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{{Short description|Species of crab}}
{{Italic title}}{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
⚫
| name = ''Potamon fluviatile''
| image = Potamon fluviatile02.jpg
| image = Potamon fluviatile02.jpg
| status = NT
| status = NT
⚫
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = &nbsp;<ref name="IUCN">{{IUCN2009.2|assessors=N. Cumberlidge|year=2008|id=134293|title=Potamon fluviatile |downloaded=January 4, 2010}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Cumberlidge, N. |date=2008 |title=''Potamon fluviatile'' |volume=2008 |page=e.T134293A3933275 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T134293A3933275.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
⚫
| status_system = iucn3.1
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| genus = Potamon
⚫
| species = fluviatile
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
⚫
| authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst|Herbst]], 1785)
| subphylum = [[Crustacean|Crustacea]]
| classis = [[Malacostraca]]
| ordo = [[Decapoda]]
| infraordo = [[Crab|Brachyura]]
| familia = [[Potamidae]]
| genus = ''[[Potamon]]''
| species = '''''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'''''
| binomial = ''Potamon fluviatile''
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst|Herbst]], 1785)
| range_map = Potamon fluviatile distribution.png
| range_map = Potamon fluviatile distribution.png
| range_map_alt = Found in western and southern Italy, Malta, Albania, parts of former Yugoslavia and much of Greece
| range_map_alt = Found in western and southern Italy, Malta, Albania, parts of former Yugoslavia and much of Greece
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*''Potamophilus edule''&nbsp;<ref name="Ng"/>
*''Potamophilus edule''&nbsp;<ref name="Ng"/>
*''Potamon edule''&nbsp;<ref name="Jesse"/>
*''Potamon edule''&nbsp;<ref name="Jesse"/>
*''Potamon edulis''&nbsp;<ref name="Xjenza">{{cite journal |journal=[[Xjenza]] |volume=11 |issue=120301 |pages=1–9 |year=2007 |title=Burrow density of the endangered Maltese freshwater crab ''Potamon fluviatile lanfrancoi'' at Lunzjata and Xlendi valleys, Gozo |author=Jacqueline Debrincat & Patrick J. Schembri |url=http://home.um.edu.mt/science/xjenza/articles/12/120301.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref>
*''Potamon edulis''&nbsp;<ref name="Xjenza">{{cite journal |journal=[[Xjenza]] |volume=11 |issue=120301 |pages=1–9 |year=2007 |title=Burrow density of the endangered Maltese freshwater crab ''Potamon fluviatile lanfrancoi'' at Lunzjata and Xlendi valleys, Gozo |author1=Jacqueline Debrincat |author2=Patrick J. Schembri |name-list-style=amp |url=http://home.um.edu.mt/science/xjenza/articles/12/120301.pdf }}</ref>
*''Thelphusa fluviatilis''&nbsp;<ref name="Xjenza"/>
*''Thelphusa fluviatilis''&nbsp;<ref name="Xjenza"/>
*''Cancer fluviatilis''&nbsp;<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature]] |title=Forty-seven genera of Decapoda (Crustacea); proposed addition to the official list. Z.N.(S.) 1499 |author=[[Lipke Holthuis|L. B. Holthuis]] |year=1962 |volume=19 |pages=232–252 |url=http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/29690/29690.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref>
*''Cancer fluviatilis''&nbsp;<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature]] |title=Forty-seven genera of Decapoda (Crustacea); proposed addition to the official list. Z.N.(S.) 1499 |author=L. B. Holthuis |author-link=Lipke Holthuis |year=1962 |volume=19 |pages=232–252 |url=http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/29690/29690.pdf }}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Potamon fluviatile''''' is a [[freshwater crab]] found in or near [[woodland|wooded]] [[stream]]s, [[river]]s and [[lake]]s in [[Southern Europe]]. It is an [[omnivore]] with broad [[ecology|ecological]] tolerances, and adults typically reach {{convert|50|mm|0|abbr=on}} in size during their 10–12 year lifespan. They inhabit burrows and are aggressive, apparently outcompeting native [[crayfish]].
'''''Potamon fluviatile''''' is a [[freshwater crab]] found in or near [[woodland|wooded]] [[stream]]s, [[river]]s and [[lake]]s in [[Southern Europe]]. It is an [[omnivore]] with broad [[ecology|ecological]] tolerances, and adults typically reach {{convert|50|mm|0|abbr=on}} in size during their 10–12 year lifespan. They inhabit burrows and are aggressive, apparently outcompeting native [[crayfish]].


''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' has been harvested for food since [[Classical antiquity]], and is now threatened by [[overexploitation]]. Many of the island populations are particularly vulnerable, and the [[Maltese freshwater crab|Maltese subspecies]] has become a [[Flagship species|conservation icon]]. A population in [[Rome]] may have been brought there before the founding of the [[Roman Empire]].
''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' has been harvested for food since [[classical antiquity]], and is now threatened by [[overexploitation]]. Many of the island populations are particularly vulnerable, and the [[Maltese freshwater crab|Maltese subspecies]] has become a [[Flagship species|conservation icon]]. A population in [[Rome]] may have been brought there before the founding of the [[Roman Empire]].


