{{About year|1770|the village in Queensland|Seventeen Seventy, Queensland|the mummy|1770 (mummy)|1967 JR, the asteroid numbered 1770|1770 Schlesinger}}
{{Year nav|1770}}
[[File:Landing of Lieutenant James Cook at Botany Bay, 29 April 1770 (painting by E Phillips Fox).jpg|thumb|[[April 29]]: [[James Cook]] lands at [[Botany Bay]] in Australia.]]
[[File:Chesmabattle.jpg|thumb|right|[[July 5]]: Russia defeats Ottomans at the [[Battle of Chesma]] (painting by [[Ivan Aivazovsky]])]]
* [[January 1]] – The foundation of [[Fort George, Bombay]] is laid by Colonel Keating, principal engineer, on the site of the former [[Dongri Fort]].{{cn|date=April 2024}}
* [[February 1]] – [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s home at [[Shadwell, Virginia]] is destroyed by fire, along with most of his books.<ref>Allen Jayne, ''Jefferson's Declaration of Independence: Origins, Philosophy, and Theology'' (University Press of Kentucky, 2015) p41</ref>
* [[February 14]] – Scottish explorer [[James Bruce]] arrives at [[Gondar]], capital of [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] (now [[Ethiopia]]) and is received by the Emperor [[Tekle Haymanot II]] and Ras [[Mikael Sehul]].<ref>"Bruce, James", in ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th Edition, Volume IV (Cambridge University Press, 1911) p676</ref>
* [[February 22]] – [[Christopher Seider]], an 11-year-old boy in [[Boston]] in the British [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]], is shot and killed by a colonial official, Ebenezer Richardson. The funeral sets off anti-British protests that lead to the massacre days later.<ref>James Marten, ''Children in Colonial America'' (NYU Press, 2007) p173</ref>
* [[March 5]] – [[Boston Massacre]]: Eleven American men are shot (five fatally) by British troops, in an event that helps start the [[American Revolutionary War]] five years later.
* [[March 21]] – King [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] shifts to the newly constructed [[Nautalle Durbar|Basantapur Palace]] in the capital Kathmandu as the first King of Unified Kingdom of Nepal
* [[March 26]] – [[First voyage of James Cook]]: English explorer Captain [[James Cook]] and his crew aboard {{HMS|Endeavour}} complete the circumnavigation of [[New Zealand]].
* [[April 12]] – The [[Townshend Acts]] are repealed by Britain's Parliament by the efforts of Prime Minister [[Frederick North, Lord North|Frederick North]], with the exception of the increased duties on imported tea. The American colonists, in turn, stop their embargo on British imports.<ref name="Carruth1772">Gordon Carruth, ed., ''The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates'' 3rd Edition (Thomas Y. Crowell, 1962) pp78-79</ref>
* [[April 18]] ([[April 19]] by Cook's log)<ref>{{cite journal|first=Arthur R.|last=Hinks|title=Nautical time and civil date|journal=[[The Geographical Journal]]|volume=86|year=1935|issue=2|pages=153–157|doi=10.2307/1786590|jstor=1786590|bibcode=1935GeogJ..86..153H }}</ref> 18:00 – First voyage of James Cook: English explorer Captain [[James Cook]] and his crew become the first recorded Europeans to encounter the eastern coastline of the [[Australia]]n continent. Land is sighted at [[Point Hicks]], and named after Lieutenant Hicks who first observes landform at 6am.
* [[April 20]] – [[Battle of Aspindza]]: [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] king [[Erekle II]] defeats the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces, despite being abandoned by an ally, Russian General [[Gottlieb Heinrich Totleben|Totleben]].
* [[April 29]] – [[First voyage of James Cook]]: Captain Cook drops anchor on {{HMS|Endeavour}} in a wide bay, about 16 km (10 mi) south of the present city of [[Sydney]], Australia. Because the young [[botanist]] on board the ship, [[Joseph Banks]], discovers 30,000 specimens of plant life in the area, 1,600 of them unknown to European science, Cook names the place [[Botany Bay]] on [[May 7]].
* [[May 7]] – Fourteen-year-old [[Marie Antoinette]] arrives at the French court.
* [[May 16]] – [[Marie Antoinette]] marries Louis-Auguste (who later becomes King [[Louis XVI of France]]).
* [[May 20]] – A stampede, at a celebration of the newly wedded [[Marie Antoinette]] and Louis-Auguste in Paris, kills more than a hundred people.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Helene Delalex|author2=Alexandre Maral|author3=Nicolas Milovanovic|title=Marie-Antoinette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgVVDQAAQBAJ|date=2016|publisher=Getty Publications|page=25|isbn=9781606064832}}</ref>
* [[June 3]] –
**[[Gaspar de Portolà]] and Father [[Junípero Serra]] establish [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], the ''presidio'' of [[Alta California]] territory for Spain from [[1777]]–[[1822]], [[United Mexican States]] [[1824]]–[[1846]], until the [[California Republic]].
