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The '''Gay Women's Alternative''', DC (GWA) (1981–1993) was an incorporated social-educational non-profit organization dedicated to enriching the cultural, intellectual, and social lives of lesbians of the Washington, DC area. The GWA was formed in 1980 to provide the DC lesbian community with an alternative and safe space to socialize and discuss feminist and educational topics concerning the lesbian and gay women population.<ref>"GWA's 10th Birthday," (11 Jan. 1991) [[The Washington Blade]], p. 32</ref><ref name=becker>Bonita Becker. (23 March 1984). "The Growing Lesbian Alternative," [[The Washington Blade]], Vol 15 p. 12</ref> The group met every Wednesday evening from 8&nbsp;pm to 11&nbsp;pm at the [[Washington Ethical Society]] near Silver Spring, MD.<ref>Ina B. Alterman, "Letter to Donna, Sapphire Sapphos (Black Lesbian Group), asking them to speak at GWA" Dec. 10, 1980, Rainbow History Project Archives, Box 5, MA 764, Folder 66,Kiplinger Library: Historical Society of Washington, DC.</ref> Weekly programs covered topics such as, "Organizing Your Finances for Success," "Lesbian Couples: How Different are we?" and "Women and Wellness: A Feminist Approach to Health Care".<ref>"Gay Women's Alternative Schedule of Events Jan-March 1986," [http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/janmar86.pdf Rainbow History Project]</ref> Speakers included black poet [[Audre Lorde]], artist [[Joan E. Biren]], television journalist [[Maureen Bunyan]], and comedian Kate Karsten.<ref>Lisa M. Keen (12 Jan. 1984) "Audre Lorde Speaks at GWA," ''[[Washington Blade]]''</ref> The GWA held several dances, including the annual lesbian spring dance and the Spring Cotillion.
The '''Gay Women's Alternative''', DC (GWA) (1981–1993) was an incorporated social-educational non-profit organization dedicated to enriching the cultural, intellectual, and social lives of lesbians of the Washington, D.C., area. The GWA was formed in 1980 to provide the DC lesbian community with an alternative and safe space to socialize and discuss feminist and educational topics concerning the lesbian and gay women population.<ref>"GWA's 10th Birthday," (11 Jan. 1991) [[The Washington Blade]], p. 32</ref><ref name=becker>Bonita Becker. (23 March 1984). "The Growing Lesbian Alternative," [[The Washington Blade]], Vol 15 p. 12</ref> The group met every Wednesday evening from 8&nbsp;pm to 11&nbsp;pm at the [[Washington Ethical Society]] near Silver Spring, Maryland.<ref>Ina B. Alterman, "Letter to Donna, Sapphire Sapphos (Black Lesbian Group), asking them to speak at GWA" Dec. 10, 1980, Rainbow History Project Archives, Box 5, MA 764, Folder 66, Kiplinger Library: Historical Society of Washington, DC.</ref> Weekly programs covered topics such as, "Organizing Your Finances for Success," "Lesbian Couples: How Different are we?" and "Women and Wellness: A Feminist Approach to Health Care".<ref>"Gay Women's Alternative Schedule of Events Jan-March 1986," [http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/janmar86.pdf Rainbow History Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301080329/http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/janmar86.pdf |date=2014-03-01 }}</ref> Speakers included black poet [[Audre Lorde]], artist [[Joan E. Biren]], television journalist [[Maureen Bunyan]], and comedian Kate Karsten.<ref>Lisa M. Keen (12 Jan. 1984) "Audre Lorde Speaks at GWA," ''[[Washington Blade]]''</ref> The GWA held several dances, including the annual lesbian spring dance and the Spring Cotillion.


