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{{for-multi|the highway|Kentucky Route 1770|the year BCE|1770 BC}}
[[fr:1770]]
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{About year|1770|the village in Queensland|Seventeen Seventy, Queensland|the mummy|1770 (mummy)|1967 JR, the asteroid numbered 1770|1770 Schlesinger}}
{{Year nav|1770}}
[[File:Landing of Lieutenant James Cook at Botany Bay, 29 April 1770 (painting by E Phillips Fox).jpg|thumb|[[April 29]]: [[James Cook]] lands at [[Botany Bay]] in Australia.]]
[[File:Chesmabattle.jpg|thumb|right|[[July 5]]: Russia defeats Ottomans at the [[Battle of Chesma]] (painting by [[Ivan Aivazovsky]])]]
{{Year article header|1770}}
{{C18 year in topic}}


== Events ==
[[Centuries]]: [[17th century]] - '''[[18th century]]''' - [[19th century]]
=== January– March ===
* [[January 1]] – The foundation of [[Fort George, Bombay]] is laid by Colonel Keating, principal engineer, on the site of the former [[Dongri Fort]].{{cn|date=April 2024}}
* [[February 1]] &ndash; [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s home at [[Shadwell, Virginia]] is destroyed by fire, along with most of his books.<ref>Allen Jayne, ''Jefferson's Declaration of Independence: Origins, Philosophy, and Theology'' (University Press of Kentucky, 2015) p41</ref>
* [[February 14]] &ndash; Scottish explorer [[James Bruce]] arrives at [[Gondar]], capital of [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] (now [[Ethiopia]]) and is received by the Emperor [[Tekle Haymanot II]] and Ras [[Mikael Sehul]].<ref>"Bruce, James", in ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th Edition, Volume IV (Cambridge University Press, 1911) p676</ref>
* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[Christopher Seider]], an 11-year-old boy in [[Boston]] in the British [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]], is shot and killed by a colonial official, Ebenezer Richardson. The funeral sets off anti-British protests that lead to the massacre days later.<ref>James Marten, ''Children in Colonial America'' (NYU Press, 2007) p173</ref>
* [[March 5]] &ndash; [[Boston Massacre]]: Eleven American men are shot (five fatally) by British troops, in an event that helps start the [[American Revolutionary War]] five years later.
* [[March 21]] &ndash; King [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] shifts to the newly constructed [[Nautalle Durbar|Basantapur Palace]] in the capital Kathmandu as the first King of Unified Kingdom of Nepal
* [[March 26]] &ndash; [[First voyage of James Cook]]: English explorer Captain [[James Cook]] and his crew aboard {{HMS|Endeavour}} complete the circumnavigation of [[New Zealand]].


