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{{Short description|Ideology that promotes the interests of the Canarian people, generally against Spain}}
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[[Image:VivaCanariasLibre.JPG|thumb|350px|right|"Long Live Free Canary Islands." [[Graffiti]] in [[San Cristóbal de La Laguna]], [[Tenerife]], 1999.]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
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'''Canarian nationalism''' is a political movement that encourages the national consciousness of the [[Canarian people]]. The term includes several ideological trends, ranging from the [[right to self-determination]] (and complete independence from [[Spain]]) to a demand for further autonomy within Spain.
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[[Image:VivaCanariasLibre.JPG|thumb|350px|right|"Long Live the Free Canaries." [[Graffiti]] in [[San Cristóbal de La Laguna]], [[Tenerife]], 1999.]]
⚫
'''Canarian nationalism''' is a political movement that encourages the national consciousness of the [[Canarian people]]. The term includes several ideological trends, ranging from a demand for further autonomy within Spain to the [[right to self-determination]].


==Self-government through history==
==Self-government through history==
The origins of what is now considered "Canarian people" started with the [[Canary Islands#Spanish conquest|Spanish conquest]] of the islands, when the local [[Guanches|Guanche]] population<ref>''Hupalupa, Magos, Maúros, Majoreros'' or ''Amasik''</ref> was defeated and eventually assimilated and [[Europe]]an-style [[manorialism]] introduced in most of the islands.<ref> Abreu Galindo, ''Historia de La Conquista de las siete Islas de Canaria''</ref>
The origins of the Canarian people started with the [[Canary Islands#Castilian conquest|Spanish conquest]] of the islands, when the local [[Guanches|Guanche]] [[Berber people|Berber]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2021|reason=Not everybody agree they were Berbers}} population<ref>''Hupalupa, Magos, Maúros, Majoreros'' or ''Amasik''</ref> were conquered and eventually assimilated and European-style [[manorialism]] introduced in most of the islands.<ref> Abreu Galindo, ''Historia de La Conquista de las siete Islas de Canaria''</ref>


During the last days of the conquest, on May 30, 1481, a Guanche leader from [[Gran Canaria]] called Tenesor Semidán (afterwards baptized as [[Fernando Guanarteme]]) signed a peace treaty with [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]], in the so-called [[Carta de Calatayud]].<ref>''Ovetense ("y así se le hizo su bautismo con gran solemnidad, como a persona real")''.</ref> This treaty defined the archipelago as a [[monarchy|kingdom]] within the Spanish monarchy, establishing the legal framework for its administration and its relationship with Spain.<ref>Juan Bethencuort Alfonso, ''Historia del Pueblo Guanche'', vol 2</ref>
During the last days of the conquest, on 30 May 1481, an aboriginal leader from [[Gran Canaria]] called Tenesor Semidán (afterwards baptized as [[Fernando Guanarteme]]) signed a peace treaty with [[Fernando II of Aragon]], in the so-called [[Carta de Calatayud]].<ref>''Ovetense ("y así se le hizo su bautismo con gran solemnidad, como a persona real")''.</ref> This treaty defined the archipelago as a kingdom within the Spanish monarchy, establishing the legal framework for its administration and its relationship with Spain.<ref>Juan Bethencuort Alfonso, ''Historia del Pueblo Guanche'', vol 2</ref>


The pact signed in [[Calatayud]] granted the rights and duties that would shape the Canarian [[fuero]] ({{lang|es|Fuero de Canarias}}), which would soon be utilized in institutions such as the [[Cabildo (council)|Cabildos]] and the [[Canarian Court]] (''{{lang|es|Audiencia de Canarias}}''). Notable rights stated in the fuero included an autonomous treasury and army, and the continuity of traditional Canarian customs and roles. The Canary Islands had its own [[currency]] until 1776.<ref>Abreu Galindo, ("Que todas las franquezas y libertades que tenían, se le guardarían").</ref>
The pact signed in [[Calatayud]] granted the rights and duties that would shape the Canarian [[fuero]] ({{lang|es|Fuero de Canarias}}), which would soon be used in institutions such as the [[Cabildo (council)|Cabildos]] and the [[Canarian Court]] (''{{lang|es|Audiencia de Canarias}}''). Notable rights stated in the fuero included an autonomous treasury and army, and the continuity of traditional Canarian customs and roles. The Canary Islands had its own currency{{Which|date=April 2021}} until 1776.<ref>Abreu Galindo, ("Que todas las franquezas y libertades que tenían, se le guardarían").</ref>