==History==
==History==
The GWA came about as a result of a series of gay political activist efforts set by the [[Mattachine Society]] of Washington (MSW), 1961.<ref name=mattachine>Mark Meinke (13 Oct 2011), "50th Anniversary of the Mattachine Society of Washington Panel Discussion with Paul Kuntzler and Lilli Vincez,Transcript" ''[http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/MSW50thAnniversarytranscript2011-10-11.pdf The Rainbow History Project: Preserving Our Community's History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144744/http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/MSW50thAnniversarytranscript2011-10-11.pdf |date=2014-04-13 }}''</ref> On April 17, 1965, ten members of the MSW, three women and seven men, picketed the [[White House]] to change the government's discriminatory politices against [[LGBT]] people and the police department's treatment of [[LGBT]] individuals. This public event visibly broke the barriers of "closeted existence for gay people" in DC and create hope for a non-discriminatory future.<ref name=mattachine />
The GWA came about as a result of a series of gay political activist efforts set by the [[Mattachine Society]] of Washington (MSW), 1961.<ref name=mattachine>Mark Meinke (13 Oct 2011), "50th Anniversary of the Mattachine Society of Washington Panel Discussion with Paul Kuntzler and Lilli Vincez,Transcript" ''[http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/MSW50thAnniversarytranscript2011-10-11.pdf The Rainbow History Project: Preserving Our Community's History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144744/http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/MSW50thAnniversarytranscript2011-10-11.pdf |date=2014-04-13 }}''</ref> On April 17, 1965, ten members of the MSW, three women and seven men, picketed the [[White House]] to change the government's discriminatory politices against [[LGBT]] people and the police department's treatment of LGBT individuals. This public event visibly broke the barriers of "closeted existence for gay people" in DC and create hope for a non-discriminatory future.<ref name=mattachine /> As a result of the MSW efforts for change, gay women in DC wanted a place to get together and discuss gay rights. [[Lilli Vincenz]], a member of MSW and an activist for gay and lesbian rights in Washington, D.C., invited women to meet every week at her home to create a safe venue for gay women to discuss gay activism and other lesbian related issues.
As a result of the MSW efforts for change, gay women in D.C. wanted a place to get together and discuss gay rights. [[Lilli Vincenz]], a member of MSW and an activist for gay and lesbian rights in Washington, D.C., invited women to meet every week at her home to create a safe venue for gay women to discuss gay activism and other lesbian related issues.
Lilli Vincenz notes:
Lilli Vincenz notes:


{{quote|I decided to have women come into our home every week for seven years, and it just become an establishment. And it was wonderful to have them come, and we had musicians come&nbsp; ... lots of women who didn't know where to go, they didn't want to go to the bars, they just wanted to be in a place that was safe, so we provided that.<ref name=mattachine />}}
{{quote|I decided to have women come into our home every week for seven years, and it just become an establishment. And it was wonderful to have them come, and we had musicians come&nbsp; ... lots of women who didn't know where to go, they didn't want to go to the bars, they just wanted to be in a place that was safe, so we provided that.<ref name=mattachine />}}


Vincenz's home became known as the Gay Women's Open House (GWOH), 1971–1979. However, due to the lack of space, it was decided that a bigger venue was needed. This is when Leigh Geiger,<ref name=timeline>"Timeline: Civil rights/political activism, social events, and community institutions," ''[http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/timeline.pdf The Rainbow History Project: Preserving Our Community's History]'' Revised 8 Aug. 2006, p. 17.</ref> and Ina Alterman, from New York, formed the Gay Women's Alternative in 1980, providing the DC lesbian community with educational and social events that served as alternative social venues to the bar. The GWA's annual Spring Cotillion dance became the highlight of the year for lesbians in DC.<ref name=becker />
Vincenz's home became known as the Gay Women's Open House (GWOH), 1971–1979. However, due to the lack of space, it was decided that a bigger venue was needed. This is when Leigh Geiger,<ref name=timeline>"Timeline: Civil rights/political activism, social events, and community institutions," ''[http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/timeline.pdf The Rainbow History Project: Preserving Our Community's History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301092823/http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/timeline.pdf |date=2014-03-01 }}'' Revised 8 Aug. 2006, p. 17.</ref> and Ina Alterman, from New York, formed the Gay Women's Alternative in 1980, providing the DC lesbian community with educational and social events that served as alternative social venues to the bar. The GWA's annual Spring Cotillion dance became the highlight of the year for lesbians in DC.<ref name=becker />