=== April&ndash;June ===
[[Decades]]: [[1720s]] [[1730s]] [[1740s]] [[1750s]] [[1760s]] - '''[[1770s]]''' - [[1780s]] [[1790s]] [[1800s]] [[1810s]] [[1820s]]
* [[April 12]] &ndash; The [[Townshend Acts]] are repealed by Britain's Parliament by the efforts of Prime Minister [[Frederick North, Lord North|Frederick North]], with the exception of the increased duties on imported tea. The American colonists, in turn, stop their embargo on British imports.<ref name="Carruth1772">Gordon Carruth, ed., ''The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates'' 3rd Edition (Thomas Y. Crowell, 1962) pp78-79</ref>
* [[April 18]] ([[April 19]] by Cook's log)<ref>{{cite journal|first=Arthur R.|last=Hinks|title=Nautical time and civil date|journal=[[The Geographical Journal]]|volume=86|year=1935|issue=2|pages=153–157|doi=10.2307/1786590|jstor=1786590|bibcode=1935GeogJ..86..153H }}</ref> 18:00 &ndash; First voyage of James Cook: English explorer Captain [[James Cook]] and his crew become the first recorded Europeans to encounter the eastern coastline of the [[Australia]]n continent. Land is sighted at [[Point Hicks]], and named after Lieutenant Hicks who first observes landform at 6am.
* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[Battle of Aspindza]]: [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] king [[Erekle II]] defeats the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces, despite being abandoned by an ally, Russian General [[Gottlieb Heinrich Totleben|Totleben]].
* [[April 29]] &ndash; [[First voyage of James Cook]]: Captain Cook drops anchor on {{HMS|Endeavour}} in a wide bay, about 16&nbsp;km (10&nbsp;mi) south of the present city of [[Sydney]], Australia. Because the young [[botanist]] on board the ship, [[Joseph Banks]], discovers 30,000 specimens of plant life in the area, 1,600 of them unknown to European science, Cook names the place [[Botany Bay]] on [[May 7]].
* [[May 7]] &ndash; Fourteen-year-old [[Marie Antoinette]] arrives at the French court.
* [[May 16]] &ndash; [[Marie Antoinette]] marries Louis-Auguste (who later becomes King [[Louis XVI of France]]).
* [[May 20]] &ndash; A stampede, at a celebration of the newly wedded [[Marie Antoinette]] and Louis-Auguste in Paris, kills more than a hundred people.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Helene Delalex|author2=Alexandre Maral|author3=Nicolas Milovanovic|title=Marie-Antoinette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgVVDQAAQBAJ|date=2016|publisher=Getty Publications|page=25|isbn=9781606064832}}</ref>
* [[June 3]] &ndash;
**[[Gaspar de Portolà]] and Father [[Junípero Serra]] establish [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], the ''presidio'' of [[Alta California]] territory for Spain from [[1777]]–[[1822]], [[United Mexican States]] [[1824]]–[[1846]], until the [[California Republic]].
**The 7.5 {{M|w|link=y}} [[1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake|Port-au-Prince earthquake]] affects the French colony of [[Saint-Domingue]] with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (''Extreme''), killing 250 or more.
* [[June 9]] &ndash; [[Falklands Crisis (1770)]]: Some 1,600 [[Spain|Spanish]] marines, sent by the Spanish governor of [[Buenos Aires]] in five frigates, seize [[Port Egmont]] in the [[Falkland Islands]]. The small British force present promptly surrenders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mindspring.com/~koz/papers/FalklandPaper.html|title=Nationalism and the Falkland Islands War|access-date=2007-08-19|archive-date=June 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605130706/http://www.mindspring.com/~koz/papers/FalklandPaper.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[First voyage of James Cook]]: {{HMS|Endeavour}} grounds on the [[Great Barrier Reef]].


=== July&ndash; September ===
Years: [[1765]] [[1766]] [[1767]] [[1768]] [[1769]] - '''1770''' - [[1771]] [[1772]] [[1773]] [[1774]] [[1775]]
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Lexell's Comet]] (D/1770 L1) passes the [[Earth]] at a distance of {{convert|2184129|km}}, the closest approach by a [[comet]] in recorded history.<ref>{{cite web|title=D/1770 L1 (Lexell)|url=http://cometography.com/pcomets/1770l1.html|work=Gary W. Kronk's Cometography|access-date=2012-07-02}}</ref>
* [[July 5]] &ndash; [[Battle of Chesma]] and [[Battle of Larga]]: The [[Russian Empire]] defeats the [[Ottoman Empire]] in both battles. When the news of the defeat reaches the Ottoman city of Smyrna ([[July 8]]), the crowd attacks the [[Rum Millet|Greek]] community of the city (perceived as favourable to the Russian cause) and kills an estimated 200 Greeks and three Western Europeans (although some reports estimate the number of victims at 3,000 or even 5,000 including "3 or 4 thousands who die due to the fright").<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rear|first1=Marjorie|title=William Barker. Member of the Right Worshipful Levant Company 1731-1825. A Life in Smyrna|date=2015|page=30|url=http://www.levantineheritage.com/pdf/Biography-of-William-Barker-Levant-Company-Merchant-Marjorie-Rear.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.levantineheritage.com/pdf/Biography-of-William-Barker-Levant-Company-Merchant-Marjorie-Rear.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Blondy|first1=Alain|last2=Labat Saint Vincent|first2=Xavier|title=Malte et Marseille au XVIIIème siècle|date=2014|publisher=La Fondation de Malte|isbn=9781291435467|page=161|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oX62BgAAQBAJ&q=massacre+smyrna+orlov+1770&pg=PA161}}</ref>
* [[August 1]] (July 21 [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]) &ndash; [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)]] &ndash; [[Battle of Kagul]]: Russian commander [[Pyotr Rumyantsev]] routs 150,000 Turks.
* [[August 22]] ([[August 23]] by Cook's log) &ndash; [[First voyage of James Cook]]: Captain Cook determines that [[New Holland (Australia)]] is not contiguous with [[New Guinea]], and claims the whole of its eastern coast for Great Britain, later naming it all [[New South Wales]].
* c. September &ndash; [[Johann Gottfried Herder]] meets [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] in [[Strasbourg]].
* [[September 24]] &ndash; In [[Hillsborough, North Carolina]], the [[War of the Regulation|Regulator Movement]] riots against local authorities.<ref>Charles D. Rodenbough, ''Governor Alexander Martin: Biography of a North Carolina Revolutionary War Statesman'' (McFarland, 2004) p28</ref>


