|Trans–New Guinea language spoken in Papua New Guinea}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Orokolo
|name=Orokolo
|states=[[Papua New Guinea]]
|states=[[Papua New Guinea]]
|region=[[Gulf Province]]
|region=[[Ihu Rural LLG]], [[Gulf Province]]
|speakers=13,000
|speakers=7,500
|date=1977
|date=1986
|ref=e17
|ref=e25
|familycolor=Papuan
|familycolor=Papuan
|fam1=[[Trans–New Guinea languages|Trans–New Guinea]]
|fam1=[[Trans–New Guinea languages|Trans–New Guinea]]
Line 11: Line 12:
|fam3=nuclear Eleman
|fam3=nuclear Eleman
|fam4=Western
|fam4=Western
|iso3=oro}}
|iso3=oro
|glotto=orok1267
|glottorefname=Orokolo
}}


'''Orokolo''' is a [[Trans–New Guinea]] language of the [[Eleman languages|Eleman]] branch spoken in [[Ihu Rural LLG]], [[Gulf Province]], [[Papua New Guinea]] by about 50,000 people (2010). Alternate names are Bailala, Haira, Kaipi, Kairu-Kaura, Muro, Muru, Vailala, and West Elema.<ref name=e25/> It is spoken in various villages, including Vailala ({{coord|-7.945571|145.427676|type:city_region:PG|name=Vailala East No.1}}).<ref name="UN-PNG">{{cite web |url=https://data.humdata.org/dataset/village-coordinates-lookup |title=Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup |author=United Nations in Papua New Guinea |work=Humanitarian Data Exchange |version=1.31.9 |date=2018}}</ref> It is notable for having a very small [[Consonant|consonant inventory]].
⚫
'''Orokolo''' is a [[Trans–New Guinea]] language spoken in [[Papua New Guinea]] by about 13,000 people (1977).

== Literature ==
This first [[New Testament]] (''Pupu Oharo Āre'') was translated by the Rev. S. H. Dewdney, a Congregational missionary with the [[London Missionary Society]], and Lavako Maika, an evangelist. It was published by the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]] in 1963. [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]], called ''Genese'', was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in [[Australia]] in 1970. [[Book of Ruth|Ruth]], called ''Rute'', was published by the Bible Society in Australia, in 1972.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.bible.com/versions/3352?returnTo=MAT.1 | title=ORO Bible &#124; Pupu Oharo Āre 1963, Genese 1970, Rute 1972 &#124; YouVersion }}</ref>

== Phonology ==
Orokolo has six consonant phonemes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=H.A. |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.15144/PL-C26.279 |title=The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea |date=1973 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |editor-last=Franklin |editor-first=K. |pages=279-376 |chapter=Chapter 8: The Eleman Language Family}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Orokolo consonant phonemes
!
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!Obstruent
|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
|[[Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]
|[[Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
|
|-
!Continuant
|[[Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
|[[Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
|
|[[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]
|}
/m l/ are [[Nasal consonant|nasal]] [m n] word-initially and oral [β l] intervocalically. The alveolar plosive /t/ is about 10 times rarer than it is in the related language [[Toaripi language|Toaripi]]. Most instances of historical /t/ shifted to /k/ in Orokolo, as shown by the cognates below. The exception to this is when */t/ followed /i/ and preceded /a/, in which case it was retained in Orokolo and the Sepoe dialect of Toaripi, but shifted to /s/ in Toaripi proper.
{| class="wikitable"
!Orokolo
!Toaripi
!Sepoe
![[English language|English]]
|-
|/u'''k'''i/
|/u'''t'''i/
|
|"bone"
|-
|/'''k'''e'''k'''e/
|/'''t'''e'''t'''e/
|
|"fishscale"
|-
|/'''k'''u'''k'''ululu/
|/'''t'''u'''t'''ululu/
|
|"thundering"
|-
|/hari'''t'''a/
|/fari'''s'''a/
|/fari'''t'''a/
|"arrow"
|-
|/hai'''t'''a/
|/sae'''s'''a/
|/sai'''t'''a/
|"dish"
|}
However, since original /k/ still appears in this position (e.g. /heaikapo/ "long"), /t/ and /k/ are distinct phonemes and not [[Allophone|allophones]]. The other major sound change which characterises Orokolo is the shift of */f/ and */s/ to /h/, reducing the fricative inventory to one member; compare for instance Orokolo /hapa/ "open" and /ahe/ "sugarcane" with Toaripi /fapai/, /ase/.