**The 7.5 {{M|w|link=y}} [[1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake|Port-au-Prince earthquake]] affects the French colony of [[Saint-Domingue]] with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (''Extreme''), killing 250 or more.
* [[June 9]] – [[Falklands Crisis (1770)]]: Some 1,600 [[Spain|Spanish]] marines, sent by the Spanish governor of [[Buenos Aires]] in five frigates, seize [[Port Egmont]] in the [[Falkland Islands]]. The small British force present promptly surrenders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mindspring.com/~koz/papers/FalklandPaper.html|title=Nationalism and the Falkland Islands War|access-date=2007-08-19|archive-date=June 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605130706/http://www.mindspring.com/~koz/papers/FalklandPaper.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[June 11]] – [[First voyage of James Cook]]: {{HMS|Endeavour}} grounds on the [[Great Barrier Reef]].
=== July– September ===
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* [[July 1]] – [[Lexell's Comet]] (D/1770 L1) passes the [[Earth]] at a distance of {{convert|2184129|km}}, the closest approach by a [[comet]] in recorded history.<ref>{{cite web|title=D/1770 L1 (Lexell)|url=http://cometography.com/pcomets/1770l1.html|work=Gary W. Kronk's Cometography|access-date=2012-07-02}}</ref>
* [[July 5]] – [[Battle of Chesma]] and [[Battle of Larga]]: The [[Russian Empire]] defeats the [[Ottoman Empire]] in both battles. When the news of the defeat reaches the Ottoman city of Smyrna ([[July 8]]), the crowd attacks the [[Rum Millet|Greek]] community of the city (perceived as favourable to the Russian cause) and kills an estimated 200 Greeks and three Western Europeans (although some reports estimate the number of victims at 3,000 or even 5,000 including "3 or 4 thousands who die due to the fright").<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rear|first1=Marjorie|title=William Barker. Member of the Right Worshipful Levant Company 1731-1825. A Life in Smyrna|date=2015|page=30|url=http://www.levantineheritage.com/pdf/Biography-of-William-Barker-Levant-Company-Merchant-Marjorie-Rear.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.levantineheritage.com/pdf/Biography-of-William-Barker-Levant-Company-Merchant-Marjorie-Rear.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Blondy|first1=Alain|last2=Labat Saint Vincent|first2=Xavier|title=Malte et Marseille au XVIIIème siècle|date=2014|publisher=La Fondation de Malte|isbn=9781291435467|page=161|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oX62BgAAQBAJ&q=massacre+smyrna+orlov+1770&pg=PA161}}</ref>
* [[August 1]] (July 21 [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]) – [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)]] – [[Battle of Kagul]]: Russian commander [[Pyotr Rumyantsev]] routs 150,000 Turks.
* [[August 22]] ([[August 23]] by Cook's log) – [[First voyage of James Cook]]: Captain Cook determines that [[New Holland (Australia)]] is not contiguous with [[New Guinea]], and claims the whole of its eastern coast for Great Britain, later naming it all [[New South Wales]].
* c. September – [[Johann Gottfried Herder]] meets [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] in [[Strasbourg]].
* [[September 24]] – In [[Hillsborough, North Carolina]], the [[War of the Regulation|Regulator Movement]] riots against local authorities.<ref>Charles D. Rodenbough, ''Governor Alexander Martin: Biography of a North Carolina Revolutionary War Statesman'' (McFarland, 2004) p28</ref>
=== October–December ===
==Events==
* [[October 11]] – [[Phillis Wheatley]] becomes the first African American woman to have her work published, after having written a poetic [[elegy]] to the late Reverend [[George Whitefield]].<ref>Vincent Carretta, ''Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage'' (University of Georgia Press, 2014) p78</ref>
* [[March 5]] - [[Boston Massacre]]: 5 Americans killed by British troops in an event that would help start the [[American Revolutionary War]] 5 years later.
* [[November 14]] – [[James Bruce]] discovers what he believes to be the source of the Nile.
* [[May 16]] - 14-year old [[Marie Antoinette]] marries 15-year old Louis-Auguste (who later becomes [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] [[King of France]]).
* [[December 7]] – [[Louis XV of France|King Louis XV]] of [[France]] issues the "Edict of December", dismissing the rebellious magistrates of the [[Parlements]] of Paris and the other 13 provinces.<ref>
Leonore Loft, ''Passion, Politics, and Philosophie: Rediscovering J.-P. Brissot'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002) p55</ref><ref>Dale K. Van Kley, ''The Religious Origins of the French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560-1791'' (Yale University Press, 1996) p249</ref>
* [[December 24]] – [[France]]'s Secretary of the Navy, [[César Gabriel de Choiseul]], is fired from his position by the king.<ref>Antony Strugnell, ''Diderot’s Politics: A Study of the Evolution of Diderot’s Political Thought after the Encyclopedie'' (Martinus Nijhoff, 2012) p123</ref>
=== Date unknown ===
==Births==
* [[Joseph Priestley]], British [[chemist]], recommends the use of a [[eraser|rubber]] to remove [[pencil]] marks.