Initially only [[Gran Canaria]] accepted the pact, but one by one the whole archipelago eventually consented to the agreement.<ref name="auto">''El pacto para Tenerife'', Juan Bethencuort Alfonso, Historia del Pueblo Guanche, tomo III</ref>
Initially only Gran Canaria accepted the pact, but one by one the whole group of islands eventually consented to the agreement.<ref name="auto">''El pacto para Tenerife'', Juan Bethencuort Alfonso, Historia del Pueblo Guanche, tomo III</ref>


Spain failed to fulfill the pact several times, a failure that resulted in the uprisings of 1502 (Ichasagua), 1770 (La Aldea), and 1778 (Arico).<ref>Juan Bethencuort Alfonso, ''Historia del Pueblo Guanche'', vol 3</ref>
Spain failed to fulfill the pact several times, a failure that resulted in the uprisings of 1502 ([[Ichasagua]]), 1770 (La Aldea), and 1778 (Arico).<ref>Juan Bethencuort Alfonso, ''Historia del Pueblo Guanche'', vol 3</ref>


The pact was finally discarded during the [[Spain under the Restoration|Restoration]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://club.telepolis.com/amagacan/politica/soberaniaycolonialismoencanarias.htm|title=Vente a Orange - Móviles, tarifas 4G, ADSL, TV e Internet|publisher=|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref>
The pact was finally discarded during the [[Spain under the Restoration|Restoration]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://club.telepolis.com/amagacan/politica/soberaniaycolonialismoencanarias.htm|title=El Pacto de Calatayud; Soberanía y Colonialismo en Canarias|access-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516081919/http://club.telepolis.com/amagacan/politica/soberaniaycolonialismoencanarias.htm|archive-date=16 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>


[[Image:Bandera Ateneo.svg|thumb|200px|The flag that was hoisted at the Ateneo in 1907, the first nationalist flag.]]
[[Image:Bandera Ateneo.svg|thumb|200px|The flag that was hoisted at the Ateneo in 1907, the first nationalist flag]]


==Beginnings of organized nationalism==
==Beginnings of organized nationalism==
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The first [[nationalism|nationalist]] organizations were born in the 19th century as part of a local [[labour movement]]. Some of its proponents were [[José Cabrera Díaz]], [[Nicolás Estévanez]] and [[Secundino Delgado]]. Delgado is considered today as the father of the Canarian nationalism.
The first [[nationalism|nationalist]] organizations were born in the 19th century as part of a local [[labour movement]]. Some of its proponents were [[José Cabrera Díaz]], [[Nicolás Estévanez]] and [[Secundino Delgado]]. Delgado is considered today as the father of the Canarian nationalism.


The earliests nationalists parties was the [[Partido Popular (Autonomista)]], founded in 1901 in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and the [[Canarian Nationalist Party]], founded in 1924 in exile in [[Cuba]].<ref name="auto"/>
The earliest nationalist parties were the [[Partido Popular (Autonomista)]], founded in 1901 in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and the [[Canarian Nationalist Party]], founded in 1924 in exile in [[Cuba]].<ref name="auto"/>


During the [[Second Spanish Republic]] Canarian nationalism went unnoticed; although an autonomy statute was proposed, the [[Spanish Civil War]] blocked hopes for autonomy.
During the [[Second Spanish Republic]] Canarian nationalism went unnoticed; although an autonomy statute was proposed, the [[Spanish Civil War]] blocked hopes for autonomy.
Line 27: Line 29:
[[Image:Bandera Canarias Libre.svg|thumb|200px|The flag made by the [[Canarias Libre]] movement]]
[[Image:Bandera Canarias Libre.svg|thumb|200px|The flag made by the [[Canarias Libre]] movement]]


