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{{Short description|American film editor}} |
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{{Infobox person |
{{Infobox person |
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| name = Gene Ruggiero |
| name = Gene Ruggiero |
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| death_place = [[Ogden, Utah]] |
| death_place = [[Ogden, Utah]] |
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| occupation = [[Film editor]] |
| occupation = [[Film editor]] |
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| spouse = Eva Nohavka ( |
| spouse = Eva Nohavka (1966–1988, divorced) |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Gene S. Ruggiero''' (June 20, 1910 |
'''Gene S. Ruggiero''' (June 20, 1910 – February 19, 2002) was an American film editor. Originally a [[golf caddy]] at an exclusive New York [[country club]], Ruggiero was fired from his job and later went to [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] where he was assigned the job of editing. He was initially unhappy with his job and would often skip working to play golf, demoted to assistant editor due to this. |
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Ruggiero came to prominence after editing the 1939 film ''[[Ninotchka]]''. As nobody else would edit the film due to [[Ernst Lubitsch]]'s reputation, the job was assigned to Ruggiero. He received his first credit on the film, and continued as an editor for the rest of his career. Ruggiero earned an [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing]] in 1956 for his work on ''[[Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film)|Around the World in 80 Days]]'', which he shared with [[Paul Weatherwax]]. He was also nominated for an Academy Award in 1955 for his editing on ''[[Oklahoma! (1955 film)|Oklahoma!]]'', which he shared with [[George Boemler]]. |
Ruggiero came to prominence after editing the 1939 film ''[[Ninotchka]]''. As nobody else would edit the film due to [[Ernst Lubitsch]]'s reputation, the job was assigned to Ruggiero. He received his first credit on the film, and continued as an editor for the rest of his career. Ruggiero earned an [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing]] in 1956 for his work on ''[[Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film)|Around the World in 80 Days]]'', which he shared with [[Paul Weatherwax]]. He was also nominated for an Academy Award in 1955 for his editing on ''[[Oklahoma! (1955 film)|Oklahoma!]]'', which he shared with [[George Boemler]]. |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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Gene S. Ruggiero was born in [[Long Island]] on June 20, 1910, the son of Phillip and Teresa Ruggiero. He grew up in [[Manhasset, New York]] with his seven siblings. During [[World War II]], he served in the army.<ref name=Standard>{{cite news|title=Gene S. Ruggiero |url=http://www.standard.net/standard/news/news_story.html?sid=00020221210501579695+cat=obituaries+template=obits.html |access-date=29 September 2013 |newspaper=[[Standard-Examiner]] |date=22 February 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020223001324/http://www.standard.net/standard/news/news_story.html?sid=00020221210501579695+cat=obituaries+template=obits.html |archive-date=February 23, 2002 }}</ref> Ruggiero enjoyed the sport of [[golf]] and, before becoming a film editor, he worked as a caddy at a New York country club. Ruggiero often caddied for American film studio executive [[Nicholas Schenck]]. On days where Schenck's group was lacking a fourth player, they often invited Ruggiero to play. However, after playing a game with the group one day, Ruggiero returned to the clubhouse find the head angry with him for neglecting his caddy duties. Ruggiero was fired from his job.<ref name=THWL>{{cite web|last=Senensky|first=Ralph|author-link=Ralph Senensky|title=To Heinie, with Love|url=http://senensky.com/to-heinie-with-love/|work=[[Ralph's Cinema Trek]]|access-date=29 September 2013}}</ref> |
Gene S. Ruggiero was born in [[Long Island]] on June 20, 1910, the son of Phillip and Teresa Ruggiero. His parents immigrated to the United States from Naples, Italy in 1903 and his father worked as a skilled mason. He grew up in [[Manhasset, New York]] with his seven siblings (Michael, Frank, Joseph, Jack, Ana, Elizabeth, and Mary). During [[World War II]], he served in the army.<ref name=Standard>{{cite news|title=Gene S. Ruggiero |url=http://www.standard.net/standard/news/news_story.html?sid=00020221210501579695+cat=obituaries+template=obits.html |access-date=29 September 2013 |newspaper=[[Standard-Examiner]] |date=22 February 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020223001324/http://www.standard.net/standard/news/news_story.html?sid=00020221210501579695+cat=obituaries+template=obits.html |archive-date=February 23, 2002 }}</ref> Ruggiero enjoyed the sport of [[golf]] and, before becoming a film editor, he worked as a caddy at a New York country club. Ruggiero often caddied for American film studio executive [[Nicholas Schenck]]. On days where Schenck's group was lacking a fourth player, they often invited Ruggiero to play. However, after playing a game with the group one day, Ruggiero returned to the clubhouse find the head angry with him for neglecting his caddy duties. Ruggiero was fired from his job.<ref name=THWL>{{cite web|last=Senensky|first=Ralph|author-link=Ralph Senensky|title=To Heinie, with Love|url=http://senensky.com/to-heinie-with-love/|work=[[Ralph's Cinema Trek]]|access-date=29 September 2013}}</ref> |
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==Career== |
==Career== |