==Description==
== Description ==
[[File:Potamon fluviatile9.jpg|left|thumb|Eggs containing fully-formed juvenile crabs|alt=Seven round translucent spheres: inside some of them, a pair of compound eyes can be seen.]]
[[File:Potamon fluviatile9.jpg|left|thumb|Eggs containing fully formed juvenile crabs|alt=Seven round translucent spheres: inside some of them, a pair of compound eyes can be seen.]]
Adult ''Potamon fluviatile'' may reach a [[carapace]] length of {{convert|50|mm|in}}, with females being generally smaller than males.<ref name="Micheli">{{cite journal |journal=[[Freshwater Biology (journal)|Freshwater Biology]] |year=1990 |volume=23 |pages=491–503 |title=Growth and reproduction in the freshwater crab, ''Potamon fluviatile'' (Decapoda, Brachyura) |author=Fiorenza Micheli, Francesca Gherardi & Marco Vannini |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.1990.tb00290.x}}</ref> As with other crabs, the body is roughly square, with the reduced [[abdomen]] tucked beneath the [[thorax]]. The thorax bears five pairs of [[arthropod leg|legs]], the first of which is armed with large [[claw]]s.
Adult ''Potamon fluviatile'' may reach a [[carapace]] length of {{convert|50|mm|in}}, with females being generally smaller than males.<ref name="Micheli">{{cite journal |journal=[[Freshwater Biology (journal)|Freshwater Biology]] |year=1990 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=491–503 |title=Growth and reproduction in the freshwater crab, ''Potamon fluviatile'' (Decapoda, Brachyura) |author=Fiorenza Micheli |author2=Francesca Gherardi |author2-link=Francesca Gherardi |author3=Marco Vannini |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.1990.tb00290.x}}</ref> As with other crabs, the body is roughly square, with the reduced [[abdomen]] tucked beneath the [[thorax]]. The thorax bears five pairs of [[arthropod leg|legs]], the first of which is armed with large [[claw]]s.


The [[life expectancy|life span]] of ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' is typically 10–12 years.<ref name="Cosmos"/> [[Ecdysis|Moulting]] does not occur in winter.<ref name="Pesq">{{cite journal |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/scimar/index.php/secId/6/IdArt/3635/ |journal=[[Scientia Marina|Investigación Pesquera]] |volume=51 |issue=Suppl.&nbsp;1 |pages=389–402 |year=1987 |title=Behavioural ecology of the freshwater crab, ''Potamon fluviatile'': preliminary observations |author=Francesca Gherardi, S. Guidi & Marco Vannini}}</ref> Mating lasts between 30&nbsp;min and 21&nbsp;hours, with spawning usually taking place in August. Females carry the [[egg (biology)|eggs]] on their [[pleopod]]s ([[appendage]]s on the [[abdomen]]) until they hatch directly into juvenile crabs, having passed through the [[crustacean larvae|larval stages]] inside the egg.<ref name="Micheli"/>
The [[life expectancy|life span]] of ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' is typically 10–12 years.<ref name="Cosmos"/> [[Ecdysis|Moulting]] does not occur in winter.<ref name="Pesq">{{cite journal |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/scimar/index.php/secId/6/IdArt/3635/ |journal=[[Scientia Marina|Investigación Pesquera]] |volume=51 |issue=Suppl.&nbsp;1 |pages=389–402 |year=1987 |title=Behavioural ecology of the freshwater crab, ''Potamon fluviatile'': preliminary observations |author1=Francesca Gherardi |author2=S. Guidi |author3=Marco Vannini |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> Mating lasts between 30&nbsp;min and 21&nbsp;hours, with spawning usually taking place in August. Females carry the [[egg (biology)|eggs]] on their [[pleopod]]s ([[appendage]]s on the [[abdomen]]) until they hatch directly into juvenile crabs, having passed through the [[crustacean larvae|larval stages]] inside the egg.<ref name="Micheli"/>


''Potamon fluviatile'' is [[edibility|edible]],<ref name="Pesq"/> as indicated by its alternative [[specific name (zoology)|specific epithet]] ''edulis'',<ref name="Jesse"/> and was known to the [[ancient Greeks]]; it is probably this species which they depicted on medals found at [[Agrigento]], [[Sicily]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Occurrence of fresh-water crabs, genus ''Potamon'', in Southern France |author=Guy Charmantier |journal=[[Journal of Crustacean Biology]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |year=1992 |pages=620–626 |jstor=1548843}}</ref> More recently, the species was depicted on the 5¢ coin in the last series of [[Coins of the Maltese lira|Maltese coins]] before the introduction of the [[Euro]] there in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centralbankmalta.org/site/currency2h.html |title=Maltese Definitive Issue Coins - Second Series |publisher=[[Central Bank of Malta]] |accessdate=March 15, 2010}}</ref>
''Potamon fluviatile'' is edible,<ref name="Pesq"/> as indicated by its alternative [[specific name (zoology)|specific epithet]] ''edulis'',<ref name="Jesse"/> and was known to the [[ancient Greeks]]; it is probably this species which they depicted on medals found at [[Agrigento]], [[Sicily]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Occurrence of fresh-water crabs, genus ''Potamon'', in Southern France |author=Guy Charmantier |journal=[[Journal of Crustacean Biology]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |year=1992 |pages=620–626 |jstor=1548843 |doi=10.2307/1548843}}</ref> More recently, the species was depicted on the 5¢ coin in the last series of [[Coins of the Maltese lira|Maltese coins]] before the introduction of the [[Euro]] there in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centralbankmalta.org/site/currency2h.html |title=Maltese Definitive Issue Coins - Second Series |publisher=[[Central Bank of Malta]] |access-date=March 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528145440/http://www.centralbankmalta.org/site/currency2h.html |archive-date=May 28, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Ecology==
== Ecology ==
''Potamon fluviatile'' has a generalist diet, feeding on vegetable debris, scraping [[algae]] from surfaces, or [[predation|preying]] on [[frog]]s, [[tadpole]]s, and various [[invertebrate]]s, such as [[insect]] [[larva]]e,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Freshwater Biology (journal)|Freshwater Biology]] |year=1989 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=233–245 |title=Energy maximization and foraging strategies in ''Potamon fluviatile'' (Decapoda, Brachyura) |author=Francesca Gherardi, Federica Tarducci & Fiorenza Micheli |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.1989.tb01097.x}}</ref> [[snail]]s or [[worm]]s.<ref name="Pesq"/> No predator seems to specialise on ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'', but a number of animals take it [[opportunism|opportunistically]], including [[rat]]s, [[fox]]es, [[weasel]]s, [[birds of prey]] and [[Eurasian Jay|jays]].<ref name="Pesq"/> The most significant predator may be mankind, with individual prospectors able to catch 3,000 to 10,000 in one season.<ref name="Pesq"/>
''Potamon fluviatile'' has a generalist diet, feeding on vegetable debris, scraping [[alga]]e from surfaces, or [[predation|preying]] on [[frog]]s, [[tadpole]]s, and various [[invertebrate]]s, such as [[insect]] [[larva]]e,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Freshwater Biology (journal)|Freshwater Biology]] |year=1989 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=233–245 |title=Energy maximization and foraging strategies in ''Potamon fluviatile'' (Decapoda, Brachyura) |author1=Francesca Gherardi |author2=Federica Tarducci |author3=Fiorenza Micheli |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.1989.tb01097.x}}</ref> [[snail]]s or [[worm]]s.<ref name="Pesq"/> No predator seems to specialise on ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'', but a number of animals take it [[opportunistic feeder|opportunistically]], including [[rat]]s, [[fox]]es, [[weasel]]s, [[birds of prey]] and [[Eurasian Jay|jays]].<ref name="Pesq"/> The most significant predator may be mankind, with individual prospectors able to catch 3,000 to 10,000 in one season.<ref name="Pesq"/>