Gay social life DC up until the 1980s had been historically limited to bars, but the GWA, which advertised its organization as an "alternative to the closet and alternative to the bar,"<ref>"GWA DC Event List," January 1981, [http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/janjun81.pdf Rainbow History Project Archives], accessed June 20, 2012.</ref> became known as an alternative space for gay women to gather and meet without the aid of alcohol or smoking.<ref>Brett Beemym, "A Queer Capital," in ''Creating a place for ourselves: Lesbian, gay, bisexual community histories'' Ed. Breet Beemym. New York, N.Y. :Routledge., p. 204.</ref><ref>Susan Ganley (5 Oct. 1990). "Out in Numbers" [[The Washington Blade]] p.53</ref> On July 28, 1982, the GWA board members decided that they needed to make the public more aware that their organization was for professional women. At the end of 1982, GWA began adding the slogan, GWA ''"For the Thinking Women"'' to the event flyers that were mailed out to the community every month.<ref name=rachael>Rachael Kupferberg, "Meeting Minutes-GWA- July 28th 1982," Rainbow HIstory Project Archives, Box 5, MS 764, Folder 68, Historical Society of Washington, D.C., Kiplinger Library.</ref> The meeting minutes read:
Gay social life DC up until the 1980s had been historically limited to bars, but the GWA, which advertised its organization as an "alternative to the closet and alternative to the bar",<ref>"GWA DC Event List," January 1981, [http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/janjun81.pdf Rainbow History Project Archives]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, accessed June 20, 2012.</ref> became known as an alternative space for gay women to gather and meet without the aid of alcohol or smoking.<ref>Brett Beemym, "A Queer Capital," in ''Creating a place for ourselves: Lesbian, gay, bisexual community histories'' Ed. Breet Beemym. New York, N.Y. :Routledge., p. 204.</ref><ref>Susan Ganley (5 Oct. 1990). "Out in Numbers" [[The Washington Blade]] p.53</ref> On July 28, 1982, the GWA board members decided that they needed to make the public more aware that their organization was for professional women. At the end of 1982, GWA began adding the slogan, GWA ''"For the Thinking Women"'' to the event flyers that were mailed out to the community every month.<ref name=rachael>Rachael Kupferberg, "Meeting Minutes-GWA- July 28th 1982," Rainbow History Project Archives, Box 5, MS 764, Folder 68, Historical Society of Washington, D.C., Kiplinger Library.</ref> The meeting minutes read:
{{quote|How do we define ourselves? What audience do we appeal to? The Pride Day advertisement described GWA as an "organization for professional women and suburban women." We have not been attracting black or other minorities. We many not be getting large crowds because professional women are closeted and busier.<ref name=rachael />}}
{{quote|How do we define ourselves? What audience do we appeal to? The Pride Day advertisement described GWA as an "organization for professional women and suburban women." We have not been attracting black or other minorities. We many not be getting large crowds because professional women are closeted and busier.<ref name=rachael />}}


The GWA tried to appeal to broad spectrum of women coming from various ethnic and religious backgrounds, however, the GWA consistently attracted white, suburban, professional women in their 30s and 40s. Esther Katzman, the President of the GWA in 1984, notes:
The GWA tried to appeal to broad spectrum of women coming from various ethnic and religious backgrounds, however, the GWA consistently attracted white, suburban, professional women in their 30s and 40s. Esther Katzman, the president of the GWA in 1984, notes:


{{quote|Perhaps the reason for this is reflected in how GWA is run. The Organization has no formal membership ... the group is run by a board of directors, currently {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} seven women&nbsp; ... a relatively high powered group, more than half hold graduate degrees, two are lawyers, one is a therapist.<ref>Bonita Becker,(23 March 1984) "The Growing Lesbian Alternative," ''The Washington Blade'', Vol 15 p. 12</ref>}}
{{quote|Perhaps the reason for this is reflected in how GWA is run. The Organization has no formal membership ... the group is run by a board of directors, currently {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} seven women&nbsp; ... a relatively high powered group, more than half hold graduate degrees, two are lawyers, one is a therapist.<ref>Bonita Becker,(23 March 1984) "The Growing Lesbian Alternative," ''The Washington Blade'', Vol 15 p. 12</ref>}}


