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State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
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The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is a psychological inventory consisting of 40 self-report items on a 4-point Likert scale. The STAI measures two types of anxiety – state anxiety and trait anxiety. Higher scores are positively correlated with higher levels of anxiety. Its most current revision is Form Y and it is offered in more than 40 languages.^[1]

The STAI was developed by psychologists Charles Spielberger, R.L. Gorsuch, and R.E. Lushene. Their goal in creating the inventory was to create a set of questions that could be applied towards differentiating between the temporary condition of "state anxiety" and the more general and long-standing quality of "trait anxiety." This was a new development because all other questionnaires focused on one type of anxiety at the time.^[2]

Spielberger also created other self-report state-trait scales purported to measure various other emotions and dispositions. These include the State-Trait Anger Scale (STAS) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). Alternate forms of the STAI have been developed, including a short-form version (STAI-6) as well as a child form, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC).^{[citation needed]}

The STAI requires a sixth grade reading level. It is used to aid diagnosis in clinical and other medical settings, including the differential diagnosis of anxiety and depression.^[3]

History

Charles Spielberger was not alone in creating the STAI, R.L. Gorsuch, and R.E. Lushene also contributed to its development. It underwent revision to its current form in 1983.^[4] It was developed as a method to assess two types of anxiety, state and trait, in the fields of practice and research. The inventory was developed in a way so that it could be one set of questions that when given the proper direction, could be applied towards the assessment of a specific type of anxiety. Some of the information used in the inventory was taken from other forms of measurement, and in the case of The Affect Adjective Check List (AACL), was even subject to the slight change of its current adjectives. After the inventory had been developed it underwent research to determine if it could be concluded as a valid source of assessment before it could be taken any further.^[5]

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

The State Trait Anxiety Inventory is a test/questionnaire given to adults that shows how strong a person’s feelings of anxiety are. It is offered and translated in twelve languages: English, Chinese, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Thai.^[6] It was developed to provide both short and reliable scales based on a person's answers to access state and trait anxiety.^{[citation needed]}

Feelings of unease, worry, tension, and stress can be defined as anxiety.^[7] It is usually accompanied by a situation that causes these feelings for example, a big test or interview. Also, prisoners can experience such symptoms.^[8] It can also be caused by anxiety disorders such as Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) or Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). The STAI tests two different types of anxiety, state and trait anxiety.^{[citation needed]}

State anxiety (S-anxiety) can be defined as fear, nervousness, discomfort, etc. and the arousal of the autonomic nervous system induced by different situations that are perceived as dangerous. This type of anxiety refers more to how a person is feeling at the time of a perceived threat and is considered temporary.^[5]

Trait anxiety (T-anxiety) can be defined as feelings of stress, worry, discomfort, etc. that one experiences on a day to day basis. This is usually perceived as how people feel across typical situations that everyone experiences on a daily basis.^[9]

Forms

This inventory is made up of 40 questions, and distinguishes between a person’s state anxiety and their trait anxiety. The two forms of anxiety are separated in the inventory, and both are given their own 20 separate questions. When participants rate themselves on these questions, they are given a 4-point frequency scale. The frequency scales differ between the two types of anxiety. There are two main forms of the Inventory, Form X and Form Y.^[5]

Form X of the STAI was revised from the original STAI to develop a better way of measuring both state and trait anxieties. This was done in order to better differentiate between patients suffering from anxiety and depressive disorders when being diagnosed. By revising the STAI, many questions from the original inventory were replaced.^[5]

Form Y of the STAI was constructed by replacing items from Form X. By doing so, Form Y in turn has better defined state and trait anxiety factors. The major difference between Form X and Form Y is that Form Y has a better simple structure, as well as the anxiety factors being better differentiated and stable than Form X. This form of the STAI is currently being used more often than the original Form X.^[5]

Scoring

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory is one of the first tests to assess both state and trait anxiety separately. Each type of anxiety has its own scale of 20 different questions that are scored.^[10] Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores correlating with greater anxiety. The creators of this test separated the different anxieties so both scales would be reliable. This means the S-anxiety scale would only measure S-anxiety and the T-anxiety scale would only measure T-anxiety, the ultimate goal in creating this test. They found they could not achieve this if the questions were the same to examine both types of anxiety. Each scale asks twenty questions each and are rated on a 4-point scale.^[10] Low scores indicate a mild form of anxiety and high scores indicate a severe form of anxiety. Both scales have anxiety absent and anxiety present questions. Anxiety absent questions represent the absence of anxiety in a statement like, “I feel secure.” Anxiety present questions represent the presence of anxiety in a statement like “I feel worried.” More examples from the STAI on anxiety absent and present questions are listed below. Each measure has a different rating scale. The 4-point scale for S-anxiety is as follows: 1.) not at all, 2.) somewhat, 3.) moderately so, 4.) very much so. The 4-point scale for T-anxiety is as follows: 1.) almost never, 2.) sometimes, 3.) often, 4.) almost always.^[5]