=== October&ndash;December ===
----
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Phillis Wheatley]] becomes the first African American woman to have her work published, after having written a poetic [[elegy]] to the late Reverend [[George Whitefield]].<ref>Vincent Carretta, ''Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage'' (University of Georgia Press, 2014) p78</ref>
* [[November 14]] &ndash; [[James Bruce]] discovers what he believes to be the source of the Nile.
* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[Louis XV of France|King Louis XV]] of [[France]] issues the "Edict of December", dismissing the rebellious magistrates of the [[Parlements]] of Paris and the other 13 provinces.<ref>
Leonore Loft, ''Passion, Politics, and Philosophie: Rediscovering J.-P. Brissot'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002) p55</ref><ref>Dale K. Van Kley, ''The Religious Origins of the French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560-1791'' (Yale University Press, 1996) p249</ref>
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[France]]'s Secretary of the Navy, [[César Gabriel de Choiseul]], is fired from his position by the king.<ref>Antony Strugnell, ''Diderot’s Politics: A Study of the Evolution of Diderot’s Political Thought after the Encyclopedie'' (Martinus Nijhoff, 2012) p123</ref>


=== Date unknown ===
==Events==
* [[Joseph Priestley]], British [[chemist]], recommends the use of a [[eraser|rubber]] to remove [[pencil]] marks.
* [[March 5]] - [[Boston Massacre]]: 5 Americans killed by British troops in an event that would help start the [[American Revolution]] 5 years later.
* [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]] proves [[Lagrange's four-square theorem|Bachet's Conjecture]].
* [[May 16]] - 14-year old [[Marie Antoinette]] marries 15-year old Louis-Auguste (who later becomes [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] [[King of France]]).
* The [[Baron d'Holbach]]'s (anonymous) materialist work ''[[The System of Nature|Le Système de la Nature ou Des Loix du Monde Physique et du Monde Moral]]'' is produced in [[Neuchâtel]].
* The last [[Cuman]] who spoke the [[Cuman language]] ({{ill|István Varró|fr|István Varró}}) dies in Hungary.