In 1993, the GWA was forced to shut down due to the lack of funding and the emergence of several other LGBT non-profits that provided more resources for the Lesbian community.<ref>"GWA Announcement" Rainbow History Project Archives, Kiplinger Library,BOX 5, MS 764, Folder 65 Historic Society of Washington, DC</ref>
In 1993, the GWA was forced to shut down due to the lack of funding and the emergence of several other LGBT non-profits that provided more resources for the lesbian community.<ref>"GWA Announcement" Rainbow History Project Archives, Kiplinger Library, BOX 5, MS 764, Folder 65 Historic Society of Washington, DC</ref>


==Organizational structure: Incorporation==
==Organizational structure: Incorporation==


On July 21, 1981, the GWA board members incorporated GWA, making it GWA, DC, Inc., an organization organized exclusively for educational purposes.<ref>Bernard E. Banks, "Letter of Articles of Incorporation," [http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/artincorp.pdf Rainbow History Project Online]</ref><ref>Ina Alterman, " Letter to Donna, Sapphire Saphhos," Dec. 10, 1980, GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, DC</ref> The incorporation ensured that the organization would thrive as members left and new leaders emerged. As an Incorporation, GWA operations were overseen by the monthly meeting of twelve board of directors. Each director served a two-year term, and new directors were elected by interview in June of each year, with six members rotating each year.<ref name=1988event>"Gay Women's Alternative of Washington, D.C. 1988 Spring Event List," GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, D.C.</ref> The bylaws prohibit reelection in order to ensure that new ideas, from different women, are incorporated into the expertise of the GWA. The day-day activities of the GWA were run by officers organized into six subcommittees: (i) programming, (ii) administration, (iii) logistics, (iv) publicity/community, (v) outreach, and (iv) volunteer coordination. Other women apart of the community helped support GWA, DC, Inc. by volunteering their time on various GWA events, such as Gay Pride and annual dance planning. The officers, directors, and volunteers did not receive compensation for their services at the GWA.<ref name=1988event />
On July 21, 1981, the GWA board members incorporated GWA, making it GWA, DC, Inc., an organization organized exclusively for educational purposes.<ref>Bernard E. Banks, "Letter of Articles of Incorporation," [http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/artincorp.pdf Rainbow History Project Online]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Ina Alterman, " Letter to Donna, Sapphire Saphhos," Dec. 10, 1980, GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, DC</ref> The incorporation ensured that the organization would thrive as members left and new leaders emerged. As an Incorporation, GWA operations were overseen by the monthly meeting of twelve board of directors. Each director served a two-year term, and new directors were elected by interview in June of each year, with six members rotating each year.<ref name=1988event>"Gay Women's Alternative of Washington, D.C. 1988 Spring Event List," GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, D.C.</ref> The bylaws prohibit reelection in order to ensure that new ideas, from different women, are incorporated into the expertise of the GWA. The day-to-day activities of the GWA were run by officers organized into six subcommittees: (i) programming, (ii) administration, (iii) logistics, (iv) publicity/community, (v) outreach, and (iv) volunteer coordination. Other women apart from the community helped support GWA, DC, Inc. by volunteering their time on various GWA events, such as Gay Pride and annual dance planning. The officers, directors, and volunteers did not receive compensation for their services at the GWA.<ref name=1988event />