Adults occupy [[burrow]]s, while smaller individuals shelter under stones. The entrances to the burrows may be more than {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} from the stream's edge and are always above water level. The burrows may be more than {{convert|80|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, and probably serve to protect the crabs from extreme cold.<ref name="Pesq"/>
Adults occupy [[burrow]]s, while smaller individuals shelter under stones. The entrances to the burrows may be more than {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} from the stream's edge and are always above water level. The burrows may be more than {{convert|80|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, and probably serve to protect the crabs from extreme cold.<ref name="Pesq"/>
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''Potamon fluviatile'' is an [[aggression|aggressive]] species, mostly attacking with the larger right claw, since 90% of individuals are [[handedness|right-handed]].<ref name="Pesq"/>
''Potamon fluviatile'' is an [[aggression|aggressive]] species, mostly attacking with the larger right claw, since 90% of individuals are [[handedness|right-handed]].<ref name="Pesq"/>


In the [[Apennine Mountains|Tosco-Emilian Apennines]], ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' is only found south of the watershed, in contrast with the [[crayfish]] ''[[Austropotamobius pallipes]]'', which occurs on both sides on the mountains. Although their ranges overlap, the two species do not inhabit the same water courses, apparently because the crab [[competition (biology)|outcompetes]] the crayfish, which is therefore forced to live in less favourable locations where the crab cannot survive.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Italian Journal of Zoology|Bollettino di Zoologia]] |volume=Suppl.&nbsp;61 |pages=41 |year=1994 |title=Competition and predation between the river crab ''Potamon fluviatile'' and the crayfish ''Austropotamobius pallipes'' |author=Paola Dardi & Francesca Gherardi |doi=10.1080/11250009409355977}}</ref> Non-indigenous crayfish may pose a greater threat to ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' than native crayfish, although the greatest threats remain [[pollution]], [[overfishing]] and the [[drainage|draining]] of [[wetlands]].<ref name="IUCN"/>
In the [[Apennine Mountains|Tosco-Emilian Apennines]], ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' is only found south of the watershed, in contrast with the [[crayfish]] ''[[Austropotamobius pallipes]]'', which occurs on both sides on the mountains. Although their ranges overlap, the two species do not inhabit the same water courses, apparently because the crab [[competition (biology)|outcompetes]] the crayfish, which is therefore forced to live in less favourable locations where the crab cannot survive.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Italian Journal of Zoology|Bollettino di Zoologia]] |volume=Suppl.&nbsp;61 |pages=41 |year=1994 |title=Competition and predation between the river crab ''Potamon fluviatile'' and the crayfish ''Austropotamobius pallipes'' |author1=Paola Dardi |author2=Francesca Gherardi |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1080/11250009409355977|doi-access=free }}</ref> Non-indigenous crayfish may pose a greater threat to ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' than native crayfish, although the greatest threats remain [[pollution]], [[overfishing]] and the [[drainage|draining]] of [[wetlands]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
[[File:Eyrwtas.PNG|thumb|right|The [[Eurotas (river)|Evrotas River]], near [[Sparta]] – habitat for ''Potamon fluviatile''|alt=A fast-flowing river in a wide, gravelly bed, flows through woodland.]]
[[File:Eyrwtas.PNG|thumb|right|The [[Eurotas (river)|Evrotas River]], near [[Sparta, Laconia|Sparta]] – habitat for ''Potamon fluviatile''|alt=A fast-flowing river in a wide, gravelly bed, flows through woodland.]]
The natural range of ''Potamon fluviatile'' is highly [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmented]], and covers parts of many countries with a [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] coastline. It is found in mainland Italy and on the [[Balkan Peninsula]] from [[Dalmatia]] to the [[Vardar|Axios River]] in [[Greece]].<ref name="Jesse"/> It is also found on a number of islands, including [[Sicily]], [[Malta]] and [[Gozo]], the [[Ionian Islands]], [[Aegean Islands]], [[Sporades]] and [[Andros]] in the [[Cyclades]].<ref name="IUCN"/> Although the species as a whole is widespread, it is declining in numbers, and these insular populations are particularly vulnerable.<ref name="IUCN"/>
The natural range of ''Potamon fluviatile'' is highly [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmented]], and covers parts of many countries with a [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] coastline. It is found in mainland Italy and on the [[Balkan Peninsula]] from [[Dalmatia]] to the [[Vardar|Axios River]] in [[Greece]].<ref name="Jesse"/> It is also found on a number of islands, including [[Sicily]], [[Malta]] and [[Gozo]], the [[Ionian Islands]], [[Aegean Islands]], [[Sporades]] and [[Andros]] in the [[Cyclades]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> Although the species as a whole is widespread, it is declining in numbers, and these insular populations are particularly vulnerable.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />


