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The Flowers of the Four Seasons (Chinese: 四季名花, Sìjì Mínghuā) are a traditional grouping of flowers found in Chinese culture^[1] that spread to and influenced other East Asian^[2] arts.

In Chinese art^[3] and culture, the flowers that represent the four seasons consist of:

(春兰) Chūnlán – Spring – orchid
(夏荷) Xiahé – Summer – lotus
(秋菊) Qiūjú – Autumn – chrysanthemum
and (冬梅) Dōngméi – Winter – plum blossom

They contain three of the elements of the Four Gentlemen.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Gallery

Plum blossoms (contemporary)
Orchid – Hu Zhengyan (1633)
Chrysanthemums from the Xian'e Changchun Album by Giuseppe Castiglione (1688–1766)
"Elegance of Lotus Looking from Heaven" (contemporary)

Notes

^ Chinese Symbols and Chinese Art Motifs Archived 2010-12-14 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved on March 25, 2009)
^ Lowe & Yasuhara 2016; Choi 2010.
^ Chinese Symbols and Chinese Art Motifs Archived 2010-12-14 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved on March 25, 2009)
^ article on Chinese painting with the 4 flowers and their symbolism Archived 2012-05-19 at the Wayback Machine (Retrieved 3-28-2009)
^ Google Booksearch scan of Description of Chinese Pottery and Porcelain by Yen Chu, Yan Zhu, Stephen Wootton Bushell, François Xavier Dentrecolles. Translated by Stephen Wootton Bushell. The Clarendon Press, 1910 (retrieved 3-28-2009)
^ Encyclopedia of Chinese Symbolism and Art Motives, C.A.S. Williams. New York: The Julian Press (1960). p. 190
^ People's Daily Online -- Plum blossom, peony proposed to be national flowers. (Retrieved on March 25, 2009)
^ "Birds and flowers of the four seasons, summer - eKokuhou".

References

Choi, JungBong (2010). "Of the East Asian Cultural Sphere: Theorizing Cultural Regionalization". China Review. 10 (2). The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press: 109–136. JSTOR 23462332.
Lowe, Roy; Yasuhara, Yoshihito (2016). "Higher learning in ancient Korea, Japan and Vietnam: The East Asian cultural sphere and the Imperial Chinese". The Origins of Higher Learning. Routledge. ISBN 9781315728551.

External links

Winter flowers (Article)

[1] Chinese Symbols and Chinese Art Motifs Archived 2010-12-14 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved on March 25, 2009)

[FOOTNOTELoweYasuhara2016Choi2010-2] Lowe & Yasuhara 2016; Choi 2010.

[3] Chinese Symbols and Chinese Art Motifs Archived 2010-12-14 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved on March 25, 2009)

[4] rticle on Chinese painting with the 4 flowers and their symbolism Archived 2012-05-19 at the Wayback Machine (Retrieved 3-28-2009)

[5] Google Booksearch scan of Description of Chinese Pottery and Porcelain by Yen Chu, Yan Zhu, Stephen Wootton Bushell, François Xavier Dentrecolles. Translated by Stephen Wootton Bushell. The Clarendon Press, 1910 (retrieved 3-28-2009)

[6] Encyclopedia of Chinese Symbolism and Art Motives, C.A.S. Williams. New York: The Julian Press (1960). p. 190

[7] People's Daily Online -- Plum blossom, peony proposed to be national flowers. (Retrieved on March 25, 2009)

[8] "Birds and flowers of the four seasons, summer - eKokuhou".