==GWA Annual Conference==
==GWA Annual Conference==
Line 29: Line 28:
==Advertising==
==Advertising==
[[File:Logo of the Gay Women's Alternative, INC Washingon, D.C.jpg|thumb|right|GWA's logo]]
[[File:Logo of the Gay Women's Alternative, INC Washingon, D.C.jpg|thumb|right|GWA's logo]]
The GWA placed most of their advertisements in local gay media, ''[[Washington Blade]]'', ''The Crescent'' (a Women's Community Bulletin), ''Sapphire Sapphos'' newsletter, ''Diplomat Magazine'', and in a monthly newsletter sent out to the GWA's mailing list <ref>"Publicity: Local Media (Gay)," January 18. 1985, GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, DC.</ref> Despite the major role GWA played within the lesbian community in DC, ''[[Washington Blade]]'' did not cover the GWA events as well as the women would have hoped. In the letter to the editor section of the ''Washington Blade'', a concerned reader wrote:
The GWA placed most of their advertisements in local gay media, ''[[Washington Blade]]'', ''The Crescent'' (a Women's Community Bulletin), ''Sapphire Sapphos'' newsletter, ''Diplomat Magazine'', and in a monthly newsletter sent out to the GWA's mailing list <ref>"Publicity: Local Media (Gay)," January 18. 1985, GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, DC.</ref> Despite the major role GWA played within the lesbian community in DC, ''Washington Blade'' did not cover the GWA events as well as the women would have hoped. In the letter to the editor section of the ''Washington Blade'', a concerned reader wrote:


{{quote|The Washington Blade has consistently been lacking in its coverage of GWA events. GWA is one of the most important social and educational networks in the Lesbian community. Your May 3, 1985 review on the GWA First Annual Conference featuring [[Maureen Bunyan]] as keynote speaker was "Sparse" to say the least&nbsp; ... the Blade could better show its support of the Lesbian community with more complete and consistent coverage of the GWA organization and other lesbian interests.<ref>Janet Howard, (10 May 1985) "Coverage Lacking," ''Washington Blade'' p. 25</ref>}}
{{quote|The Washington Blade has consistently been lacking in its coverage of GWA events. GWA is one of the most important social and educational networks in the Lesbian community. Your May 3, 1985 review on the GWA First Annual Conference featuring [[Maureen Bunyan]] as keynote speaker was "Sparse" to say the least&nbsp; ... the Blade could better show its support of the Lesbian community with more complete and consistent coverage of the GWA organization and other lesbian interests.<ref>Janet Howard, (10 May 1985) "Coverage Lacking," ''Washington Blade'' p. 25</ref>}}
Line 35: Line 34:
Based on "Minutes of the Board Meeting" notes, in 1987, however, it is noted that the publicity and coverage of GWA events in ''Washington Blade'' increased significantly.<ref>Janet Novotny, "Minutes of the Board Meeting, GWA-DC, INC. February 15, 1987," GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, DC.</ref>
Based on "Minutes of the Board Meeting" notes, in 1987, however, it is noted that the publicity and coverage of GWA events in ''Washington Blade'' increased significantly.<ref>Janet Novotny, "Minutes of the Board Meeting, GWA-DC, INC. February 15, 1987," GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, DC.</ref>


Most of the outreach occurred at the meetings and Gay pride.<ref>Jeanne Skinner, "GWA Board Meeting, May 15, 1988," GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, DC.</ref> Other sources of outreach was spent targeting new members within Gay and Lesbian groups at Universities, North east Gay/Lesbian Student Association conference, and at local gay-owned shops such as the [[Lambda Rising]] bookstore. A panel was held at the University of Maryland Gay and Lesbian Student Union in March 1988, featuring a member from the GWA.<ref name=Board>Jeanne Skinner, " GWA Board Meeting," February 28, 1988, GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, DC.</ref>
Most of the outreach occurred at the meetings and gay pride.<ref>Jeanne Skinner, "GWA Board Meeting, May 15, 1988," GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, DC.</ref> Other sources of outreach was spent targeting new members within Gay and Lesbian groups at universities, North east Gay/Lesbian Student Association conference, and at local gay-owned shops such as the [[Lambda Rising]] bookstore. A panel was held at the University of Maryland Gay and Lesbian Student Union in March 1988, featuring a member from the GWA.<ref name=Board>Jeanne Skinner, " GWA Board Meeting," February 28, 1988, GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, DC.</ref>