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Ruggiero approached Schenck, and requested assistance in becoming employed. Since Schenck was head of [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] on the east coast division, he decided to send Ruggiero there, with a letter written by Schenk that would ensure Ruggiero would earn a job at the studio. When Ruggiero arrived, he was assigned the job of film editor. Ruggiero found himself displeased with the menial work, and often did not show up at the studio, choosing to play golf instead. He was demoted to assistant editor when his skipping was found out, and worked on several [[Johnny Weissmuller]] films.<ref name=THWL/> |
Ruggiero approached Schenck, and requested assistance in becoming employed. Since Schenck was head of [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] on the east coast division, he decided to send Ruggiero there, with a letter written by Schenk that would ensure Ruggiero would earn a job at the studio. When Ruggiero arrived, he was assigned the job of film editor. Ruggiero found himself displeased with the menial work, and often did not show up at the studio, choosing to play golf instead. He was demoted to assistant editor when his skipping was found out, and worked on several [[Johnny Weissmuller]] films.<ref name=THWL/> |
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Ruggiero received his first film credit in 1939, on the film ''[[Ninotchka]]''.<ref name=Eagan>{{cite book|last=Eagan|first=Daniel|title=America's Film Legacy|year=2010|publisher=Continuum|isbn= |
Ruggiero received his first film credit in 1939, on the film ''[[Ninotchka]]''.<ref name=Eagan>{{cite book|last=Eagan|first=Daniel|title=America's Film Legacy|year=2010|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-0826429773|page=[https://archive.org/details/americasfilmlega0000eaga/page/296 296]|url=https://archive.org/details/americasfilmlega0000eaga|url-access=registration}}</ref> [[Ernst Lubitsch]], the director of the film, had a reputation with the studio which made the other editors refuse to cut the film. Ruggiero was picked as the last option. The film brought Ruggiero to prominence and he worked as a main editor for the rest of his career.<ref name=THWL/> After ''Ninotchka'', he edited [[Richard Thorpe]]'s action film ''[[Tarzan Finds a Son!]]'' with [[Frank Sullivan (film editor)|Frank Sullivan]],<ref name=Var>{{cite web|title=Tarzan Finds a Son!|url=https://variety.com/1938/film/reviews/tarzan-finds-a-son-1200411996/|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> while editing the comedy ''[[Joe and Ethel Turp Call on the President]]'' by himself.<ref name=turp>{{cite web|title=Joe And Ethel Turp Call On The President|url=http://movies.tvguide.com/joe-and-ethel-turp-call-on-the-president/cast/102775|website=[[TV Guide]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
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In 1940, he edited ''[[The Shop Around the Corner]]'', another Lubitsch film. Two [[Dr. Kildare]] films ''[[Dr. Kildare's Strange Case|Strange Case]]'' and ''[[Dr. Kildare's Crisis|Crisis]]'' were also edited by Ruggiero this year, along with the [[George B. Seitz]] film ''[[Sky Murder]]'' and [[W. S. Van Dyke]]'s comedy ''[[I Love You Again]]''. The next year saw Ruggiero edit ''[[Blonde Inspiration]]'' by [[Busby Berkeley]] and ''[[Washington Melodrama]]'' by [[S. Sylvan Simon]]. He also cut another Tarzan picture by Thorpe entitled ''[[Tarzan's Secret Treasure]]''. Ruggiero edited the 1942 films ''[[A Yank on the Burma Road]]'', ''[[Tarzan's New York Adventure]]'', ''[[Andy Hardy's Double Life]]'', and ''[[Jackass Mail]]''. His next credit came in 1946 on the film ''[[Three Wise Fools (1946 film)|Three Wise Fools]]'', which he co-edited with [[Theron Warth]]. He edited the actor [[Robert Montgomery (actor)|Robert Montgomery]]'s ''[[Lady in the Lake]]'' in 1947. That same year, Ruggiero was the editor for [[Edward Buzzell]]'s ''[[Song of the Thin Man]]'', and the final Dr. Kildare film ''[[Dark Delusion]]''. |
In 1940, he edited ''[[The Shop Around the Corner]]'', another Lubitsch film. Two [[Dr. Kildare]] films ''[[Dr. Kildare's Strange Case|Strange Case]]'' and ''[[Dr. Kildare's Crisis|Crisis]]'' were also edited by Ruggiero this year, along with the [[George B. Seitz]] film ''[[Sky Murder]]'' and [[W. S. Van Dyke]]'s comedy ''[[I Love You Again]]''. The next year saw Ruggiero edit ''[[Blonde Inspiration]]'' by [[Busby Berkeley]] and ''[[Washington Melodrama]]'' by [[S. Sylvan Simon]]. He also cut another Tarzan picture by Thorpe entitled ''[[Tarzan's Secret Treasure]]''. Ruggiero edited the 1942 films ''[[A Yank on the Burma Road]]'', ''[[Tarzan's New York Adventure]]'', ''[[Andy Hardy's Double Life]]'', and ''[[Jackass Mail]]''. His next credit came in 1946 on the film ''[[Three Wise Fools (1946 film)|Three Wise Fools]]'', which he co-edited with [[Theron Warth]]. He edited the actor [[Robert Montgomery (actor)|Robert Montgomery]]'s ''[[Lady in the Lake]]'' in 1947. That same year, Ruggiero was the editor for [[Edward Buzzell]]'s ''[[Song of the Thin Man]]'', and the final Dr. Kildare film ''[[Dark Delusion]]''. |
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''[[Big City (1948 film)|Big City]]'' was Ruggerio's only 1948 credit. He served as editor for ''[[The Bribe]]'' the following year, as well as ''[[That Midnight Kiss]]''; Ruggerio remembered that the film's star [[Mario Lanza]] would not do a film unless Ruggerio would edit it.<ref name=LAT>{{cite news|last1=Galbraith|first1=Jane|title=Calendar Goes to the OSCARS : A Lifetime of Achievements but Only a Tiny Pension|url= |