[[Image:Mpaiac.PNG|thumb|right|200px|Flag of the MPAIAC]]
[[Image:MPAIAC.svg|thumb|right|200px|Flag of the MPAIAC]]


==During the dictatorship==
==During the dictatorship==
[[Spain under Franco|Francoism]] fiercely oppressed any kind of regional nationalism in Spain and its colonies. However, the 1960s were years known for the activism of various groups. In 1959 the movement ''Canarias Libre'' acquired some notoriety, and in 1964, [[Antonio Cubillo]] founded the [[MPAIAC]] (Movement for the Self-determination and Independence of the Canarian Archipelago). The MPAIAC created the flag of the seven green stars that is accepted by the nationalist movement as a whole today.
[[Spain under Franco|Francoism]] fiercely oppressed any kind of regional nationalism in Spain and its colonies. However, the 1960s were years known for the activism of various groups. In 1959 the movement ''Canarias Libre'' acquired some notoriety, and in 1964, [[Antonio Cubillo]] founded the [[MPAIAC]] (Movement for the [[Self-determination]] and Independence of the Canarian Archipelago). The [[MPAIAC]] created the flag of the seven green stars that is accepted by the nationalist movement as a whole today.


During the last days of Francoism the DAC (Destacamentos Armados Canarios) and the FAG ([[Fuerzas Armadas Guanches]]), movements attached to Canarian nationalism, committed [[terrorist]] acts. Although the movements had initially attracted sympathies, the violent terror actions and the "armed struggle" spearheaded by Cubillo's MPAIAC brought about a general rejection among local Canarios.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://menceymacro.blogspot.com/2011/09/1975-1980-anos-convulsos-en-la-historia.html|title=Mencey Macro: 1975-1980 Años convulsos en la hístoria de Canarias|author=Ancor Dorta|publisher=|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref>
During the last days of Francoism the DAC ([[Destacamentos Armados Canarios]]) and the FAG ([[Fuerzas Armadas Guanches]]), movements attached to Canarian nationalism, committed [[terrorist]] acts. Although the movements had initially attracted sympathies, the violent terror actions and the "armed struggle" spearheaded by Cubillo's [[MPAIAC]] brought about a general rejection among local Canarios.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://menceymacro.blogspot.com/2011/09/1975-1980-anos-convulsos-en-la-historia.html|title=Mencey Macro: 1975–1980 Años convulsos en la hístoria de Canarias|author=Ancor Dorta|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref>

One of the factors leading to the 1977 [[Tenerife airport disaster]], the most deadly accident in aviation history, was a bomb exploded by Canarian separatists in [[Gran Canaria Airport]].


==Spanish democracy==
==Spanish democracy==
[[File:Flag of Tknara.svg|thumb|right|200px|Canarian flag proposed by [[Azarug]]]]
[[File:Flag of Tknara.svg|thumb|right|200px|Canarian flag proposed by [[Azarug]]]]
Since 1982 the Canary Islands have a [[statute of autonomy]], never ratified by the people{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}, that defines the archipelago as a ''[[nationalities and regions of Spain|nationality]]'' of Spain.
Since 1982 the [[Canary Islands]] have had a [[statute of autonomy]], which defines the archipelago as a ''[[nationalities and regions of Spain|nationality]]'' of Spain.


In the 1980s a nationalist-like party called UPC (Canarian People's Union) was the third most voted party in Canary Islands. In 1985 Antonio Cubillo returned from Algiers and founded the [[National Congress of the Canaries]] (CNC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elguanche.net/|title=Elguanche.net|publisher=|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref>
In the 1980s a nationalist-like party called UPC ([[Canarian People's Union]]) was the third-most-voted party in [[Canary Islands]]. In 1985 [[Antonio Cubillo]] returned from Algiers and founded the [[National Congress of the Canaries]] (CNC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elguanche.net/|title=Elguanche.net|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref>


Since 1993, the nationalist party [[Canarian Coalition]] has held the government of the islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coalicioncanaria.org|title=Coalición Canaria - Un gran pueblo, una gran voz|publisher=|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref>
Since 1993, the nationalist party [[Canarian Coalition]] has held the government of the islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coalicioncanaria.org|title=Coalición Canaria – Un gran pueblo, una gran voz|access-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320024543/http://coalicioncanaria.org/|archive-date=20 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Current situation==
==Current situation==
At present, there are lots of parties, trade unions and associations of many sorts that describe themselves as "nationalist," some of which support the [[Berberist]] cause.
At present, many sorts of parties, trade unions and associations describe themselves as "nationalist," some of which support the [[Berberist]] cause.