==Births==
== Births ==
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[Georges Mouton]], Marshal of France (d. [[1838]])
*[[March 20]] - [[Friedrich Hölderlin]], [[Germany|German]] poet, novelist, and dramatist
* [[April 7]] - [[William Wordsworth]], English poet (+ [[1850]])
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Louis-Gabriel Suchet]], Marshal of France (d. [[1826]])
* [[March 20]] &ndash; [[Friedrich Hölderlin]], German writer (d. [[1843]])
* [[May 22]] - [[Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom|Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain]], third daughter of [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]]
* [[August 3]] - King [[Frederick William III of Prussia]]
* [[April 3]] &ndash; [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]], Greek general (d. [[1843]])
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[William Wordsworth]], English poet (d. [[1850]])
*[[Ludwig van Beethoven]], German composer
* [[April 8]] &ndash; [[John Thomas Campbell|John Campbell]], Australian public servant, politician (d. [[1830]])
*[[Hegel|Georg Hegel]], German philosopher
* [[April 11]] &ndash; [[George Canning]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (d. [[1827]])
* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[Georg Sverdrup]], Norwegian philologist (d. [[1850]])
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]], English-Canadian explorer (d. [[1857]])
* [[May 10]] &ndash; [[Louis-Nicolas Davout]], Marshal of France (d. [[1823]])
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Ezekiel Hart]], Canadian entrepreneur, politician (d. [[1843]])
* [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Ignaz Döllinger]], German anatomist, physiologist (d. [[1841]])
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Charles Adams (1770–1800)|Charles Adams]], second son of President John Adams (1735–1826) (d. [[1800]])
* [[June 1]] &ndash; [[Friedrich Laun]], German author (d. [[1849]])
[[File:Manuel Belgrano.JPG|thumb|right|110px|[[Manuel Belgrano]]]]
* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[Manuel Belgrano]], Argentine politician, general in the Independence War (d. [[1820]])
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[Eleonora Charlotta d'Albedyhll]], Swedish countess, poet and salon holder (d. [[1835]])
* [[June 7]] &ndash; [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (d. [[1828]])
* [[June 20]] &ndash; [[Moses Waddel]], American educator/[[Minister (Christianity)|minister]] and bestselling author (d. [[1840]])
* [[August 1]] &ndash; [[William Clark]], American explorer, Governor of Missouri Territory, and Superintendent of Indian Affairs (d. [[1838]])
* [[August 3]] &ndash; King [[Frederick William III of Prussia]] (d. [[1840]])
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Dorothea von Rodde-Schlözer]], German scholar (d. [[1825]])
[[File:Hegel portrait by Schlesinger 1831.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]]]
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], German philosopher (d. [[1831]])
* [[October 10]] &ndash; [[Adam Johann von Krusenstern]], [[Baltic German]] explorer who led the [[First Russian circumnavigation]] (d. [[1846]])
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[Thomas Phillips]], English painter (d. [[1845]])
* [[November 5]] &ndash; [[Sarah Guppy]], English inventor (d. [[1852]])
* [[November 19]] &ndash; [[Bertel Thorvaldsen]], Danish-Icelandic sculptor (d. [[1844]])
[[File:Beethoven.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]]]
* [[December 17]] ''(bapt.)'' &ndash; [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], German classical composer (d. [[1827]])
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[Nicolas Joseph Maison]], Marshal of France, Minister of War (d. [[1840]])