''[[Big City (1948 film)|Big City]]'' was Ruggerio's only 1948 credit. He served as editor for ''[[The Bribe]]'' the following year, as well as ''[[That Midnight Kiss]]''; Ruggerio remembered that the film's star [[Mario Lanza]] would not do a film unless Ruggerio would edit it.<ref name=LAT>{{cite news|last1=Galbraith|first1=Jane|title=Calendar Goes to the OSCARS : A Lifetime of Achievements but Only a Tiny Pension|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-03-21-ca-36776-story.html|access-date=July 6, 2014|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 21, 1994}}</ref> In 1950 he cut ''[[Stars in My Crown (film)|Stars in My Crown]]'' and ''[[The Toast of New Orleans]]''. The following year he was the editor for Lanza's film ''[[The Great Caruso]]'', as well as [[Norman Taurog]]'s ''[[Rich, Young and Pretty]]'' and [[John Sturges]]' ''[[The People Against O'Hara]]''.<ref name=Caruso>{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Frank|title=The Great Caruso|url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article.html?id=628634%7C88173|website=[[Turner Classic Movies]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref><ref name=Rich>{{cite web|title=Rich, Young and Pretty|url=http://movies.tvguide.com/rich-young-and-pretty/cast/115909|website=[[TV Guide]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref><ref name=hara>{{cite web|last1=Erickson|first1=Glenn|title=DVD Savant: The People Against O'Hara|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/dvdsavant/s3748peop.html|website=[[DVD Talk]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> The 1952 film ''[[Glory Alley]]'' was Ruggierio's next credit, and in 1953 the films ''[[The Clown (1953 film)|The Clown]]'', ''[[Rogue's March (film)|Rogue's March]]'', and ''[[Easy to Love (1953 film)|Easy to Love]]'' were edited by him. He edited ''[[Men of the Fighting Lady]]'', ''[[Athena (1954 film)|Athena]]'', and ''[[The Student Prince]]'' in the following year. Along with [[George Boemler]], Ruggiero edited the 1955 film ''[[Oklahoma! (1955 film)|Oklahoma!]]''. Ruggiero earned his first [[Academy Award for Best Editing]] nomination for his work on the film; he and Boemler lost to William A. Lyon and Charles Nelson for ''[[Picnic (1955 film)|Picnic]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=28th Academy Award Winners |url=https://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/28th-winners.html |website=Oscars.org |access-date=July 9, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714140602/https://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/28th-winners.html |archive-date=July 14, 2014 }}</ref> |
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{{Quote box |bgcolor=#FF99FF|salign=right| quote =I told [[Mike Todd|[Todd]]] to go away for two weeks and leave us alone. And then we cut the monster down to something that made sense.|source=Ruggiero on the editing process of ''Around the World in 80 Days''.<ref name=LAT/>|align=right| width=225px}} |
{{Quote box |bgcolor=#FF99FF|salign=right| quote =I told [[Mike Todd|[Todd]]] to go away for two weeks and leave us alone. And then we cut the monster down to something that made sense.|source=Ruggiero on the editing process of ''Around the World in 80 Days''.<ref name=LAT/>|align=right| width=225px}} |
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The films Ruggiero edited in 1957 were ''[[The Seventh Sin]]'' and ''[[Seven Hills of Rome (film)|Seven Hills of Rome]]''. He also edited [[John Ford]]'s ''[[The Wings of Eagles]]'' that year. Ruggiero recalled Ford as a "cheapskate" and that he offered Ruggiero a new putter to appease him.<ref name=LAT/> The following year, he edited ''[[Torpedo Run]]'', and in 1959 he edited ''[[For the First Time (1959 film)|For the First Time]]'' and ''[[Tarzan, the Ape Man (1959 film)|Tarzan, the Ape Man]]''. In 1960, Ruggiero did ''[[Platinum High School]]'' and ''[[Revak the Rebel]]'', and edited ''[[The Thief of Bagdad (1961 film)|The Thief of Bagdad]]'' and ''[[The Wonders of Aladdin]]'' the next year. His next credit came on the film ''[[The Last Man on Earth (1964 film)|The Last Man on Earth]]'', released in 1964, which he edited with Franca Silvi. That year he also edited ''[[Panic Button (1964 film)|Panic Button]]'' and ''[[Dog Eat Dog (1964 film)|Dog Eat Dog]]''. |
The films Ruggiero edited in 1957 were ''[[The Seventh Sin]]'' and ''[[Seven Hills of Rome (film)|Seven Hills of Rome]]''. He also edited [[John Ford]]'s ''[[The Wings of Eagles]]'' that year. Ruggiero recalled Ford as a "cheapskate" and that he offered Ruggiero a new putter to appease him.<ref name=LAT/> The following year, he edited ''[[Torpedo Run]]'', and in 1959 he edited ''[[For the First Time (1959 film)|For the First Time]]'' and ''[[Tarzan, the Ape Man (1959 film)|Tarzan, the Ape Man]]''. In 1960, Ruggiero did ''[[Platinum High School]]'' and ''[[Revak the Rebel]]'', and edited ''[[The Thief of Bagdad (1961 film)|The Thief of Bagdad]]'' and ''[[The Wonders of Aladdin]]'' the next year. His next credit came on the film ''[[The Last Man on Earth (1964 film)|The Last Man on Earth]]'', released in 1964, which he edited with Franca Silvi. That year he also edited ''[[Panic Button (1964 film)|Panic Button]]'' and ''[[Dog Eat Dog (1964 film)|Dog Eat Dog]]''. |
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Ruggiero's next film was ''[[Cast a Giant Shadow]]'' by [[Melville Shavelson]] which was released it 1966; he edited the film alongside [[Bert Bates]]. He edited ''[[Marlowe (film)|Marlowe]]'' and ''[[Hell's Angels '69]]'' in 1969, and was supervising editor on the TV Show [[H.R. Pufnstuf]], he edited [[Noon Sunday]] and was an associate producer on Kemek both in 1970, in 1972 he served as editor on [[William Girdler]]'s ''[[Asylum of Satan]]''. In 1973 he edited Bert I. Gordon's [[The Police |
Ruggiero's next film was ''[[Cast a Giant Shadow]]'' by [[Melville Shavelson]] which was released it 1966; he edited the film alongside [[Bert Bates]]. He edited ''[[Marlowe (1969 film)|Marlowe]]'' and ''[[Hell's Angels '69]]'' in 1969, and was supervising editor on the TV Show [[H.R. Pufnstuf]], he edited [[Noon Sunday]] and was an associate producer on Kemek both in 1970, in 1972 he served as editor on [[William Girdler]]'s ''[[Asylum of Satan]]''. In 1973 he edited Bert I. Gordon's [[The Police Connection]], as well as a post-production supervisor on Running Wild and 2 episodes of [[Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice|Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (TV Series)]], The 1974 television pilot ''[[Wonder Woman (1974 film)|Wonder Woman]]'' was his next credit; he also edited ''[[Black Eye (film)|Black Eye]]'' that same year. He edited the 1975 film ''[[Boss Nigger]]''; as well as Paesano: A Voice in the Night that same year, he also worked with his wife Eva on 1976's ''[[Adios Amigo (1976 film)|Adiós Amigo]]''. He worked on ''[[The World through the Eyes of Children]]'' in 1975 and in 1976 he worked on the short Circasia and ''[[Paco (1976 film)|Paco]]'', In 1977. Ruggiero's next editing credit for came in 1977 for his work on Gus Trikonis' ''[[Moonshine County Express]]''. |