The nationalist parties include CC ([[Canarian Coalition]]), NC ([[Nueva Canarias]]),<ref>[http://www.nuevacanarias.org/Main.php?seccion=inicio Nueva Canarias]</ref> FREPIC-AWAÑAK ([[Popular Front of the Canary Islands]]), CCN ([[Nationalist Canarian Centre]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centrocanario.org|title=Centro Canario Nacionalista - CCN|work=Facebook|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref> ANC ([[Canarian Nationalist Alternative]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alternativanacionalistacanaria.org|title=Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria|work=Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref> [[Azarug]],<ref>[http://imc-canarias.poliforma.org/drupal0/content/las-jcnc-muestran-su-solidaridad-con-azarug Las JCNC muestran su solidaridad con Azarug]</ref> [[Partido Nacionalista Canario]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narias.com/pnc/|title=Narias.com is available at DomainMarket.com|work=Narias.com is available at DomainMarket.com|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref> [[Alternativa Popular Canaria]], [[Alternativa Maga Nacionalista]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amaga.org|title=Pagina nueva 1|publisher=|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref> and UP ([[Unidad del Pueblo]]).
The nationalist parties include CC ([[Canarian Coalition]]), NC ([[Nueva Canarias]]),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nuevacanarias.org/Main.php?seccion=inicio |title=Nueva Canarias |access-date=2007-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928094253/http://www.nuevacanarias.org/Main.php?seccion=inicio |archive-date=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> FREPIC-AWAÑAK ([[Popular Front of the Canary Islands]]), CCN ([[Nationalist Canarian Centre]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centrocanario.org|title=Centro Canario Nacionalista – CCN|work=Facebook|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> ANC ([[Canarian Nationalist Alternative]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alternativanacionalistacanaria.org|title=Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria|access-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316182047/http://www.alternativanacionalistacanaria.org/|archive-date=16 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Azarug]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://imc-canarias.poliforma.org/drupal0/content/las-jcnc-muestran-su-solidaridad-con-azarug |title=Las JCNC muestran su solidaridad con Azarug |access-date=2012-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801025558/http://imc-canarias.poliforma.org/drupal0/content/las-jcnc-muestran-su-solidaridad-con-azarug |archive-date=2013-08-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Partido Nacionalista Canario]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narias.com/pnc/|title=Narias.com is available at DomainMarket.com|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> [[Alternativa Popular Canaria]], [[Alternativa Maga Nacionalista]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amaga.org|title=Pagina nueva 1|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> and UP ([[Unidad del Pueblo]]).


There are also nationalist trade unions such as FSOC ([[Frente Sindical Obrero Canario]]), IC ([[Intersindical Canaria]]), as well as revolutionary organizations, like [[Inekaren]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inekaren.com|title=Inekaren - Noticias|publisher=|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref> Some radical groups use the word ''Taknara'' to refer to the Canary Islands, but other nationalists do not agree with this name.<ref>[http://www.amazighworld.org/human_rights/index_show.php?id=566 Antonio Cubillo Ferreira, ''About the made up name Taknara...'']</ref>
There are also nationalist trade unions such as FSOC ([[Frente Sindical Obrero Canario]]), IC ([[Intersindical Canaria]]), as well as revolutionary organizations, like [[Inekaren]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inekaren.com|title=Inekaren – Noticias|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> Some radical groups use the word ''Taknara'' to refer to the Canary Islands, but other nationalists do not agree with this name.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.amazighworld.org/human_rights/index_show.php?id=566 |title=Antonio Cubillo Ferreira, ''About the made up name Taknara...'' |access-date=2012-03-08 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200256/http://www.amazighworld.org/human_rights/index_show.php?id=566 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>