==Deaths==
== Deaths ==
* [[January 7]] &ndash; [[Carl Gustaf Tessin]], Swedish politician (b. [[1695]])
* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[John Michael Rysbrack]], Flemish sculptor (b. [[1694]])
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Charles Yorke]], Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b. [[1722]])
* [[January 27]] &ndash; [[Johann Karl Philipp von Cobenzl]], 18th-century politician (b. [[1712]])
* [[January 30]] &ndash; [[Giovanni Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis]], Maltese linguist, historian and cleric (b. [[1712]])
* [[January 27]] &ndash; [[Philippe Macquer]], French historian (b. [[1720]])
* [[February 26]] &ndash; [[Giuseppe Tartini]], Italian composer, violinist (b. [[1692]])
* [[March 5]] &ndash; [[Crispus Attucks]], African-American dockworker, first to die in the [[Boston Massacre]] (b. [[1723]])
* [[File:Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista - Fresken Treppenhaus des Würzburger Residenzschlosses, Szenen zur Apotheose des Fürstbischofs, Detail Giovanni Battista Tiepolo - 1750-1753.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo]]]] [[March 27]] &ndash; [[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo]], Venetian artist (b. [[1696]])
* [[April 27]] &ndash; [[José Solís Folch de Cardona]], Spanish colonial governor (b. [[1716]])
* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[Jean-Antoine Nollet]], French abbot, physicist (b. [[1700]])
* [[May 30]] &ndash; [[François Boucher]], French painter (b. [[1703]])
* [[June 22]] &ndash; [[Philip Carteret Webb]], English barrister (b. [[1702]])
* [[June 23]] &ndash; [[Mark Akenside]], English poet, physician (b. [[1721]])
* [[July 17]] &ndash; [[Joseph Paris Duverney]], French banker (b. [[1684]])
* [[July 21]] &ndash; [[Charlotta Frölich]], Swedish agronomist (b. [[1698]])
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Robert Dinwiddie]], British colonial Governor of Virginia (b. [[1693]])
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[Edward Antill (colonial politician)]], American winemaker (b. [[1701]])
* [[August 24]] &ndash; [[Thomas Chatterton]], English poet (b. [[1752]])
* [[September 2]] &ndash; [[Hongzhou (prince)|Hongzhou]], Manchu prince of the Qing Dynasty (b. [[1712]])
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Bernhard Siegfried Albinus]], German anatomist (b. [[1697]])
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Ignatius of Santhià]], Italian Catholic priest (b. [[1686]])
[[File:George Whitefield (head).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[George Whitefield]]]]
* [[September 30]]
** [[George Whitefield]], English-born Methodist leader (b. [[1714]])
** [[Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham]], English politician and diplomat (b. c. [[1695]])
* [[October 14]] &ndash; [[Benning Wentworth]], colonial governor of New Hampshire (b. [[1696]])
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[John Manners, Marquess of Granby]], British soldier (b. [[1721]])
* [[November 9]] &ndash; [[John Campbell, 4th Duke of Argyll]], Scottish politician (b. c. [[1693]])
* [[November 13]] &ndash; [[George Grenville]], Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. [[1712]])<ref>{{cite web |title=History of George Grenville - GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/george-grenville |website=www.gov.uk |access-date=19 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 24]] &ndash; [[Charles-Jean-François Hénault]], French historian (b. [[1685]])
* [[December 4]] &ndash; [[John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont]], Irish politician (b. [[1711]])
* [[December 5]] &ndash; [[James Stirling (mathematician)|James Stirling]], Scottish mathematician (b. [[1692]])
* [[December 6]] &ndash; [[Neri Maria Corsini]], Italian Catholic priest and cardinal (b. [[1685]])


==Heads of states==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [[China]] - [[Qianlong Emperor of China|Qianlong]] [[Emperor of China]], [[Qing Dynasty]] (reigned from [[October 18]], [[1735]] to [[February 9]], [[1796]])

* [[France]] - [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]] [[King of France]] (1715-1774)
== Further reading ==
* [[Holy See]] - [[Pope Clement XIV|Clement XIV]] [[pope]] (1769-1774)
* {{cite book |title=Blair's Chronological Tables |author1=John Blair |author-link=John Blair (priest) |author2=J. Willoughby Rosse|location= London |publisher=[[Henry George Bohn|H.G. Bohn]] |year=1856 |via=Hathi Trust |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6349vh5n?urlappend=%3Bseq=684 |chapter=1770 |hdl=2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6349vh5n?urlappend=%3Bseq=684 }}
* [[Prussia]] - [[Frederick II of Prussia|Frederick II]] [[King of Prussia]] ([[1740]]-[[1786]])

* [[Spain]] - [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]] [[King of Spain]] (1759-1788)
{{DEFAULTSORT:1770}}
* [[Sweden]] - [[Adolf Frederick of Sweden]] [[King of Sweden]] ([[1751]]-[[1771]])
[[Category:1770| ]]

Latest revision as of 02:23, 29 September 2024

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
April 29: James Cook lands at Botany Bay in Australia.
July 5: Russia defeats Ottomans at the Battle of Chesma (painting by Ivan Aivazovsky)