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Ruggiero was supervising editor on William Girdler's last film [[The Manitou]] in 1978, He edited one episode each of the 1979 series [[Billy]] and the 1980 TV Show [[ |
Ruggiero was supervising editor on William Girdler's last film [[The Manitou]] in 1978, He edited one episode each of the 1979 series [[Billy (1979 TV series)|Billy]] and the 1980 TV Show [[Breaking Away]], He was Supervising Editor on Savage Journey a 1983 TV re-edit of a 1977 film Brigham, he was an associate producer on the 1985 Low-Budget cult classic [[Night Train to Terror]] and co-producer on 1987's [[Cry Wilderness]]. |
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Ruggiero's final editing credit came on the 1988 low budget film [[Bloody Wednesday]]. |
Ruggiero's final editing credit came on the 1988 low budget film [[Bloody Wednesday (film)|Bloody Wednesday]]. |
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Ruggiero was elected as a member of the [[American Cinema Editors]]. In 1994, he earned an [[American Cinema Editors Career Achievement Award]], presented by [[Martin Scorsese]]. He criticized the low amount of money he was being paid each year; in 1994 the Motion Picture Industry Pension Plan was only giving him $242.71 a month - by contrast, younger editors were earning around $1,250. Ruggiero believed that since he had worked his whole life in the film industry, he was owed a higher amount.<ref name=LAT/> |
Ruggiero was elected as a member of the [[American Cinema Editors]]. In 1994, he earned an [[American Cinema Editors Career Achievement Award]], presented by [[Martin Scorsese]]. He criticized the low amount of money he was being paid each year; in 1994 the Motion Picture Industry Pension Plan was only giving him $242.71 a month - by contrast, younger editors were earning around $1,250. Ruggiero believed that since he had worked his whole life in the film industry, he was owed a higher amount.<ref name=LAT/> |
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==Personal life== |
==Personal life== |
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Ruggiero married Eva Nohavka in Italy on April 9, 1966. They divorced in 1988.<ref name=Standard/> By 1994, Eva had brought Gene back to live with her. By this time, he had been suffering from [[herpes zoster]] and nearly all of his teeth were missing.<ref name=LAT/> He then lived in [[Ogden, Utah]] for four years before his death on February 19, 2002. Ruggiero is survived by his two children |
Ruggiero married Eva Nohavka in Italy on April 9, 1966. They divorced in 1988.<ref name=Standard/> By 1994, Eva had brought Gene back to live with her. By this time, he had been suffering from [[herpes zoster]] and nearly all of his teeth were missing.<ref name=LAT/> He then lived in [[Ogden, Utah]] for four years before his death on February 19, 2002. Ruggiero is survived by his two children and four grandchildren. His seven siblings have all since passed.<ref name=Standard/> |
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==Filmography== |
==Filmography== |
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|''[[Easy to Love (1953 film)|Easy to Love]]'' |
|''[[Easy to Love (1953 film)|Easy to Love]]'' |
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|[[Charles Walters]] |
|[[Charles Walters]] |
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|<ref>{{cite web|title=Easy to Love - Full Credits|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/15205/Easy-to-Love/details|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716161004/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/15205/Easy-to-Love/details|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 16, 2014|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times |
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Easy to Love - Full Credits|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/15205/Easy-to-Love/details|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716161004/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/15205/Easy-to-Love/details|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 16, 2014|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2014|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
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|1954 |
|1954 |
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|1954 |
|1954 |
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|''[[Athena (film)|Athena]]'' |
|''[[Athena (1954 film)|Athena]]'' |
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|Richard Thorpe |
|Richard Thorpe |
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|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Erickson|first1=Glenn|title=DVD Savant Review: Athena|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/dvdsavant/s3606athe.html|website=[[DVD Talk]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Erickson|first1=Glenn|title=DVD Savant Review: Athena|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/dvdsavant/s3606athe.html|website=[[DVD Talk]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
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|1956 |
|1956 |
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|''[[The Great American Pastime]]'' |
|''[[The Great American Pastime]]'' |
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|[[Herman Hoffman]] |
|[[Herman Hoffman (director)|Herman Hoffman]] |