The movement has recently undergone a modest renaissance. The popular newspaper of the islands ''[[El Día (Canarias)|El Día]]'' has changed its editorial line to fit the nationalists' cause. In its pages it is normal to read the opinion of historical nationalist activists. In particular the "Project for a Federal Canarian Republic", written by [[Antonio Cubillo]], has created a stir and a media debate.<ref>[http://www.eldía.es El Día]</ref>
The movement has recently undergone a modest renaissance. The popular newspaper of the islands ''[[El Día (Canary Islands)|El Día]]'' has changed its editorial line to fit the nationalists' cause. In its pages it is normal to read the opinion of historical nationalist activists. In particular the "Project for a Federal Canarian Republic", written by [[Antonio Cubillo]], has created a stir and a media debate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.xn--elda-xpa.es/ |title=El Día |access-date=2020-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218154820/http://xn--elda-xpa.es/ |archive-date=2014-12-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

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==References==
⚫
{{reflist}}


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
Line 56: Line 63:
* Africo Amasik, ''El Arbol de La Nación Canaria''.
* Africo Amasik, ''El Arbol de La Nación Canaria''.
* ''3.000 años de canariedad,'' AMAGA, Alternativa Maga Nacionalista.
* ''3.000 años de canariedad,'' AMAGA, Alternativa Maga Nacionalista.

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==References==
⚫
{{reflist}}
==External links==
==External links==
*[http://canariasinsurgente.typepad.com Canarias Insurgente]
*[http://canariasinsurgente.typepad.com Canarias Insurgente]

Latest revision as of 05:49, 28 September 2024

"Long Live the Free Canaries." Graffiti in San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, 1999.

Canarian nationalism is a political movement that encourages the national consciousness of the Canarian people. The term includes several ideological trends, ranging from a demand for further autonomy within Spain to the right to self-determination.

Self-government through history

[edit]

The origins of the Canarian people started with the Spanish conquest of the islands, when the local Guanche Berber[citation needed] population[1] were conquered and eventually assimilated and European-style manorialism introduced in most of the islands.[2]

During the last days of the conquest, on 30 May 1481, an aboriginal leader from Gran Canaria called Tenesor Semidán (afterwards baptized as Fernando Guanarteme) signed a peace treaty with Fernando II of Aragon, in the so-called Carta de Calatayud.[3] This treaty defined the archipelago as a kingdom within the Spanish monarchy, establishing the legal framework for its administration and its relationship with Spain.[4]

The pact signed in Calatayud granted the rights and duties that would shape the Canarian fuero (Fuero de Canarias), which would soon be used in institutions such as the Cabildos and the Canarian Court (Audiencia de Canarias). Notable rights stated in the fuero included an autonomous treasury and army, and the continuity of traditional Canarian customs and roles. The Canary Islands had its own currency[which?] until 1776.[5]

Initially only Gran Canaria accepted the pact, but one by one the whole group of islands eventually consented to the agreement.[6]

Spain failed to fulfill the pact several times, a failure that resulted in the uprisings of 1502 (Ichasagua), 1770 (La Aldea), and 1778 (Arico).[7]

The pact was finally discarded during the Restoration.[8]

The flag that was hoisted at the Ateneo in 1907, the first nationalist flag

Beginnings of organized nationalism

[edit]

The first nationalist organizations were born in the 19th century as part of a local labour movement. Some of its proponents were José Cabrera Díaz, Nicolás Estévanez and Secundino Delgado. Delgado is considered today as the father of the Canarian nationalism.

The earliest nationalist parties were the Partido Popular (Autonomista), founded in 1901 in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and the Canarian Nationalist Party, founded in 1924 in exile in Cuba.[6]

During the Second Spanish Republic Canarian nationalism went unnoticed; although an autonomy statute was proposed, the Spanish Civil War blocked hopes for autonomy.

The flag made by the Canarias Libre movement
Flag of the MPAIAC

During the dictatorship

[edit]

Francoism fiercely oppressed any kind of regional nationalism in Spain and its colonies. However, the 1960s were years known for the activism of various groups. In 1959 the movement Canarias Libre acquired some notoriety, and in 1964, Antonio Cubillo founded the MPAIAC (Movement for the Self-determination and Independence of the Canarian Archipelago). The MPAIAC created the flag of the seven green stars that is accepted by the nationalist movement as a whole today.