===Italy===
===Italy===
''Potamon fluviatile'' is widely distributed in western mainland Italy, in the provinces of [[Trento]], [[Lombardy]], [[Veneto]], [[Liguria]], [[Tuscany]], [[Umbria]], [[Lazio]], [[Campania]], [[Puglia]] and [[Calabria]], as well as on the island of [[Sicily]].<ref name="IUCN"/> Although it used to live as far north as [[Lake Garda]], ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' no longer occurs north of the [[Po (river)|River Po]].<ref name="Jesse">{{cite journal |title=Disjunct distribution of the Mediterranean freshwater crab ''Potamon fluviatile'' — natural expansion or human introduction? |author=Ruth Jesse, Markus Pfenninger, Sara Fratini, Massimiliano Scalici, Bruno Streit & Christoph D. Schubart |journal=[[Biological Invasions]] |year=2009 |volume=11 |pages=2209–2221 |doi=10.1007/s10530-008-9377-0}}</ref>
''Potamon fluviatile'' is widely distributed in much of mainland Italy, especially in the regions of [[Trento]], [[Lombardy]], [[Veneto]], [[Liguria]], [[Tuscany]], [[Umbria]], [[Lazio]], [[Campania]], [[Apulia]], and [[Calabria]], as well as on the island of [[Sicily]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> Although it used to be found as far north as [[Lake Garda]], ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' no longer occurs north of the [[Po (river)|River Po]].<ref name="Jesse">{{cite journal |title=Disjunct distribution of the Mediterranean freshwater crab ''Potamon fluviatile'' — natural expansion or human introduction? |author=Ruth Jesse |author2=Markus Pfenninger |author3=Sara Fratini |author4=Massimiliano Scalici |author5=Bruno Streit |author6=Christoph D. Schubart |name-list-style=amp |journal=[[Biological Invasions]] |year=2009 |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=2209–2221 |doi=10.1007/s10530-008-9377-0|s2cid=25956853 }}</ref>


A population of ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' was discovered under the ruins of [[Trajan's Forum]] in the heart of [[Rome]] in 1997, living in canals built by the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]] which connect to the ''[[Cloaca Maxima]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.co.uk/news/2007/06/070604-crabs-picture.html |title=Photo in the News: "Ancient" Crabs Live on in Roman Ruins |date=June 4, 2007 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]}}</ref> Based on a [[genetic analysis]], which demonstrated that these crabs were similar to those in [[Greece]], researchers believe that the crabs were brought by the Greeks before the founding of the city, some 3000 years ago. The crabs' unusual size, up to {{convert|12|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and [[longevity]] (up to 15&nbsp;years) are also interpreted as evidence for a long-established population, by analogy with [[island gigantism]].<ref name="Cosmos">{{cite news |url=http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/1375/freshwater-crabs-thrive-roman-ruins |title=Freshwater crabs thrive in Roman ruins |publisher=[[Cosmos (magazine)|Cosmos]] |date=June 8, 2007}}</ref>
In 1997 a population of ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' was discovered under the ruins of [[Trajan's Forum]] in the heart of [[Rome]], living in canals built by the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]] which connect to the ''[[Cloaca Maxima]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.co.uk/news/2007/06/070604-crabs-picture.html |title=Photo in the News: "Ancient" Crabs Live on in Roman Ruins |date=June 4, 2007 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] |access-date=March 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722145538/http://news.nationalgeographic.co.uk/news/2007/06/070604-crabs-picture.html |archive-date=July 22, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Based on a [[genetic analysis]], which demonstrated that these crabs were similar to those in [[Greece]], researchers believe that they had been brought by the Greeks before the founding of the city, some 3000 years ago. The crabs' unusual size, up to {{convert|12|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and [[longevity]] (up to 15&nbsp;years) are also interpreted as evidence of a long-established population, by analogy with [[island gigantism]].<ref name="Cosmos">{{cite news |url=http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/1375/freshwater-crabs-thrive-roman-ruins |title=Freshwater crabs thrive in Roman ruins |publisher=[[Cosmos (magazine)|Cosmos]] |date=June 8, 2007 |access-date=December 11, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080825010930/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/1375/freshwater-crabs-thrive-roman-ruins |archive-date=August 25, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


===Malta===
===Malta===
On the island of [[Malta]], ''Potamon fluviatile'' is rare and restricted to a few locations in the west of the island.<ref name="Malta">{{cite journal |journal=[[Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien]] |volume=91 B |pages=215–224 |year=1990 |title=''Potamon fluviatile lanfrancoi'', a new subspecies of a Mediterranean freshwater crab from the Maltese Islands (Crustacea, Decapoda, Potamidae) |author=D. Capolongo & J. L. Cilia |url=http://www.biologiezentrum.at/pdf_frei_remote/ANNA_91B_0215-0224.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> On [[Gozo]], there is a single population which inhabits a stretch of river only {{convert|700|m|yd}} long.<ref name="Xjenza"/>
On the island of [[Malta]], ''Potamon fluviatile'' is rare and restricted to a few locations in the west of the island.<ref name="Malta">{{cite journal |journal=[[Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien]] |volume=91 B |pages=215–224 |year=1990 |title=''Potamon fluviatile lanfrancoi'', a new subspecies of a Mediterranean freshwater crab from the Maltese Islands (Crustacea, Decapoda, Potamidae) |author1=D. Capolongo |author2=J. L. Cilia |name-list-style=amp |url=http://www.biologiezentrum.at/pdf_frei_remote/ANNA_91B_0215-0224.pdf }}</ref> On [[Gozo]], there is a single population which inhabits part of a valley only {{convert|700|m|yd}} long.<ref name="Xjenza"/>