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|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Great American Pastime|url=http://movies.tvguide.com/the-great-american-pastime/cast/125045|website=[[TV Guide]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Great American Pastime|url=http://movies.tvguide.com/the-great-american-pastime/cast/125045|website=[[TV Guide]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
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|1969 |
|1969 |
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|''[[Marlowe (film)|Marlowe]]'' |
|''[[Marlowe (1969 film)|Marlowe]]'' |
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|[[Paul Bogart]] |
|[[Paul Bogart]] |
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|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Erickson|first1=Glenn|title=DVD Savant Review: Marlowe|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/dvdsavant/s3566marl.html|website=[[DVD Talk]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Erickson|first1=Glenn|title=DVD Savant Review: Marlowe|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/dvdsavant/s3566marl.html|website=[[DVD Talk]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
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|[[Terry Bourke]] |
|[[Terry Bourke]] |
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|<ref>{{cite web|title=NOON SUNDAY|url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b829cd6e0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916092210/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b829cd6e0|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 16, 2012|website=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|title=NOON SUNDAY|url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b829cd6e0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916092210/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b829cd6e0|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 16, 2012|website=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|1970 |
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|''[[Kemek]]'' |
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|[[Theodore Gershuny]] |
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|Associate Producer |
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|1972 |
|1972 |
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|''[[Asylum of Satan]]'' |
|''[[Asylum of Satan]]'' |
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|[[William Girdler]] |
|[[William Girdler]] |
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|<ref>{{cite web|title=Asylum of Satan - Production Credits|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/3183/Asylum-of-Satan/details|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715023107/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/3183/Asylum-of-Satan/details|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2014|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times |
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Asylum of Satan - Production Credits|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/3183/Asylum-of-Satan/details|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715023107/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/3183/Asylum-of-Satan/details|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2014|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2014|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
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|1973 |
|1973 |
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|[[Bert I. Gordon]] |
|[[Bert I. Gordon]] |
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|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Mad Bomber Cast and Details|url=http://movies.tvguide.com/the-mad-bomber/cast/105047|website=[[TV Guide]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Mad Bomber Cast and Details|url=http://movies.tvguide.com/the-mad-bomber/cast/105047|website=[[TV Guide]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
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|1973 |
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|'' [[Running Wild (1973 film)|Running Wild]]'' |
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|Robert McCahon |
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|Post Production Supervisor |
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|1974 |
|1974 |
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|''[[Black Eye (film)|Black Eye]]'' |
|''[[Black Eye (film)|Black Eye]]'' |
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|[[Jack Arnold (director)|Jack Arnold]] |
|[[Jack Arnold (director)|Jack Arnold]] |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Eye - Production Credits|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/85185/Black-Eye/details|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715022943/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/85185/Black-Eye/details|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2014|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times |
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Eye - Production Credits|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/85185/Black-Eye/details|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715022943/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/85185/Black-Eye/details|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2014|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2014|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|||
|1975 |
|||
|''[[Paesano: A Voice in the Night]]'' |
|||
|John Myers, Martin Ragway, Jack Brooks and Alberto Sarno |
|||
|Short Film |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|1975 |
|1975 |
||
|''[[Boss Nigger]]'' |
|''[[Boss Nigger]]'' |
||
|Jack Arnold |
|Jack Arnold |
||
