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{{short description|Dutch political term}}
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{{short description | Dutch political term}}
[[File:Maarten van der Weijden (2008-08-25).jpg|260px|thumb|right|Dutch professional [[Swimming (sport)|swimmer]] [[Maarten van der Weijden]] was chosen as the ''lijstduwer'' for the [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|VVD]] in the [[2017 Dutch general election|2017]], [[2021 Dutch general election|2021]] and [[2023 Dutch general election|2023]] elections]]
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'''''Lijstduwer''''' ({{IPA-nl|ˈlɛistˌdyʋər}}, 'list pusher') is a [[Dutch language|Dutch]] term for the last candidate on a [[party list]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Who can vote and for whom? How the Dutch electoral system works|url=http://www.dutchnews.nl/features/2017/01/who-can-vote-and-for-whom-how-the-dutch-electoral-system-works/|accessdate=17 March 2017|work=DutchNews.nl|date=30 January 2017}}</ref>


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'''{{Lang|nl|Lijstduwer}}''' ({{IPA|nl|ˈlɛizˌdyu.ər|-|nl-lijstduwer.ogg}}; 'list pusher') is a [[Dutch language|Dutch]] term for the last candidate on a [[party list]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Who can vote and for whom? How the Dutch electoral system works |url=http://www.dutchnews.nl/features/2017/01/who-can-vote-and-for-whom-how-the-dutch-electoral-system-works/ |work=DutchNews.nl |date=30 January 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref>
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In [[Suriname]], [[the Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]], this position is often taken by well-known non-politicians such as artists, celebrities and sports people. They are officially a candidate, but they are put at the end of the [[party list]] (in an unelectable position) in a bid to attract more votes for the party and as a sign they endorse that specific party.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Soares da Silva|editor1-first=Augusto|title=Pluricentricity: Language Variation and Sociocognitive Dimensions|date=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGbnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH|location=Berlin/Boston|page=139|accessdate=17 March 2017|language=English|quote=Finally lijstduwer is a politician that is supposed to attract votes for his party}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Terry|first1=Chris|title=The Netherlands – EU Parliamentary Elections|url=http://www.demsoc.org/2014/05/11/the-netherlands-eu-parliamentary-elections/|website=The Democratic Society|accessdate=17 March 2017|language=English|date=11 May 2014|quote=Sometimes parties put a lijstduwer (list-pusher) on the last place of their list. Often this will be a famous elder statesman of the party, a former PM for instance, or a well-loved celebrity. Generally lijstduwer’s do not actually want to be elected but they can help attract votes for their party.}}</ref> In local elections, ordinary people who are well-known in the community might also act as ''lijstduwer''.


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In [[Suriname]], [[the Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]], this position is often taken by well-known non-politicians such as artists, celebrities and sportspeople. They are official candidates, but they are put at the end of the [[party list]]. Since this is generally an unelectable position, accepting nomination as a lijstduwer is considered to be an endorsement of that specific party with the intent of attracting more votes for the party on account of their reputation and popularity in their field, while precluding any concerns regarding such nominal candidates' competence as lawmakers.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Soares da Silva |editor-first=Augusto |title=Pluricentricity: Language Variation and Sociocognitive Dimensions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGbnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |quote=Finally lijstduwer is a politician that is supposed to attract votes for his party |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |location=Berlin / Boston |date=2014 |page=139 |access-date=17 March 2017 |isbn=9783110303643}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Terry |first=Chris |title=The Netherlands – EU Parliamentary Elections |url=http://www.demsoc.org/2014/05/11/the-netherlands-eu-parliamentary-elections/ |quote=Sometimes parties put a lijstduwer (list-pusher) on the last place of their list. Often this will be a famous elder statesman of the party, a former PM for instance, or a well-loved celebrity. Generally lijstduwer's do not actually want to be elected but they can help attract votes for their party. |website=The Democratic Society |date=11 May 2014 |access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref> In local elections, ordinary people who are well-known in the community might also act as ''lijstduwer''.
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Since these electoral systems use [[open list]] [[party-list proportional representation]], votes cast to the ''lijstduwer'' add up to the total number of votes, and hence seats for the party. The candidate is not likely to become member of the elected body due to the low placement on the list, and generally rejects the position if they gather enough [[open list|preference votes]] for a full seat (which they can claim within the Dutch system). There can be more than one ''lijstduwer''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Onze kandidatenlijst (Our candidates)|url=https://www.pvda.nl/verkiezingen/kandidatenlijst/|website=PvdA|accessdate=17 March 2017|language=Dutch}}</ref> How many members on the list can be considered ''lijstduwer'' varies. In the more broad definition, candidates who are lower on the list than the number of seats a party is likely to win, are considered ''lijstduwers''.