==Past GWA event programs==
==Past GWA event programs==
Below are a few of the GWA programs that were distributed by mail to the DC lesbian community.
Below are a few of the GWA programs that were distributed by mail to the DC lesbian community.
*[http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/janjun81.pdf Gay Women's Alternative, DC 1981 Schedule of Events]
*[http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/janjun81.pdf Gay Women's Alternative, DC 1981 Schedule of Events]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/janmar85.pdf Gay Women's Alternative, DC 1985 Schedule of Events]
*[http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/janmar85.pdf Gay Women's Alternative, DC 1985 Schedule of Events]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/janmar86.pdf Gay Women's Alternative, DC 1986 Schedule of Events]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140301080329/http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/janmar86.pdf Gay Women's Alternative, DC 1986 Schedule of Events]
*[http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/janmar87.pdf Gay Women's Alternative, DC 1987 Schedule of Events]
*[http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/janmar87.pdf Gay Women's Alternative, DC 1987 Schedule of Events]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/janmay93.pdf Gay Women's Alternative, DC 1993 Schedule of Events]
*[http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/janmay93.pdf Gay Women's Alternative, DC 1993 Schedule of Events]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}


==References==
==References==
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==External links and resources==
==External links and resources==
*[http://www.rainbowhistory.org/ The Rainbow History Project]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140215051349/http://www.rainbowhistory.org/ The Rainbow History Project]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3gaNGPiH9co LGBT History Month 2011 - Lilli Vincenz]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3gaNGPiH9co LGBT History Month 2011 - Lilli Vincenz]
*[http://www.bentalaska.com/2011/10/lilli-vincenz-gay-rights-trailblazer/ Lilli Vincenz, gay rights trailblazer (LGBT History Month)]
*[http://www.bentalaska.com/2011/10/lilli-vincenz-gay-rights-trailblazer/ Lilli Vincenz, gay rights trailblazer (LGBT History Month)]
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{{Lesbian feminism}}
{{Lesbian feminism}}


[[Category:Colonial Village]]
⚫
[[Category:Feminism in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Lesbian culture in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Lesbian culture in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Lesbian feminist organizations]]
[[Category:Lesbian feminist organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Lesbian history in the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct lesbian organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Lesbian organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct LGBTQ organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct LGBT organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:1981 in LGBTQ history]]
[[Category:Shepherd Park]]
[[Category:LGBTQ culture in Washington, D.C.]]
⚫
[[Category:Women in Washington, D.C.]]

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The Gay Women's Alternative, DC (GWA) (1981–1993) was an incorporated social-educational non-profit organization dedicated to enriching the cultural, intellectual, and social lives of lesbians of the Washington, D.C., area. The GWA was formed in 1980 to provide the DC lesbian community with an alternative and safe space to socialize and discuss feminist and educational topics concerning the lesbian and gay women population.[1][2] The group met every Wednesday evening from 8 pm to 11 pm at the Washington Ethical Society near Silver Spring, Maryland.[3] Weekly programs covered topics such as, "Organizing Your Finances for Success," "Lesbian Couples: How Different are we?" and "Women and Wellness: A Feminist Approach to Health Care".[4] Speakers included black poet Audre Lorde, artist Joan E. Biren, television journalist Maureen Bunyan, and comedian Kate Karsten.[5] The GWA held several dances, including the annual lesbian spring dance and the Spring Cotillion.

History

[edit]

The GWA came about as a result of a series of gay political activist efforts set by the Mattachine Society of Washington (MSW), 1961.[6] On April 17, 1965, ten members of the MSW, three women and seven men, picketed the White House to change the government's discriminatory politices against LGBT people and the police department's treatment of LGBT individuals. This public event visibly broke the barriers of "closeted existence for gay people" in DC and create hope for a non-discriminatory future.[6] As a result of the MSW efforts for change, gay women in DC wanted a place to get together and discuss gay rights. Lilli Vincenz, a member of MSW and an activist for gay and lesbian rights in Washington, D.C., invited women to meet every week at her home to create a safe venue for gay women to discuss gay activism and other lesbian related issues. Lilli Vincenz notes:

I decided to have women come into our home every week for seven years, and it just become an establishment. And it was wonderful to have them come, and we had musicians come  ... lots of women who didn't know where to go, they didn't want to go to the bars, they just wanted to be in a place that was safe, so we provided that.[6]