===Balkans===
===Balkans===
In the Balkan Peninsula, ''Potamon fluviatile'' is known to occur in [[Croatia]], [[Montenegro]], the [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Albania]] and [[Greece]].<ref name="IUCN"/> There are four species of ''[[Potamon]]'' in the Balkans, and ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' is replaced by ''[[Potamon ibericum]]'' in northeastern Greece.<ref name="Sutton">{{cite journal |title=The occurrence of the freshwater crab ''Potamon fluviatile'' (Decapoda: Brachyura) in Corfu |author=Peter G. Sutton |journal=[[Marine Biodiversity Records]] |year=2009 |doi=10.1017/S1755267209000797 |volume=2 |pages=e58 |url=}}</ref> In mainland Greece, ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' is found in the drainages of the [[Vardar|Axios]], [[Thyamis]], [[Aheron]] and [[Arachthos]], [[Pineios (Peloponnese)|Pineiós]], [[Peiros|Piros-Tethreas]], [[Pamisos (river)|Pamisos]] and [[Eurotas (river)|Evrotas]] rivers.<ref name="IUCN"/><ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Biologia, Bratislava]] |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=173–179 |year=2004 |title=The occurrence of ''Potamon'' species (Decapoda, Brachyura) relative to lotic stream factors in Greece |author=Eugene G. Maurakis, David V. Grimes, Lauren McGovern & Peter J. Hogarth |url=http://biologia.savba.sk/59_2_04/Maurakis_EG.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref>
In the Balkan Peninsula, ''Potamon fluviatile'' is known to occur in [[Croatia]], [[Montenegro]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Albania]] and [[Greece]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> There are four species of ''[[Potamon]]'' in the Balkans, and ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' is replaced by ''[[Potamon ibericum]]'' in northeastern Greece.<ref name="Sutton">{{cite journal |title=The occurrence of the freshwater crab ''Potamon fluviatile'' (Decapoda: Brachyura) in Corfu |author=Peter G. Sutton |journal=[[Marine Biodiversity Records]] |year=2009 |doi=10.1017/S1755267209000797 |volume=2 |pages=e58 }}</ref> In mainland Greece, ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' is found in the drainages of the [[Vardar|Axios]], [[Thyamis]], [[Aheron]] and [[Arachthos]], [[Pineios (Peloponnese)|Pineiós]], [[Peiros|Piros-Tethreas]], [[Pamisos (river)|Pamisos]] and [[Eurotas (river)|Evrotas]] rivers.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Biologia, Bratislava]] |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=173–179 |year=2004 |title=The occurrence of ''Potamon'' species (Decapoda, Brachyura) relative to lotic stream factors in Greece |author=Eugene G. Maurakis |author2=David V. Grimes |author3=Lauren McGovern |author4=Peter J. Hogarth |name-list-style=amp |url=http://biologia.savba.sk/59_2_04/Maurakis_EG.pdf |access-date=2009-12-11 |archive-date=2011-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005035914/http://biologia.savba.sk/59_2_04/Maurakis_EG.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


In the [[Ionian Islands]], ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' is known to occur at only one site on [[Corfu]],<ref name="Sutton"/> as well as on [[Kefalonia]], [[Lefkada]] and [[Zakynthos]].<ref name="IUCN"/> In the [[Aegean Islands]], it is found on [[Skiathos]] and [[Skopelos]] ([[Sporades]]), on [[Euboea]] and [[Skyros]], and at a single site on [[Andros]] in the [[Cyclades]].<ref name="IUCN"/>
In the [[Ionian Islands]], ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' is known to occur at only one site on [[Corfu]],<ref name="Sutton"/> as well as on [[Kefalonia]], [[Lefkada]] and [[Zakynthos]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> In the [[Aegean Islands]], it is found on [[Skiathos]] and [[Skopelos]] ([[Sporades]]), on [[Euboea]] and [[Skyros]], and at a single site on [[Andros]] in the [[Cyclades]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
{{TaxonIds |ncbi=511340 |eol=4266950 |worms=442952}}
⚫
''Potamon fluviatile'' is at the western distributional limit of the genus ''[[Potamon]]''. Other species in the genus occur through [[Eastern Europe]] and the [[Middle East]], and across [[Central Asia]] as far east as northwestern [[India]].<ref name="Yeo">{{cite journal |journal=[[Raffles Bulletin of Zoology]] |title=On the genus "''Potamon''" and allies in Indochina (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) |author=Darren C. J. Yeo & Peter K. L. Ng |year=2007 |volume=Suppl. 16 |pages=273–308 |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s16/s16rbz273-308.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> The populations of ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' on the [[Peloponnese]], [[Kefalonia]], and [[Zakynthos]] may represent a separate, [[cryptic species]],<ref name="Jesse"/> and the population from the Peloponnese was described in 2010 as ''[[Potamon pelops|P.&nbsp;pelops]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ruth Jesse, Christoph D. Schubart & Sebastian Klaus |year=2010 |title=Identification of a cryptic lineage within ''Potamon fluviatile'' (Herbst) (Crustacea : Brachyura : Potamidae) |journal=[[Invertebrate Systematics]] |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=348–356 |doi=10.1071/IS10014}}</ref>