|With Eva Ruggiero<ref>{{cite web|title=Boss Nigger - Production Credits|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/6767/Boss-Nigger/details|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716163339/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/6767/Boss-Nigger/details|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 16, 2014|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times |
|With Eva Ruggiero<ref>{{cite web|title=Boss Nigger - Production Credits|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/6767/Boss-Nigger/details|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716163339/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/6767/Boss-Nigger/details|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 16, 2014|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2014|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
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|1975 |
|1975 |
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|- |
|- |
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|1976 |
|1976 |
||
|''[[Adiós Amigo]]'' |
|''[[Adios Amigo (1976 film)|Adiós Amigo]]'' |
||
|[[Fred Williamson]] |
|[[Fred Williamson]] |
||
|With Eva Ruggiero<ref>{{cite web|title=Adios Amigo|url=http://movies.tvguide.com/adios-amigo/cast/109619|website=[[TV Guide]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
|With Eva Ruggiero<ref>{{cite web|title=Adios Amigo|url=http://movies.tvguide.com/adios-amigo/cast/109619|website=[[TV Guide]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
||
Line 365: | Line 381: | ||
|Robert O'Neil |
|Robert O'Neil |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Paco - Cast and Crew|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/paco-v37059/cast-crew|website=[[AllMovie]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Paco - Cast and Crew|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/paco-v37059/cast-crew|website=[[AllMovie]]|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|||
|1976 |
|||
|''[[Circasia]]'' |
|||
|Brian MacLochlainn and John McColgan |
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|Short Film |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|1977 |
|1977 |
||
|''[[Moonshine County Express]]'' |
|''[[Moonshine County Express]]'' |
||
|[[Gus Trikonis]] |
|[[Gus Trikonis]] |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Moonshine County Express - Production Credits|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/33282/Moonshine-County-Express/details|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715190614/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/33282/Moonshine-County-Express/details|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2014|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times |
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Moonshine County Express - Production Credits|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/33282/Moonshine-County-Express/details|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715190614/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/33282/Moonshine-County-Express/details|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2014|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2014|access-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1978 |
|1978 |
||
|''[[The Manitou]] |
|''[[The Manitou]]'' |
||
| |
|[[William Girdler]] |
||
|Supervising Editor |
|Supervising Editor |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1983 |
|1983 |
||
|'' Savage Journey |
|'' Savage Journey'' |
||
| |
|Tom McGowan |
||
|Supervising Editor |
|Supervising Editor |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1985 |
|1985 |
||
|''[[Night Train to Terror]] |
|''[[Night Train to Terror]]'' |
||
| |
|Jay Schlossberg-Cohen, John Carr, Phillip Marshak and [[Gregg C. Tallas]] |
||
|Associate Producer |
|Associate Producer |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1987 |
|1987 |
||
|''[[Cry Wilderness]] |
|''[[Cry Wilderness]]'' |
||
| |
|[[Jay Schlossberg-Cohen]] |
||
|Co-Producer |
|Co-Producer |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1988 |
|1988 |
||
|''[[Bloody Wednesday]] |
|''[[Bloody Wednesday (film)|Bloody Wednesday]]'' |
||
| |
|Mark G. Gilhuis |
||
|Film Editor and Post-Production Supervisor |
|Film Editor and Post-Production Supervisor |
||
|} |
|} |
||
Line 403: | Line 424: | ||
[[Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice|Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice TV Series]] 1973 2 Episodes |
[[Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice|Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice TV Series]] 1973 2 Episodes |
||
[[Billy]] 1979 1 Episode |
[[Billy (1979 TV series)|Billy]] 1979 1 Episode |
||
[[Breaking Away|Breaking Away TV Series]] 1980 1 Episode |
[[Breaking Away|Breaking Away TV Series]] 1980 1 Episode |
Latest revision as of 19:35, 29 September 2024
Gene Ruggiero | |
---|---|
Born | Gene S. Ruggiero June 20, 1910 |
Died | February 19, 2002 | (aged 91)
Occupation | Film editor |
Spouse | Eva Nohavka (1966–1988, divorced) |
Gene S. Ruggiero (June 20, 1910 – February 19, 2002) was an American film editor. Originally a golf caddy at an exclusive New York country club, Ruggiero was fired from his job and later went to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer where he was assigned the job of editing. He was initially unhappy with his job and would often skip working to play golf, demoted to assistant editor due to this.
Ruggiero came to prominence after editing the 1939 film Ninotchka. As nobody else would edit the film due to Ernst Lubitsch's reputation, the job was assigned to Ruggiero. He received his first credit on the film, and continued as an editor for the rest of his career. Ruggiero earned an Academy Award for Best Film Editing in 1956 for his work on Around the World in 80 Days, which he shared with Paul Weatherwax. He was also nominated for an Academy Award in 1955 for his editing on Oklahoma!, which he shared with George Boemler.