Vincenz's home became known as the Gay Women's Open House (GWOH), 1971–1979. However, due to the lack of space, it was decided that a bigger venue was needed. This is when Leigh Geiger,[7] and Ina Alterman, from New York, formed the Gay Women's Alternative in 1980, providing the DC lesbian community with educational and social events that served as alternative social venues to the bar. The GWA's annual Spring Cotillion dance became the highlight of the year for lesbians in DC.[2]

Gay social life DC up until the 1980s had been historically limited to bars, but the GWA, which advertised its organization as an "alternative to the closet and alternative to the bar",[8] became known as an alternative space for gay women to gather and meet without the aid of alcohol or smoking.[9][10] On July 28, 1982, the GWA board members decided that they needed to make the public more aware that their organization was for professional women. At the end of 1982, GWA began adding the slogan, GWA "For the Thinking Women" to the event flyers that were mailed out to the community every month.[11] The meeting minutes read:

How do we define ourselves? What audience do we appeal to? The Pride Day advertisement described GWA as an "organization for professional women and suburban women." We have not been attracting black or other minorities. We many not be getting large crowds because professional women are closeted and busier.[11]

The GWA tried to appeal to broad spectrum of women coming from various ethnic and religious backgrounds, however, the GWA consistently attracted white, suburban, professional women in their 30s and 40s. Esther Katzman, the president of the GWA in 1984, notes:

Perhaps the reason for this is reflected in how GWA is run. The Organization has no formal membership ... the group is run by a board of directors, currently comprised of seven women  ... a relatively high powered group, more than half hold graduate degrees, two are lawyers, one is a therapist.[12]

In 1993, the GWA was forced to shut down due to the lack of funding and the emergence of several other LGBT non-profits that provided more resources for the lesbian community.[13]

Organizational structure: Incorporation

[edit]

On July 21, 1981, the GWA board members incorporated GWA, making it GWA, DC, Inc., an organization organized exclusively for educational purposes.[14][15] The incorporation ensured that the organization would thrive as members left and new leaders emerged. As an Incorporation, GWA operations were overseen by the monthly meeting of twelve board of directors. Each director served a two-year term, and new directors were elected by interview in June of each year, with six members rotating each year.[16] The bylaws prohibit reelection in order to ensure that new ideas, from different women, are incorporated into the expertise of the GWA. The day-to-day activities of the GWA were run by officers organized into six subcommittees: (i) programming, (ii) administration, (iii) logistics, (iv) publicity/community, (v) outreach, and (iv) volunteer coordination. Other women apart from the community helped support GWA, DC, Inc. by volunteering their time on various GWA events, such as Gay Pride and annual dance planning. The officers, directors, and volunteers did not receive compensation for their services at the GWA.[16]

GWA Annual Conference

[edit]

On April 27, 1985, the GWA hosted its first annual conference, "Putting The Pieces Together: The positive Integration of Women's Professional, Social, and Personal Roles," at the Dupont Plaza Hotel.[17] The goal of the conference was to provide the lesbian community with information and strategies that will allows them to become more effective in maintaining multiple rules and enhance social and professional lives. The program included a variety of talks, such as a keynote presentation by Maureen Bunyan, "Coming Out- A lifelong Process," by Esther Katzman, "Coping with stress, Tension, and Burnout," by Jeannette Paroly, "Starting Your Own Business – Women as Entrepreneurs," and more.[17]

Advertising

[edit]
GWA's logo

The GWA placed most of their advertisements in local gay media, Washington Blade, The Crescent (a Women's Community Bulletin), Sapphire Sapphos newsletter, Diplomat Magazine, and in a monthly newsletter sent out to the GWA's mailing list [18] Despite the major role GWA played within the lesbian community in DC, Washington Blade did not cover the GWA events as well as the women would have hoped. In the letter to the editor section of the Washington Blade, a concerned reader wrote:

The Washington Blade has consistently been lacking in its coverage of GWA events. GWA is one of the most important social and educational networks in the Lesbian community. Your May 3, 1985 review on the GWA First Annual Conference featuring Maureen Bunyan as keynote speaker was "Sparse" to say the least  ... the Blade could better show its support of the Lesbian community with more complete and consistent coverage of the GWA organization and other lesbian interests.[19]