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Given that these electoral systems use [[open list]] [[party-list proportional representation]], votes cast to the ''lijstduwer'' add up to the total number of votes, and hence seats for the party. The candidate is not likely to become a member of the elected body due to the low placement on the list, and generally rejects the position if they gather enough [[Open list|preference votes]] for a full seat (which they can claim under the Dutch system). There can be more than one ''lijstduwer''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Onze kandidatenlijst (Our candidates) |url=https://www.pvda.nl/verkiezingen/kandidatenlijst/ |publisher=PvdA |access-date=17 March 2017 |language=Dutch}}</ref> How many members on the list can be considered ''lijstduwer'' varies. In the broader definition, candidates who are lower on the list than the number of seats a party is likely to win, are considered ''lijstduwers''.
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In [[Israel]], which uses a [[closed list]] nationwide proportional representation system, the tradition of choosing elder statesmen and celebrities as candidates in the lowest places of the list also exists, but without a special term.<ref>{{cite web |title={{rtl|נשיא, שר, משורר, רב: מי במקום ה-120?}} (A President, a Minister, a Poet, a Rabbi - who is in the 120th place?) |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4621065,00.html |website=Ynet}}</ref>

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In [[Israel]], which uses a [[closed list]] nationwide proportional representation system, the tradition of choosing elder statesmen and celebrities as candidates in the lowest places of the list also exists, but without a special term.<ref>{{cite news |title=נשיא, שר, משורר, רב: מי במקום ה-120? (A President, a Minister, a Poet, a Rabbi - who is in the 120th place?) |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4621065,00.html |website=Ynet|date=30 January 2015 }}</ref>

As some local elections in Germany have [[cumulative voting]] and [[panachage]] the last place on the party list is sometimes given to a more prominent or high-profile candidate for similar reasons to the phenomenon in the Netherlands.


Well-known national politicians can act as ''lijstduwer'' on the list for the [[European elections|European]] and [[Local election|municipal elections]].
Well-known national politicians can act as ''lijstduwer'' on the list for the [[European elections|European]] and [[Local election|municipal elections]].


==Notable ''lijstduwers'' in the Dutch general election, 2017==
==Notable ''lijstduwers'' in Dutch general elections==
{{main|Dutch general election, 2017}}
{{main|Elections in the Netherlands}}
*[[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]]: [[Maarten van der Weijden]]<ref>{{cite news|title=VVD-lijstduwer Van der Weijden gelooft in stimuleren en zelf doen|url=http://nos.nl/artikel/2159949-vvd-lijstduwer-van-der-weijden-gelooft-in-stimuleren-en-zelf-doen.html|accessdate=28 April 2017|work=NOS|publisher=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting]]|date=25 February 2017|language=Dutch}}</ref>
*[[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]]: [[Maarten van der Weijden]]<ref>{{cite news|title=VVD-lijstduwer Van der Weijden gelooft in stimuleren en zelf doen|url=http://nos.nl/artikel/2159949-vvd-lijstduwer-van-der-weijden-gelooft-in-stimuleren-en-zelf-doen.html|access-date=28 April 2017|work=NOS|publisher=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting]]|date=25 February 2017|language=Dutch}}</ref>
*[[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]]: [[Foppe de Haan]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Foppe de Haan, lijstduwer uit het noorden|url=http://nos.nl/artikel/2159430-foppe-de-haan-lijstduwer-uit-het-noorden.html|accessdate=28 April 2017|work=NOS|publisher=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting]]|date=22 February 2017|language=Dutch}}</ref>
*[[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]]: [[Foppe de Haan]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Foppe de Haan, lijstduwer uit het noorden|url=http://nos.nl/artikel/2159430-foppe-de-haan-lijstduwer-uit-het-noorden.html|access-date=28 April 2017|work=NOS|publisher=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting]]|date=22 February 2017|language=Dutch}}</ref>
*[[Christian Democratic Appeal]]: [[Wiljan Vloet]]<ref>{{cite news|title=De politieke ambities van voetbaltrainer Wiljan Vloet|url=http://nos.nl/artikel/2159754-de-politieke-ambities-van-voetbaltrainer-wiljan-vloet.html|accessdate=28 April 2017|work=NOS|publisher=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting]]|date=24 February 2017|language=Dutch}}</ref>
*[[Christian Democratic Appeal]]: [[Wiljan Vloet]]<ref>{{cite news|title=De politieke ambities van voetbaltrainer Wiljan Vloet|url=http://nos.nl/artikel/2159754-de-politieke-ambities-van-voetbaltrainer-wiljan-vloet.html|access-date=28 April 2017|work=NOS|publisher=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting]]|date=24 February 2017|language=Dutch}}</ref>
*[[GroenLinks]]: [[Ineke van Gent]]
*[[GroenLinks]]: [[Ineke van Gent]]
*[[Forum for Democracy (Netherlands)|Forum for Democracy]]: [[Paul Cliteur]]
*[[Party for the Animals]] and [[Forum for Democracy (Netherlands)|Forum for Democracy]]: [[Paul Cliteur]]
*[[Democrats 66]]: [[Kajsa Ollongren]]