Orokolo also has six vowels,<ref name=":0" /> giving it an unusually low consonant-vowel ratio of 1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WALS Online - Chapter Consonant-Vowel Ratio |url=https://wals.info/chapter/3# |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=wals.info}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Orokolo vowel phonemes
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
|[[Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
|
|[[Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|-
!Close-mid
| rowspan="2" |[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
|
|[[Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
!Open-mid
|
|[[Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
|-
!Open
|
|[[Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}
/o/ and /ɔ/ are not distinguished orthographically, both being written '''''o'''''.

== External links ==
* Materials on Orokolo are included in the open access [[Arthur Capell]] collection ([http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/AC1 AC1]) and [[Tom Dutton (linguist)|Tom Dutton]] ([http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/TD1 TD1]) collection held by [[Paradisec]].
* The New Testament is on YouVersion.[https://www.bible.com/bible/3352/GEN.1.ORO]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Languages of Papua New Guinea]]
{{Languages of Papua New Guinea}}
[[Category:Eleman languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Gulf Province]]




{{pa-lang-stub}}
{{papuan-lang-stub}}

Latest revision as of 03:27, 28 September 2024

Orokolo
Native toPapua New Guinea
RegionIhu Rural LLG, Gulf Province
Native speakers
(7,500 cited 1986)[1]
Trans–New Guinea
  • Eleman
    • nuclear Eleman
      • Western
        • Orokolo
Language codes
ISO 639-3oro
Glottologorok1267

Orokolo is a Trans–New Guinea language of the Eleman branch spoken in Ihu Rural LLG, Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea by about 50,000 people (2010). Alternate names are Bailala, Haira, Kaipi, Kairu-Kaura, Muro, Muru, Vailala, and West Elema.[1] It is spoken in various villages, including Vailala (7°56′44″S 145°25′40″E / 7.945571°S 145.427676°E / -7.945571; 145.427676 (Vailala East No.1)).[2] It is notable for having a very small consonant inventory.

Literature

[edit]

This first New Testament (Pupu Oharo Āre) was translated by the Rev. S. H. Dewdney, a Congregational missionary with the London Missionary Society, and Lavako Maika, an evangelist. It was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1963. Genesis, called Genese, was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in Australia in 1970. Ruth, called Rute, was published by the Bible Society in Australia, in 1972.[3]

Phonology

[edit]

Orokolo has six consonant phonemes.[4]

Orokolo consonant phonemes
Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal
Obstruent p t k
Continuant m l h

/m l/ are nasal [m n] word-initially and oral [β l] intervocalically. The alveolar plosive /t/ is about 10 times rarer than it is in the related language Toaripi. Most instances of historical /t/ shifted to /k/ in Orokolo, as shown by the cognates below. The exception to this is when */t/ followed /i/ and preceded /a/, in which case it was retained in Orokolo and the Sepoe dialect of Toaripi, but shifted to /s/ in Toaripi proper.

Orokolo Toaripi Sepoe English
/uki/ /uti/ "bone"
/keke/ /tete/ "fishscale"
/kukululu/ /tutululu/ "thundering"
/harita/ /farisa/ /farita/ "arrow"
/haita/ /saesa/ /saita/ "dish"

However, since original /k/ still appears in this position (e.g. /heaikapo/ "long"), /t/ and /k/ are distinct phonemes and not allophones. The other major sound change which characterises Orokolo is the shift of */f/ and */s/ to /h/, reducing the fricative inventory to one member; compare for instance Orokolo /hapa/ "open" and /ahe/ "sugarcane" with Toaripi /fapai/, /ase/.

Orokolo also has six vowels,[4] giving it an unusually low consonant-vowel ratio of 1.[5]

Orokolo vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-mid e o
Open-mid ɔ
Open a

/o/ and /ɔ/ are not distinguished orthographically, both being written o.

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Orokolo at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ United Nations in Papua New Guinea (2018). "Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup". Humanitarian Data Exchange. 1.31.9.
  3. ^ ORO Bible | Pupu Oharo Āre 1963, Genese 1970, Rute 1972 | YouVersion.
  4. ^ a b Brown, H.A. (1973). "Chapter 8: The Eleman Language Family". In Franklin, K. (ed.). The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics. pp. 279–376.
  5. ^ "WALS Online - Chapter Consonant-Vowel Ratio". wals.info. Retrieved 2024-09-28.


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