⚫
''Potamon fluviatile'' is at the western distributional limit of the genus ''[[Potamon]]''. Other species in the genus occur through [[Eastern Europe]] and the [[Middle East]], and across [[Central Asia]] as far east as northwestern [[India]].<ref name="Yeo">{{cite journal |journal=[[Raffles Bulletin of Zoology]] |title=On the genus "''Potamon''" and allies in Indochina (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) |author1=Darren C. J. Yeo |author2=Peter K. L. Ng |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |volume=Suppl. 16 |pages=273–308 |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s16/s16rbz273-308.pdf |access-date=2010-03-16 |archive-date=2011-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606065138/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s16/s16rbz273-308.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The populations of ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' on the [[Peloponnese]], [[Kefalonia]], and [[Zakynthos]] may represent a separate, [[cryptic species]],<ref name="Jesse"/> and the population from the Peloponnese was described in 2010 as ''[[Potamon pelops|P.&nbsp;pelops]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ruth Jesse |author2=Christoph D. Schubart |author3=Sebastian Klaus |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=Identification of a cryptic lineage within ''Potamon fluviatile'' (Herbst) (Crustacea : Brachyura : Potamidae) |journal=[[Invertebrate Systematics]] |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=348–356 |doi=10.1071/IS10014}}</ref>
⚫
''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' was formerly divided into three subspecies: ''P.&nbsp;f.&nbsp;algeriense'', ''P.&nbsp;f.&nbsp;berghetripsorum'' and ''P.&nbsp;f.&nbsp;fluviatile''. The first two of these live in [[North Africa]], and were later combined and separated from ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' as the species ''[[Potamon algeriense]]''.<ref name="Ng">{{cite journal |journal=[[Raffles Bulletin of Zoology]] |year=2008 |volume=17 |pages=1–286 |title=Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant Brachyuran crabs of the world |author=P.&nbsp;K. L. Ng, D. Guinot & P.&nbsp;J. F. Davie |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s17/s17rbz.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> By 1983, the nominate subspecies (equivalent to the current [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the species ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'') had been divided into six ''nationes'', or "tribes".<ref name="Pretz">{{cite journal |author=Gerhard Pretzmann |year=1983 |title=Die Süßwasserkrabben der Mittelmeerinseln und der westmediterranen Länder |journal=[[Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien]] |volume=84 B |pages=369–387 |url=http://www.biologiezentrum.at/pdf_frei_remote/ANNA_84B_0369-0387.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> Natio ''fluviatilis'' was found in northern Italy, natio ''tarantium'' in southern Italy, and nationes ''thessalonis'', ''kühnelti'' and ''laconis'' were found in parts of Greece. The geographical distribution of natio ''leucosis'' was not reported, and it was suggested that a further (undescribed) tribe inhabited the Greek island of [[Andros]].<ref name="Pretz"/> Despite this wealth of [[infraspecific taxon|infraspecific taxa]], they are rarely used by scientists, and some have questioned directly the value of defining infraspecific taxa within ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile''.<ref name="Jesse"/> In 1990, the population on Malta was described as a separate subspecies, ''[[Maltese freshwater crab|Potamon fluviatile lanfrancoi]]'', and that taxon has become a [[Flagship species|conservation icon]] in Malta<ref name="Malta"/> following its legal protection in 1993,<ref name="Xjenza"/> although not all scientists recognise the taxon.<ref name="IUCN"/>

⚫
''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' was formerly divided into three subspecies: ''P.&nbsp;f.&nbsp;algeriense'', ''P.&nbsp;f.&nbsp;berghetripsorum'' and ''P.&nbsp;f.&nbsp;fluviatile''. The first two of these live in [[North Africa]], and were later combined and separated from ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'' as the species ''[[Potamon algeriense]]''.<ref name="Ng">{{cite journal |journal=[[Raffles Bulletin of Zoology]] |year=2008 |volume=17 |pages=1–286 |title=Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant Brachyuran crabs of the world |author=P. K. L. Ng |author2=D. Guinot |author3=P. J. F. Davie |name-list-style=amp |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s17/s17rbz.pdf |access-date=2009-12-11 |archive-date=2011-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606061453/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s17/s17rbz.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 1983, the nominate subspecies (equivalent to the current [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the species ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile'') had been divided into six ''nationes'', or "tribes".<ref name="Pretz">{{cite journal |author=Gerhard Pretzmann |year=1983 |title=Die Süßwasserkrabben der Mittelmeerinseln und der westmediterranen Länder |journal=[[Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien]] |volume=84 B |pages=369–387 |url=http://www.biologiezentrum.at/pdf_frei_remote/ANNA_84B_0369-0387.pdf }}</ref> Natio ''fluviatilis'' was found in northern Italy, natio ''tarantium'' in southern Italy, and nationes ''thessalonis'', ''kühnelti'' and ''laconis'' were found in parts of Greece. The geographical distribution of natio ''leucosis'' was not reported, and it was suggested that a further (undescribed) tribe inhabited the Greek island of [[Andros]].<ref name="Pretz"/> Despite this wealth of [[infraspecific taxon|infraspecific taxa]], they are rarely used by scientists, and some have questioned directly the value of defining infraspecific taxa within ''P.&nbsp;fluviatile''.<ref name="Jesse"/> In 1990, the population on Malta was described as a separate subspecies, ''[[Maltese freshwater crab|Potamon fluviatile lanfrancoi]]'', and that taxon has become a [[Flagship species|conservation icon]] in Malta<ref name="Malta"/> following its legal protection in 1993,<ref name="Xjenza"/> although not all scientists recognise the taxon.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|32em}}
{{Reflist|32em}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Portal|Crustaceans}}
{{Portal|Crustaceans}}
{{commonscat-inline|Potamon fluviatile|''Potamon fluviatile''}}
{{Commons category-inline|Potamon fluviatile|''Potamon fluviatile''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q650233}}
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{{Good article}}


[[Category:Potamoidea]]
[[Category:Potamoidea]]
[[Category:Freshwater crustaceans of Europe]]
[[Category:Freshwater crustaceans of Europe]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1785]]
[[Category:Crustaceans described in 1785]]
[[Category:Near threatened animals]]
[[Category:Near threatened animals]]

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{{good article}}

[[fr:Potamon fluviatile]]
[[it:Potamon fluviatile]]
[[la:Potamon fluviatile]]
[[pt:Caranguejo-de-água-doce-de-malta]]
[[ru:Мальтийский пресноводный краб]]

Latest revision as of 07:09, 29 September 2024

Potamon fluviatile
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Pleocyemata
Infraorder: Brachyura
Family: Potamidae
Genus: Potamon
Species:
P. fluviatile
Binomial name
Potamon fluviatile
(Herbst, 1785)
Found in western and southern Italy, Malta, Albania, parts of former Yugoslavia and much of Greece
Synonyms
  • Potamophilus edule [2]
  • Potamon edule [3]
  • Potamon edulis [4]
  • Thelphusa fluviatilis [4]
  • Cancer fluviatilis [5]

Potamon fluviatile is a freshwater crab found in or near wooded streams, rivers and lakes in Southern Europe. It is an omnivore with broad ecological tolerances, and adults typically reach 50 mm (2 in) in size during their 10–12 year lifespan. They inhabit burrows and are aggressive, apparently outcompeting native crayfish.