*[[March 20]] - [[Friedrich Hölderlin]], [[Germany|German]] poet, novelist, and dramatist
* [[April 7]] - [[William Wordsworth]], English poet (+ [[1850]])
* The [[Baron d'Holbach]]'s (anonymous) materialist work ''[[The System of Nature|Le Système de la Nature ou Des Loix du Monde Physique et du Monde Moral]]'' is produced in [[Neuchâtel]].
* [[May 22]] - [[Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom|Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain]], third daughter of [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]]
* The last [[Cuman]] who spoke the [[Cuman language]] ({{ill|István Varró|fr|István Varró}}) dies in Hungary.
* [[August 3]] - King [[Frederick William III of Prussia]]
*[[Ludwig van Beethoven]], German composer
*[[Hegel|Georg Hegel]], German philosopher
==Deaths==
== Births ==
* [[February 21]] – [[Georges Mouton]], Marshal of France (d. [[1838]])
* [[March 2]] – [[Louis-Gabriel Suchet]], Marshal of France (d. [[1826]])
* [[March 20]] – [[Friedrich Hölderlin]], German writer (d. [[1843]])
* [[April 3]] – [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]], Greek general (d. [[1843]])
* [[April 7]] – [[William Wordsworth]], English poet (d. [[1850]])
* [[April 8]] – [[John Thomas Campbell|John Campbell]], Australian public servant, politician (d. [[1830]])
* [[April 11]] – [[George Canning]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (d. [[1827]])
* [[April 25]] – [[Georg Sverdrup]], Norwegian philologist (d. [[1850]])
* [[April 30]] – [[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]], English-Canadian explorer (d. [[1857]])
* [[May 10]] – [[Louis-Nicolas Davout]], Marshal of France (d. [[1823]])
* [[May 15]] – [[Ezekiel Hart]], Canadian entrepreneur, politician (d. [[1843]])
* [[May 27]] – [[Ignaz Döllinger]], German anatomist, physiologist (d. [[1841]])
* [[May 29]] – [[Charles Adams (1770–1800)|Charles Adams]], second son of President John Adams (1735–1826) (d. [[1800]])
* [[June 1]] – [[Friedrich Laun]], German author (d. [[1849]])
** [[Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham]], English politician and diplomat (b. c. [[1695]])
* [[October 14]] – [[Benning Wentworth]], colonial governor of New Hampshire (b. [[1696]])
* [[October 18]] – [[John Manners, Marquess of Granby]], British soldier (b. [[1721]])
* [[November 9]] – [[John Campbell, 4th Duke of Argyll]], Scottish politician (b. c. [[1693]])
* [[November 13]] – [[George Grenville]], Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. [[1712]])<ref>{{cite web |title=History of George Grenville - GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/george-grenville |website=www.gov.uk |access-date=19 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 24]] – [[Charles-Jean-François Hénault]], French historian (b. [[1685]])
April 12 – The Townshend Acts are repealed by Britain's Parliament by the efforts of Prime Minister Frederick North, with the exception of the increased duties on imported tea. The American colonists, in turn, stop their embargo on British imports.[4]
April 18 (April 19 by Cook's log)[5] 18:00 – First voyage of James Cook: English explorer Captain James Cook and his crew become the first recorded Europeans to encounter the eastern coastline of the Australian continent. Land is sighted at Point Hicks, and named after Lieutenant Hicks who first observes landform at 6am.
April 29 – First voyage of James Cook: Captain Cook drops anchor on HMS Endeavour in a wide bay, about 16 km (10 mi) south of the present city of Sydney, Australia. Because the young botanist on board the ship, Joseph Banks, discovers 30,000 specimens of plant life in the area, 1,600 of them unknown to European science, Cook names the place Botany Bay on May 7.
July 1 – Lexell's Comet (D/1770 L1) passes the Earth at a distance of 2,184,129 kilometres (1,357,155 mi), the closest approach by a comet in recorded history.[8]
July 5 – Battle of Chesma and Battle of Larga: The Russian Empire defeats the Ottoman Empire in both battles. When the news of the defeat reaches the Ottoman city of Smyrna (July 8), the crowd attacks the Greek community of the city (perceived as favourable to the Russian cause) and kills an estimated 200 Greeks and three Western Europeans (although some reports estimate the number of victims at 3,000 or even 5,000 including "3 or 4 thousands who die due to the fright").[9][10]
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