Early life
[edit]Gene S. Ruggiero was born in Long Island on June 20, 1910, the son of Phillip and Teresa Ruggiero. His parents immigrated to the United States from Naples, Italy in 1903 and his father worked as a skilled mason. He grew up in Manhasset, New York with his seven siblings (Michael, Frank, Joseph, Jack, Ana, Elizabeth, and Mary). During World War II, he served in the army.[1] Ruggiero enjoyed the sport of golf and, before becoming a film editor, he worked as a caddy at a New York country club. Ruggiero often caddied for American film studio executive Nicholas Schenck. On days where Schenck's group was lacking a fourth player, they often invited Ruggiero to play. However, after playing a game with the group one day, Ruggiero returned to the clubhouse find the head angry with him for neglecting his caddy duties. Ruggiero was fired from his job.[2]
Career
[edit]Ruggiero approached Schenck, and requested assistance in becoming employed. Since Schenck was head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer on the east coast division, he decided to send Ruggiero there, with a letter written by Schenk that would ensure Ruggiero would earn a job at the studio. When Ruggiero arrived, he was assigned the job of film editor. Ruggiero found himself displeased with the menial work, and often did not show up at the studio, choosing to play golf instead. He was demoted to assistant editor when his skipping was found out, and worked on several Johnny Weissmuller films.[2]
Ruggiero received his first film credit in 1939, on the film Ninotchka.[3] Ernst Lubitsch, the director of the film, had a reputation with the studio which made the other editors refuse to cut the film. Ruggiero was picked as the last option. The film brought Ruggiero to prominence and he worked as a main editor for the rest of his career.[2] After Ninotchka, he edited Richard Thorpe's action film Tarzan Finds a Son! with Frank Sullivan,[4] while editing the comedy Joe and Ethel Turp Call on the President by himself.[5]
In 1940, he edited The Shop Around the Corner, another Lubitsch film. Two Dr. Kildare films Strange Case and Crisis were also edited by Ruggiero this year, along with the George B. Seitz film Sky Murder and W. S. Van Dyke's comedy I Love You Again. The next year saw Ruggiero edit Blonde Inspiration by Busby Berkeley and Washington Melodrama by S. Sylvan Simon. He also cut another Tarzan picture by Thorpe entitled Tarzan's Secret Treasure. Ruggiero edited the 1942 films A Yank on the Burma Road, Tarzan's New York Adventure, Andy Hardy's Double Life, and Jackass Mail. His next credit came in 1946 on the film Three Wise Fools, which he co-edited with Theron Warth. He edited the actor Robert Montgomery's Lady in the Lake in 1947. That same year, Ruggiero was the editor for Edward Buzzell's Song of the Thin Man, and the final Dr. Kildare film Dark Delusion.
Big City was Ruggerio's only 1948 credit. He served as editor for The Bribe the following year, as well as That Midnight Kiss; Ruggerio remembered that the film's star Mario Lanza would not do a film unless Ruggerio would edit it.[6] In 1950 he cut Stars in My Crown and The Toast of New Orleans. The following year he was the editor for Lanza's film The Great Caruso, as well as Norman Taurog's Rich, Young and Pretty and John Sturges' The People Against O'Hara.[7][8][9] The 1952 film Glory Alley was Ruggierio's next credit, and in 1953 the films The Clown, Rogue's March, and Easy to Love were edited by him. He edited Men of the Fighting Lady, Athena, and The Student Prince in the following year. Along with George Boemler, Ruggiero edited the 1955 film Oklahoma!. Ruggiero earned his first Academy Award for Best Editing nomination for his work on the film; he and Boemler lost to William A. Lyon and Charles Nelson for Picnic.[10]
I told [Todd] to go away for two weeks and leave us alone. And then we cut the monster down to something that made sense.
In 1956 he edited The Catered Affair alongside Frank Santillo,[11] and Around the World in 80 Days with Howard Epstein and Paul Weatherwax. Ruggiero and Weatherwax won the Academy Award for Best Film Editing. The Oscar statuette Ruggiero earned for his work on the film was tarnished; its gold coat was removed when Ruggiero sent it out for cleansing and he never had it replated when he was able to afford doing so. Ruggiero said in March 1994 that he considered the film his best work.[6]
The films Ruggiero edited in 1957 were The Seventh Sin and Seven Hills of Rome. He also edited John Ford's The Wings of Eagles that year. Ruggiero recalled Ford as a "cheapskate" and that he offered Ruggiero a new putter to appease him.[6] The following year, he edited Torpedo Run, and in 1959 he edited For the First Time and Tarzan, the Ape Man. In 1960, Ruggiero did Platinum High School and Revak the Rebel, and edited The Thief of Bagdad and The Wonders of Aladdin the next year. His next credit came on the film The Last Man on Earth, released in 1964, which he edited with Franca Silvi. That year he also edited Panic Button and Dog Eat Dog.
Ruggiero's next film was Cast a Giant Shadow by Melville Shavelson which was released it 1966; he edited the film alongside Bert Bates. He edited Marlowe and Hell's Angels '69 in 1969, and was supervising editor on the TV Show H.R. Pufnstuf, he edited Noon Sunday and was an associate producer on Kemek both in 1970, in 1972 he served as editor on William Girdler's Asylum of Satan. In 1973 he edited Bert I. Gordon's The Police Connection, as well as a post-production supervisor on Running Wild and 2 episodes of Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (TV Series), The 1974 television pilot Wonder Woman was his next credit; he also edited Black Eye that same year. He edited the 1975 film Boss Nigger; as well as Paesano: A Voice in the Night that same year, he also worked with his wife Eva on 1976's Adiós Amigo. He worked on The World through the Eyes of Children in 1975 and in 1976 he worked on the short Circasia and Paco, In 1977. Ruggiero's next editing credit for came in 1977 for his work on Gus Trikonis' Moonshine County Express.
Ruggiero was supervising editor on William Girdler's last film The Manitou in 1978, He edited one episode each of the 1979 series Billy and the 1980 TV Show Breaking Away, He was Supervising Editor on Savage Journey a 1983 TV re-edit of a 1977 film Brigham, he was an associate producer on the 1985 Low-Budget cult classic Night Train to Terror and co-producer on 1987's Cry Wilderness.