During the last days of Francoism the DAC (Destacamentos Armados Canarios) and the FAG (Fuerzas Armadas Guanches), movements attached to Canarian nationalism, committed terrorist acts. Although the movements had initially attracted sympathies, the violent terror actions and the "armed struggle" spearheaded by Cubillo's MPAIAC brought about a general rejection among local Canarios.[9]

One of the factors leading to the 1977 Tenerife airport disaster, the most deadly accident in aviation history, was a bomb exploded by Canarian separatists in Gran Canaria Airport.

Spanish democracy

[edit]
Canarian flag proposed by Azarug

Since 1982 the Canary Islands have had a statute of autonomy, which defines the archipelago as a nationality of Spain.

In the 1980s a nationalist-like party called UPC (Canarian People's Union) was the third-most-voted party in Canary Islands. In 1985 Antonio Cubillo returned from Algiers and founded the National Congress of the Canaries (CNC).[10]

Since 1993, the nationalist party Canarian Coalition has held the government of the islands.[11]

Current situation

[edit]

At present, many sorts of parties, trade unions and associations describe themselves as "nationalist," some of which support the Berberist cause.

The nationalist parties include CC (Canarian Coalition), NC (Nueva Canarias),[12] FREPIC-AWAÑAK (Popular Front of the Canary Islands), CCN (Nationalist Canarian Centre),[13] ANC (Canarian Nationalist Alternative),[14] Azarug,[15] Partido Nacionalista Canario[16] Alternativa Popular Canaria, Alternativa Maga Nacionalista,[17] and UP (Unidad del Pueblo).

There are also nationalist trade unions such as FSOC (Frente Sindical Obrero Canario), IC (Intersindical Canaria), as well as revolutionary organizations, like Inekaren.[18] Some radical groups use the word Taknara to refer to the Canary Islands, but other nationalists do not agree with this name.[19]

The movement has recently undergone a modest renaissance. The popular newspaper of the islands El Día has changed its editorial line to fit the nationalists' cause. In its pages it is normal to read the opinion of historical nationalist activists. In particular the "Project for a Federal Canarian Republic", written by Antonio Cubillo, has created a stir and a media debate.[20]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hupalupa, Magos, Maúros, Majoreros or Amasik
  2. ^ Abreu Galindo, Historia de La Conquista de las siete Islas de Canaria
  3. ^ Ovetense ("y así se le hizo su bautismo con gran solemnidad, como a persona real").
  4. ^ Juan Bethencuort Alfonso, Historia del Pueblo Guanche, vol 2
  5. ^ Abreu Galindo, ("Que todas las franquezas y libertades que tenían, se le guardarían").
  6. ^ a b El pacto para Tenerife, Juan Bethencuort Alfonso, Historia del Pueblo Guanche, tomo III
  7. ^ Juan Bethencuort Alfonso, Historia del Pueblo Guanche, vol 3
  8. ^ "El Pacto de Calatayud; Soberanía y Colonialismo en Canarias". Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  9. ^ Ancor Dorta. "Mencey Macro: 1975–1980 Años convulsos en la hístoria de Canarias". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  10. ^ "Elguanche.net". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  11. ^ "Coalición Canaria – Un gran pueblo, una gran voz". Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  12. ^ "Nueva Canarias". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2007.
  13. ^ "Centro Canario Nacionalista – CCN". Facebook. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  14. ^ "Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria". Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  15. ^ "Las JCNC muestran su solidaridad con Azarug". Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  16. ^ "Narias.com is available at DomainMarket.com". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  17. ^ "Pagina nueva 1". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  18. ^ "Inekaren – Noticias". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  19. ^ "Antonio Cubillo Ferreira, About the made up name Taknara...". Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  20. ^ "El Día". Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2020.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Luis Pérez Aguado, Revista Aguayro nº 228.
  • Pedro Cullen del Castillo, Torre de Gando.
  • Africo Amasik, El Arbol de La Nación Canaria.
  • 3.000 años de canariedad, AMAGA, Alternativa Maga Nacionalista.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canarian_nationalism&oldid=1248197683"