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+The '''Flowers of the Four Seasons''' ({{lang-zh|四季名花, ''Sìjì Mínghuā''}}) are a traditional grouping of flowers found in [[Chinese culture]]<ref>[http://www.chineseart.com/chinese-symbols-tree.htm Chinese Symbols and Chinese Art Motifs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214162216/http://chineseart.com/chinese-symbols-tree.htm |date=2010-12-14 }}. (Retrieved on March 25, 2009)</ref> that spread to and influenced other [[East Asian culture sphere|East Asian]]{{sfnm|1a1=Lowe|1a2=Yasuhara|1y=2016|2a1=Choi|2y=2010}} arts.
-The '''Flowers of the Four Seasons''' ({{lang-zh|四季名花}}; {{lang-ja|四季の花}}) are a group of flowers found in Chinese, Japanese and Vietnamese art and culture which represent the four seasons, consisting of the [[orchids|orchid]] (spring), the [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] (summer), the [[chrysanthemum]] (autumn) and the [[Prunus mume|plum blossom]] (winter). They contain three of the elements of the [[Four Gentlemen]].<ref>[http://www.chineseart.com/chinese-symbols-tree.htm Chinese Symbols and Chinese Art Motifs]. (Retrieved on March 25, 2009)</ref><ref>[http://www.chinatownconnection.com/chinese-traditional-paintings.htm article on Chinese painting with the 4 flowers and their symbolism] (Retrieved 3-28-2009)</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=64mxAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA156&lpg=PA156&dq=%22flowers+of+the+four+seasons%22+china&source=bl&ots=XwA3H5mB5n&sig=4DE1E5w_xxDtCo3C3QSLlltDNjM&hl=en&ei=jIXOSZ3NL4TGtAO_7MiKDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=8&ct=result Google Booksearch scan of ''Description of Chinese Pottery and Porcelain'' by Yen Chu, Yan Zhu, Stephen Wootton Bushell, François Xavier Dentrecolles. Translated by Stephen Wootton Bushell. The Clarendon Press, 1910] (retrieved 3-28-2009)</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of Chinese Symbolism and Art Motives'', C.A.S. Williams. New York: The Julian Press (1960). p. 190</ref><ref>[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200507/22/eng20050722_197774.html People's Daily Online  -- Plum blossom, peony proposed to be national flowers]. (Retrieved on March 25, 2009)</ref>
+In [[Chinese art]]<ref>[http://www.chineseart.com/chinese-symbols-tree.htm Chinese Symbols and Chinese Art Motifs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214162216/http://chineseart.com/chinese-symbols-tree.htm |date=2010-12-14 }}. (Retrieved on March 25, 2009)</ref> and culture, the flowers that represent the four seasons consist of:
+* (春兰) '''Chūnlán''' – Spring – [[orchids|orchid]]
+* (夏荷) '''Xiahé''' – Summer – [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]]
+* (秋菊) '''Qiūjú''' – Autumn – [[chrysanthemum]]
+* and (冬梅) '''Dōngméi''' – Winter – [[Prunus mume|plum blossom]]
+They contain three of the elements of the [[Four Gentlemen]].<ref>[http://www.chinatownconnection.com/chinese-traditional-paintings.htm article on Chinese painting with the 4 flowers and their symbolism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519032820/http://chinatownconnection.com/chinese-traditional-paintings.htm |date=2012-05-19 }} (Retrieved 3-28-2009)</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=64mxAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22flowers+of+the+four+seasons%22+china&pg=PA156 Google Booksearch scan of ''Description of Chinese Pottery and Porcelain'' by Yen Chu, Yan Zhu, Stephen Wootton Bushell, François Xavier Dentrecolles. Translated by Stephen Wootton Bushell. The Clarendon Press, 1910] (retrieved 3-28-2009)</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of Chinese Symbolism and Art Motives'', C.A.S. Williams. New York: The Julian Press (1960). p. 190</ref><ref>[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200507/22/eng20050722_197774.html People's Daily Online -- Plum blossom, peony proposed to be national flowers]. (Retrieved on March 25, 2009)</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100833/002?word=winter+landscape&d_lang=en&s_lang=en&class=&title=&c_e=&region=&era=&cptype=&owner=&pos=1&num=6&mode=simple&century= |title = Birds and flowers of the four seasons, summer - eKokuhou}}</ref>
 ==Gallery==
 <gallery>
 File:Ciruelo en flor.jpg|Plum blossoms (contemporary)
-File:Orchid - Hu Zhengyan.PNG|Orchid - Hu Zhengyan (1633)
+File:Orchid - Hu Zhengyan.PNG|Orchid – Hu Zhengyan (1633)
-File:Xian'e Changchun Album 08.jpg|''[[Chrysanthemums]]'' from the Xian'e Changchun Album by Giuseppe Castiglione (1688-1766)
+File:Xian'e Changchun Album 08.jpg|''[[Chrysanthemums]]'' from the Xian'e Changchun Album by Giuseppe Castiglione (1688–1766)
 File:Elegance of Lotus Looking from Heaven.jpg|"Elegance of Lotus Looking from Heaven" (contemporary)
 </gallery>
@@ Line 11: / Line 20: @@
 ==See also==
 *[[Floral emblem#China|Flower emblems in China]]
-*[[Floral emblem#Japan|Flower emblems in Japan]]
 *[[Floral emblem#Vietnam|Flower emblems in Vietnam]]
 *[[Three Friends of Winter]]
+*[[List of Chinese symbols, designs, and art motifs]]
-==References==
+==Notes==
 {{reflist}}
+===References===
+* {{cite journal |last=Choi |first=JungBong |title=Of the East Asian Cultural Sphere: Theorizing Cultural Regionalization |journal=China Review |volume=10 |number=2 |date=2010 |pages=109–136 |publisher=The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press |jstor=23462332}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Lowe |first1=Roy |first2=Yoshihito |last2=Yasuhara |chapter=Higher learning in ancient Korea, Japan and Vietnam: The East Asian cultural sphere and the Imperial Chinese |title=The Origins of Higher Learning |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315728551}}
 ==Further reading==
 *''Flowers Of The Four Seasons: The Fundamentals Of Chinese Floral Painting'', Su-Sing Chow (in English and Mandarin Chinese). Art Book Publishing Co. (1983)
+==External links==
+*[https://www.countryliving.com/gardening/garden-ideas/g30304960/winter-flowers/ Winter flowers (Article)]
 [[Category:Chinese culture]]
 [[Category:Chinese iconography]]
 [[Category:Chinese painting]]
-[[Category:Japanese culture]]
+[[Category:Culture of Japan]]
-[[Category:Japanese iconography]]
 [[Category:Japanese painting]]
-[[Category:Vietnamese culture]]
-[[Category:Vietnamese iconography]]
-[[Category:Vietnamese painting]]
 [[Category:Plants in art]]
 [[Category:Symbols]]