== See also==
== See also==
* ''[[Lijsttrekker]]'', first candidate on a party's list
* ''[[Lijsttrekker]]'', first candidate on a party's list
* [[Paper candidate]]
* [[Star candidate]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Dutch words and phrases]]
[[Category:Dutch words and phrases]]
[[Category:Party-list proportional representation]]
[[Category:Party-list proportional representation]]
[[Category:Politics of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Politics of the Netherlands]]



{{Netherlands-poli-stub}}
{{Netherlands-poli-stub}}

Latest revision as of 16:54, 29 September 2024

Dutch professional swimmer Maarten van der Weijden was chosen as the lijstduwer for the VVD in the 2017, 2021 and 2023 elections

Lijstduwer (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈlɛizˌdyu.ər] ⓘ; 'list pusher') is a Dutch term for the last candidate on a party list.[1]

In Suriname, the Netherlands and Belgium, this position is often taken by well-known non-politicians such as artists, celebrities and sportspeople. They are official candidates, but they are put at the end of the party list. Since this is generally an unelectable position, accepting nomination as a lijstduwer is considered to be an endorsement of that specific party with the intent of attracting more votes for the party on account of their reputation and popularity in their field, while precluding any concerns regarding such nominal candidates' competence as lawmakers.[2][3] In local elections, ordinary people who are well-known in the community might also act as lijstduwer.

Given that these electoral systems use open list party-list proportional representation, votes cast to the lijstduwer add up to the total number of votes, and hence seats for the party. The candidate is not likely to become a member of the elected body due to the low placement on the list, and generally rejects the position if they gather enough preference votes for a full seat (which they can claim under the Dutch system). There can be more than one lijstduwer.[4] How many members on the list can be considered lijstduwer varies. In the broader definition, candidates who are lower on the list than the number of seats a party is likely to win, are considered lijstduwers.

In Israel, which uses a closed list nationwide proportional representation system, the tradition of choosing elder statesmen and celebrities as candidates in the lowest places of the list also exists, but without a special term.[5]

As some local elections in Germany have cumulative voting and panachage the last place on the party list is sometimes given to a more prominent or high-profile candidate for similar reasons to the phenomenon in the Netherlands.

Well-known national politicians can act as lijstduwer on the list for the European and municipal elections.

Notable lijstduwers in Dutch general elections

[edit]
Main article: Elections in the Netherlands

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Who can vote and for whom? How the Dutch electoral system works". DutchNews.nl. 30 January 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  2. ^ Soares da Silva, Augusto, ed. (2014). Pluricentricity: Language Variation and Sociocognitive Dimensions. Berlin / Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. p. 139. ISBN 9783110303643. Retrieved 17 March 2017. Finally lijstduwer is a politician that is supposed to attract votes for his party
  3. ^ Terry, Chris (11 May 2014). "The Netherlands – EU Parliamentary Elections". The Democratic Society. Retrieved 17 March 2017. Sometimes parties put a lijstduwer (list-pusher) on the last place of their list. Often this will be a famous elder statesman of the party, a former PM for instance, or a well-loved celebrity. Generally lijstduwer's do not actually want to be elected but they can help attract votes for their party.
  4. ^ "Onze kandidatenlijst (Our candidates)" (in Dutch). PvdA. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  5. ^ "נשיא, שר, משורר, רב: מי במקום ה-120? (A President, a Minister, a Poet, a Rabbi - who is in the 120th place?)". Ynet. 30 January 2015.
  6. ^ "VVD-lijstduwer Van der Weijden gelooft in stimuleren en zelf doen". NOS (in Dutch). Nederlandse Omroep Stichting. 25 February 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  7. ^ "Foppe de Haan, lijstduwer uit het noorden". NOS (in Dutch). Nederlandse Omroep Stichting. 22 February 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  8. ^ "De politieke ambities van voetbaltrainer Wiljan Vloet". NOS (in Dutch). Nederlandse Omroep Stichting. 24 February 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
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