1770 (MDCCLXX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1770th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 770th year of the 2nd millennium, the 70th year of the 18th century, and the 1st year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1770, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

1770 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1770
MDCCLXX
Ab urbe condita2523
Armenian calendar1219
ԹՎ ՌՄԺԹ
Assyrian calendar6520
Balinese saka calendar1691–1692
Bengali calendar1177
Berber calendar2720
British Regnal year10 Geo. 3 – 11 Geo. 3
Buddhist calendar2314
Burmese calendar1132
Byzantine calendar7278–7279
Chinese calendar己丑年 (Earth Ox)
4467 or 4260
    — to —
庚寅年 (Metal Tiger)
4468 or 4261
Coptic calendar1486–1487
Discordian calendar2936
Ethiopian calendar1762–1763
Hebrew calendar5530–5531
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1826–1827
 - Shaka Samvat1691–1692
 - Kali Yuga4870–4871
Holocene calendar11770
Igbo calendar770–771
Iranian calendar1148–1149
Islamic calendar1183–1184
Japanese calendarMeiwa 7
(明和7年)
Javanese calendar1695–1696
Julian calendarGregorian minus 11 days
Korean calendar4103
Minguo calendar142 before ROC
民前142年
Nanakshahi calendar302
Thai solar calendar2312–2313
Tibetan calendar阴土牛年
(female Earth-Ox)
1896 or 1515 or 743
    — to —
阳金虎年
(male Iron-Tiger)
1897 or 1516 or 744


Events

[edit]

January– March

[edit]

April–June

[edit]

July– September

[edit]

October–December

[edit]

Date unknown

[edit]

Births

[edit]
Manuel Belgrano
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Ludwig van Beethoven

Deaths

[edit]
George Whitefield

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Allen Jayne, Jefferson's Declaration of Independence: Origins, Philosophy, and Theology (University Press of Kentucky, 2015) p41
  2. ^ "Bruce, James", in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume IV (Cambridge University Press, 1911) p676
  3. ^ James Marten, Children in Colonial America (NYU Press, 2007) p173
  4. ^ Gordon Carruth, ed., The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates 3rd Edition (Thomas Y. Crowell, 1962) pp78-79
  5. ^ Hinks, Arthur R. (1935). "Nautical time and civil date". The Geographical Journal. 86 (2): 153–157. Bibcode:1935GeogJ..86..153H. doi:10.2307/1786590. JSTOR 1786590.
  6. ^ Helene Delalex; Alexandre Maral; Nicolas Milovanovic (2016). Marie-Antoinette. Getty Publications. p. 25. ISBN 9781606064832.
  7. ^ "Nationalism and the Falkland Islands War". Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  8. ^ "D/1770 L1 (Lexell)". Gary W. Kronk's Cometography. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
  9. ^ Rear, Marjorie (2015). "William Barker. Member of the Right Worshipful Levant Company 1731-1825. A Life in Smyrna" (PDF). p. 30. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  10. ^ Blondy, Alain; Labat Saint Vincent, Xavier (2014). Malte et Marseille au XVIIIème siècle. La Fondation de Malte. p. 161. ISBN 9781291435467.
  11. ^ Charles D. Rodenbough, Governor Alexander Martin: Biography of a North Carolina Revolutionary War Statesman (McFarland, 2004) p28
  12. ^ Vincent Carretta, Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage (University of Georgia Press, 2014) p78
  13. ^ Leonore Loft, Passion, Politics, and Philosophie: Rediscovering J.-P. Brissot (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002) p55
  14. ^ Dale K. Van Kley, The Religious Origins of the French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560-1791 (Yale University Press, 1996) p249
  15. ^ Antony Strugnell, Diderot’s Politics: A Study of the Evolution of Diderot’s Political Thought after the Encyclopedie (Martinus Nijhoff, 2012) p123
  16. ^ "History of George Grenville - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved June 19, 2023.

Further reading

[edit]