Based on "Minutes of the Board Meeting" notes, in 1987, however, it is noted that the publicity and coverage of GWA events in Washington Blade increased significantly.[20]

Most of the outreach occurred at the meetings and gay pride.[21] Other sources of outreach was spent targeting new members within Gay and Lesbian groups at universities, North east Gay/Lesbian Student Association conference, and at local gay-owned shops such as the Lambda Rising bookstore. A panel was held at the University of Maryland Gay and Lesbian Student Union in March 1988, featuring a member from the GWA.[22]

Past GWA event programs

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Below are a few of the GWA programs that were distributed by mail to the DC lesbian community.

References

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  1. ^ "GWA's 10th Birthday," (11 Jan. 1991) The Washington Blade, p. 32
  2. ^ a b Bonita Becker. (23 March 1984). "The Growing Lesbian Alternative," The Washington Blade, Vol 15 p. 12
  3. ^ Ina B. Alterman, "Letter to Donna, Sapphire Sapphos (Black Lesbian Group), asking them to speak at GWA" Dec. 10, 1980, Rainbow History Project Archives, Box 5, MA 764, Folder 66, Kiplinger Library: Historical Society of Washington, DC.
  4. ^ "Gay Women's Alternative Schedule of Events Jan-March 1986," Rainbow History Project Archived 2014-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Lisa M. Keen (12 Jan. 1984) "Audre Lorde Speaks at GWA," Washington Blade
  6. ^ a b c Mark Meinke (13 Oct 2011), "50th Anniversary of the Mattachine Society of Washington Panel Discussion with Paul Kuntzler and Lilli Vincez,Transcript" The Rainbow History Project: Preserving Our Community's History Archived 2014-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ "Timeline: Civil rights/political activism, social events, and community institutions," The Rainbow History Project: Preserving Our Community's History Archived 2014-03-01 at the Wayback Machine Revised 8 Aug. 2006, p. 17.
  8. ^ "GWA DC Event List," January 1981, Rainbow History Project Archives[permanent dead link‍], accessed June 20, 2012.
  9. ^ Brett Beemym, "A Queer Capital," in Creating a place for ourselves: Lesbian, gay, bisexual community histories Ed. Breet Beemym. New York, N.Y. :Routledge., p. 204.
  10. ^ Susan Ganley (5 Oct. 1990). "Out in Numbers" The Washington Blade p.53
  11. ^ a b Rachael Kupferberg, "Meeting Minutes-GWA- July 28th 1982," Rainbow History Project Archives, Box 5, MS 764, Folder 68, Historical Society of Washington, D.C., Kiplinger Library.
  12. ^ Bonita Becker,(23 March 1984) "The Growing Lesbian Alternative," The Washington Blade, Vol 15 p. 12
  13. ^ "GWA Announcement" Rainbow History Project Archives, Kiplinger Library, BOX 5, MS 764, Folder 65 Historic Society of Washington, DC
  14. ^ Bernard E. Banks, "Letter of Articles of Incorporation," Rainbow History Project Online[permanent dead link‍]
  15. ^ Ina Alterman, " Letter to Donna, Sapphire Saphhos," Dec. 10, 1980, GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, DC
  16. ^ a b "Gay Women's Alternative of Washington, D.C. 1988 Spring Event List," GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, D.C.
  17. ^ a b "Putting The Pieces Together," Conference Flyer, GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, DC.
  18. ^ "Publicity: Local Media (Gay)," January 18. 1985, GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, DC.
  19. ^ Janet Howard, (10 May 1985) "Coverage Lacking," Washington Blade p. 25
  20. ^ Janet Novotny, "Minutes of the Board Meeting, GWA-DC, INC. February 15, 1987," GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, DC.
  21. ^ Jeanne Skinner, "GWA Board Meeting, May 15, 1988," GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, DC.
  22. ^ Jeanne Skinner, " GWA Board Meeting," February 28, 1988, GWA Archives, Kiplinger Library, Historic Society of Washington, DC.
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