Ruggiero's final editing credit came on the 1988 low budget film Bloody Wednesday.
Ruggiero was elected as a member of the American Cinema Editors. In 1994, he earned an American Cinema Editors Career Achievement Award, presented by Martin Scorsese. He criticized the low amount of money he was being paid each year; in 1994 the Motion Picture Industry Pension Plan was only giving him $242.71 a month - by contrast, younger editors were earning around $1,250. Ruggiero believed that since he had worked his whole life in the film industry, he was owed a higher amount.[6]
Personal life
[edit]Ruggiero married Eva Nohavka in Italy on April 9, 1966. They divorced in 1988.[1] By 1994, Eva had brought Gene back to live with her. By this time, he had been suffering from herpes zoster and nearly all of his teeth were missing.[6] He then lived in Ogden, Utah for four years before his death on February 19, 2002. Ruggiero is survived by his two children and four grandchildren. His seven siblings have all since passed.[1]
Filmography
[edit]TV Shows
H.R. Pufnstuf 1969-1970 17 Episodes Supervising Editor
Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice TV Series 1973 2 Episodes
Billy 1979 1 Episode
Breaking Away TV Series 1980 1 Episode
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Gene S. Ruggiero". Standard-Examiner. 22 February 2002. Archived from the original on February 23, 2002. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
- ^ a b c Senensky, Ralph. "To Heinie, with Love". Ralph's Cinema Trek. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
- ^ a b Eagan, Daniel (2010). America's Film Legacy. Continuum. p. 296. ISBN 978-0826429773.
- ^ a b "Tarzan Finds a Son!". Variety. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ a b "Joe And Ethel Turp Call On The President". TV Guide. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f Galbraith, Jane (March 21, 1994). "Calendar Goes to the OSCARS : A Lifetime of Achievements but Only a Tiny Pension". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
- ^ a b Miller, Frank. "The Great Caruso". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ a b "Rich, Young and Pretty". TV Guide. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ a b Erickson, Glenn. "DVD Savant: The People Against O'Hara". DVD Talk. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "28th Academy Award Winners". Oscars.org. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
- ^ a b "The Catered Affair". Variety. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ Nugent, Frank S. "The Shop Around the Corner - Movie Review". The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Dr. Kildare's Strange Case - Cast and Crew". AllMovie. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ Nixon, Rob. "I Love You Again". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Sky Murder". TV Guide. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Dr. Kildare's Crisis". TV Guide. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Blonde Inspiration - Full Cast & Crew". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Washington Melodrama - Cast and Crew". AllMovie. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Tarzan's Secret Treasure". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "A Yank On The Burma Road Cast Details". TV Guide. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Tarzan's New York Adventure". Variety. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ Nixon, Rob. "Andy Hardy's Double Life". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Jackass Mail (1942)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Three Wise Fools (1946) - Full Credits". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Lady in the Lake". Variety. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Dark Delusion (1947) - Cast and Crew". AllMovie. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ Quin, Eleanor. "Song of the Thin Man". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Big City (1948)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "The Bribe". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "That Midnight Kiss". Variety. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Stars in My Crown". AllMovie. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "The Toast of New Orleans". TV Guide. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ Thames, Stephanie. "Glory Alley". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ Miller, John M. "The Clown". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Rogue's March (1952)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Easy to Love - Full Credits". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2014. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Men of the Fighting Lady (1954)". AllMovie. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ Arnold, Jeremy. "The Student Prince". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ Erickson, Glenn. "DVD Savant Review: Athena". DVD Talk. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ Erickson, Glenn. "DVD Savant Review: Oklahoma! 50th Anniversary Edition". DVD Talk. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ Knopf, Robert (1999). The Theater and Cinema of Buster Keaton. Princeton University Press. pp. 199–. ISBN 0-691-00442-0.
- ^ "The 29th Academy Awards". Oscars.org. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "The Great American Pastime". TV Guide. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ Arnold, Jeremy. "The Wings of Eagles". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "The Seventh Sin (1957)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Seven Hills of Rome". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ Arnold, Jeremy. "Torpedo Run". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "For the First Time (1959) - Full Credits". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Tarzan, The Ape Man Cast and Details". TV Guide. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Platinum High School". TV Guide. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Rivak, The Barbarian (1960)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "The Thief of Bagdad". TV Guide. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "The Wonders of Aladdin (1961) - Full Credits". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ Stafford, Jeff. "The Last Man on Earth". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ Faris, Jocelyn (January 1, 1994). Jayne Mansfield: A Bio-bibliography. ABC-CLIO. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-313-28544-8.
- ^ Erickson, Glenn. "DVD Savant Review: Dog Eat Dog". DVD Talk. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ Thompson, Lang. "Cast a Giant Show". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ Erickson, Glenn. "DVD Savant Review: Marlowe". DVD Talk. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Hell's Angels '69 Cast and Details". TV Guide. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "NOON SUNDAY". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Asylum of Satan - Production Credits". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2014. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "The Mad Bomber Cast and Details". TV Guide. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Wonder Woman (1974) - Full Credits". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Black Eye - Production Credits". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2014. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Boss Nigger - Production Credits". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2014. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "The World through the Eyes of Children". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Adios Amigo". TV Guide. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Paco - Cast and Crew". AllMovie. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ^ "Moonshine County Express - Production Credits". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2014. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.