P. fluviatile has been harvested for food since classical antiquity, and is now threatened by overexploitation. Many of the island populations are particularly vulnerable, and the Maltese subspecies has become a conservation icon. A population in Rome may have been brought there before the founding of the Roman Empire.

Description

[edit]
Seven round translucent spheres: inside some of them, a pair of compound eyes can be seen.
Eggs containing fully formed juvenile crabs

Adult Potamon fluviatile may reach a carapace length of 50 millimetres (2.0 in), with females being generally smaller than males.[6] As with other crabs, the body is roughly square, with the reduced abdomen tucked beneath the thorax. The thorax bears five pairs of legs, the first of which is armed with large claws.

The life span of P. fluviatile is typically 10–12 years.[7] Moulting does not occur in winter.[8] Mating lasts between 30 min and 21 hours, with spawning usually taking place in August. Females carry the eggs on their pleopods (appendages on the abdomen) until they hatch directly into juvenile crabs, having passed through the larval stages inside the egg.[6]

Potamon fluviatile is edible,[8] as indicated by its alternative specific epithet edulis,[3] and was known to the ancient Greeks; it is probably this species which they depicted on medals found at Agrigento, Sicily.[9] More recently, the species was depicted on the 5¢ coin in the last series of Maltese coins before the introduction of the Euro there in 2007.[10]

Ecology

[edit]

Potamon fluviatile has a generalist diet, feeding on vegetable debris, scraping algae from surfaces, or preying on frogs, tadpoles, and various invertebrates, such as insect larvae,[11] snails or worms.[8] No predator seems to specialise on P. fluviatile, but a number of animals take it opportunistically, including rats, foxes, weasels, birds of prey and jays.[8] The most significant predator may be mankind, with individual prospectors able to catch 3,000 to 10,000 in one season.[8]

Adults occupy burrows, while smaller individuals shelter under stones. The entrances to the burrows may be more than 5 m (16 ft) from the stream's edge and are always above water level. The burrows may be more than 80 cm (31 in) long, and probably serve to protect the crabs from extreme cold.[8]

Potamon fluviatile is an aggressive species, mostly attacking with the larger right claw, since 90% of individuals are right-handed.[8]

In the Tosco-Emilian Apennines, P. fluviatile is only found south of the watershed, in contrast with the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes, which occurs on both sides on the mountains. Although their ranges overlap, the two species do not inhabit the same water courses, apparently because the crab outcompetes the crayfish, which is therefore forced to live in less favourable locations where the crab cannot survive.[12] Non-indigenous crayfish may pose a greater threat to P. fluviatile than native crayfish, although the greatest threats remain pollution, overfishing and the draining of wetlands.[1]

Distribution

[edit]
A fast-flowing river in a wide, gravelly bed, flows through woodland.
The Evrotas River, near Sparta – habitat for Potamon fluviatile

The natural range of Potamon fluviatile is highly fragmented, and covers parts of many countries with a Mediterranean coastline. It is found in mainland Italy and on the Balkan Peninsula from Dalmatia to the Axios River in Greece.[3] It is also found on a number of islands, including Sicily, Malta and Gozo, the Ionian Islands, Aegean Islands, Sporades and Andros in the Cyclades.[1] Although the species as a whole is widespread, it is declining in numbers, and these insular populations are particularly vulnerable.[1]

Italy

[edit]

Potamon fluviatile is widely distributed in much of mainland Italy, especially in the regions of Trento, Lombardy, Veneto, Liguria, Tuscany, Umbria, Lazio, Campania, Apulia, and Calabria, as well as on the island of Sicily.[1] Although it used to be found as far north as Lake Garda, P. fluviatile no longer occurs north of the River Po.[3]

In 1997 a population of P. fluviatile was discovered under the ruins of Trajan's Forum in the heart of Rome, living in canals built by the Etruscans which connect to the Cloaca Maxima.[13] Based on a genetic analysis, which demonstrated that these crabs were similar to those in Greece, researchers believe that they had been brought by the Greeks before the founding of the city, some 3000 years ago. The crabs' unusual size, up to 12 cm (4.7 in), and longevity (up to 15 years) are also interpreted as evidence of a long-established population, by analogy with island gigantism.[7]

Malta

[edit]

On the island of Malta, Potamon fluviatile is rare and restricted to a few locations in the west of the island.[14] On Gozo, there is a single population which inhabits part of a valley only 700 metres (770 yd) long.[4]

Balkans

[edit]

In the Balkan Peninsula, Potamon fluviatile is known to occur in Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Albania and Greece.[1] There are four species of Potamon in the Balkans, and P. fluviatile is replaced by Potamon ibericum in northeastern Greece.[15] In mainland Greece, P. fluviatile is found in the drainages of the Axios, Thyamis, Aheron and Arachthos, Pineiós, Piros-Tethreas, Pamisos and Evrotas rivers.[1][16]

In the Ionian Islands, P. fluviatile is known to occur at only one site on Corfu,[15] as well as on Kefalonia, Lefkada and Zakynthos.[1] In the Aegean Islands, it is found on Skiathos and Skopelos (Sporades), on Euboea and Skyros, and at a single site on Andros in the Cyclades.[1]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Potamon fluviatile is at the western distributional limit of the genus Potamon. Other species in the genus occur through Eastern Europe and the Middle East, and across Central Asia as far east as northwestern India.[17] The populations of P. fluviatile on the Peloponnese, Kefalonia, and Zakynthos may represent a separate, cryptic species,[3] and the population from the Peloponnese was described in 2010 as P. pelops.[18]

P. fluviatile was formerly divided into three subspecies: P. f. algeriense, P. f. berghetripsorum and P. f. fluviatile. The first two of these live in North Africa, and were later combined and separated from P. fluviatile as the species Potamon algeriense.[2] By 1983, the nominate subspecies (equivalent to the current circumscription of the species P. fluviatile) had been divided into six nationes, or "tribes".[19] Natio fluviatilis was found in northern Italy, natio tarantium in southern Italy, and nationes thessalonis, kühnelti and laconis were found in parts of Greece. The geographical distribution of natio leucosis was not reported, and it was suggested that a further (undescribed) tribe inhabited the Greek island of Andros.[19] Despite this wealth of infraspecific taxa, they are rarely used by scientists, and some have questioned directly the value of defining infraspecific taxa within P. fluviatile.[3] In 1990, the population on Malta was described as a separate subspecies, Potamon fluviatile lanfrancoi, and that taxon has become a conservation icon in Malta[14] following its legal protection in 1993,[4] although not all scientists recognise the taxon.[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cumberlidge, N. (2008). "Potamon fluviatile". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T134293A3933275. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T134293A3933275.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b P. K. L. Ng; D. Guinot & P. J. F. Davie (2008). "Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant Brachyuran crabs of the world" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 17: 1–286. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2009-12-11.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Ruth Jesse; Markus Pfenninger; Sara Fratini; Massimiliano Scalici; Bruno Streit & Christoph D. Schubart (2009). "Disjunct distribution of the Mediterranean freshwater crab Potamon fluviatile — natural expansion or human introduction?". Biological Invasions. 11 (10): 2209–2221. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9377-0. S2CID 25956853.
  4. ^ a b c d Jacqueline Debrincat & Patrick J. Schembri (2007). "Burrow density of the endangered Maltese freshwater crab Potamon fluviatile lanfrancoi at Lunzjata and Xlendi valleys, Gozo" (PDF). Xjenza. 11 (120301): 1–9.
  5. ^ L. B. Holthuis (1962). "Forty-seven genera of Decapoda (Crustacea); proposed addition to the official list. Z.N.(S.) 1499" (PDF). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 19: 232–252.
  6. ^ a b Fiorenza Micheli; Francesca Gherardi & Marco Vannini (1990). "Growth and reproduction in the freshwater crab, Potamon fluviatile (Decapoda, Brachyura)". Freshwater Biology. 23 (3): 491–503. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.1990.tb00290.x.
  7. ^ a b "Freshwater crabs thrive in Roman ruins". Cosmos. June 8, 2007. Archived from the original on August 25, 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Francesca Gherardi; S. Guidi & Marco Vannini (1987). "Behavioural ecology of the freshwater crab, Potamon fluviatile: preliminary observations". Investigación Pesquera. 51 (Suppl. 1): 389–402.
  9. ^ Guy Charmantier (1992). "Occurrence of fresh-water crabs, genus Potamon, in Southern France". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 12 (4): 620–626. doi:10.2307/1548843. JSTOR 1548843.
  10. ^ "Maltese Definitive Issue Coins - Second Series". Central Bank of Malta. Archived from the original on May 28, 2009. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
  11. ^ Francesca Gherardi; Federica Tarducci & Fiorenza Micheli (1989). "Energy maximization and foraging strategies in Potamon fluviatile (Decapoda, Brachyura)". Freshwater Biology. 22 (2): 233–245. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.1989.tb01097.x.
  12. ^ Paola Dardi & Francesca Gherardi (1994). "Competition and predation between the river crab Potamon fluviatile and the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes". Bollettino di Zoologia. Suppl. 61: 41. doi:10.1080/11250009409355977.
  13. ^ "Photo in the News: "Ancient" Crabs Live on in Roman Ruins". National Geographic. June 4, 2007. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
  14. ^ a b D. Capolongo & J. L. Cilia (1990). "Potamon fluviatile lanfrancoi, a new subspecies of a Mediterranean freshwater crab from the Maltese Islands (Crustacea, Decapoda, Potamidae)" (PDF). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 91 B: 215–224.
  15. ^ a b Peter G. Sutton (2009). "The occurrence of the freshwater crab Potamon fluviatile (Decapoda: Brachyura) in Corfu". Marine Biodiversity Records. 2: e58. doi:10.1017/S1755267209000797.
  16. ^ Eugene G. Maurakis; David V. Grimes; Lauren McGovern & Peter J. Hogarth (2004). "The occurrence of Potamon species (Decapoda, Brachyura) relative to lotic stream factors in Greece" (PDF). Biologia, Bratislava. 59 (2): 173–179. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2009-12-11.
  17. ^ Darren C. J. Yeo & Peter K. L. Ng (2007). "On the genus "Potamon" and allies in Indochina (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae)" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Suppl. 16: 273–308. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  18. ^ Ruth Jesse; Christoph D. Schubart & Sebastian Klaus (2010). "Identification of a cryptic lineage within Potamon fluviatile (Herbst) (Crustacea : Brachyura : Potamidae)". Invertebrate Systematics. 24 (4): 348–356. doi:10.1071/IS10014.
  19. ^ a b Gerhard Pretzmann (1983). "Die Süßwasserkrabben der Mittelmeerinseln und der westmediterranen Länder" (PDF). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 84 B: 369–387.
[edit]

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