Uses

The various State-Trait tests each evaluate different emotions. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory measures anxiety by assessing someone’s state and trait anxiety. The STAI was one of the first tests to examine state and trait anxiety at the same time. There are two forms of the STAI, one for children, and for adults. The scale is useful for many different socio-economic backgrounds and groups and anyone that has the equivalence of a sixth grade reading level, it therefore can be utilized for many people. Clinicians use this in diagnosing patients in a clinical setting. It is also used to diagnose clinical anxiety in surgical and other medical patients as well as in mental health patients. The STAI, itself, assesses anxiety but also can be used to make a discrimination when wondering whether a patient is experiencing anxiety or depression. This inventory is used in research projects. Various journal articles have used the STAI in conducting research and comparing different ethnic groups, age groups, etc. regarding anxiety. ^[11]

Additional scales

There is also a State Trait Anxiety Inventory for children, or the STAIC. The STAIC distinguishes between how prone a child is to anxious behavior and emotional anxiety. It is very similar to the STAI, and is based on the same concept as the adult measure. This measure is used for children between the ages of 9–12. It includes two sets of 20 questions, 20 questions for A-State anxiety and 20 questions for A-Trait anxiety, that is easily read, and if needed can be verbally read to younger children.^[11] Spielberger also developed a few other scales, the State-Trait Anger Scale, the State-Trait Personality Inventory, and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory.^[6]

State-Trait Anger Scale (STAS)

Anger is an emotional state when feelings can vary in intensity, from irritation, to annoyance, to the extremes of fury or rage. This differs from hostility and aggression in that anger is much less complex than hostility or aggression, while both of these states can include feelings of anger.^[5]

The STAS is very similar in format to the STAI. However, this scale was formed instead to measure anger as an emotional state and how prone to anger people are.^[12]

This scale measures both state and trait anger, it is similar to the STAI in assessing state and trait emotions. State anger (S-Anger) is a psychobiological state or condition. This state consists of varying intensities of anger. It is assumed that S-Anger would change over time, based on the situations of the person. Trait anger (T-Anger) is defined by the individual differences in how often that S-Anger was experienced over time.^[13]

State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI)

The STAXI provides objective and shortly scored measures of a person’s experience, expression, and control of anger. It consists of 44 items, which make up 7 scales.^[5] These scales measures six components of anger:

S-Anger: 10 questions
T-Anger: 10 questions
AX/In: 8 questions; This measures individual differences in how often feelings of anger are experienced and are held in and not acted on.
AX/Out: 8 questions; This measures individual differences in how often feelings of anger are acted upon towards people or objects.
AX/Con: 8 questions; This measures individual differences in how often a person tries to control their outward expression of anger.
AX/Ex: 24 questions; This provides a general view of how often anger is being experienced and expressed.

Six-item State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6)

There is a short-form version of the state scale, consisting of six items chosen for reliability and validity. It is designed to be administered in circumstances that prohibit the use of the full-form, and produces scores that are comparable to using the full version.^[14]

References

^ Tilton, S. R. (2008). "Review of the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI)". News Notes. 48 (2): 1–3.
^ Heeren A, Bernstein EE, McNally RJ (2018). "Deconstructing trait anxiety: a network perspective". Anxiety Stress Coping. 31 (3): 262–276. doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1439263. PMID 29433339. S2CID 4443186.
^ Heeren A, Bernstein EE, McNally RJ (2018). "Deconstructing trait anxiety: a network perspective". Anxiety Stress Coping. 31 (3): 262–276. doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1439263. PMID 29433339. S2CID 4443186.
^ Spielberger, C.D.; Gorssuch, R.L.; Lushene, P.R.; Vagg, P.R.; Jacobs, G.A (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.^{[page needed]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Spielberger, Charles D.; Sydeman, Sumner J. (1994). "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory". In Maruish, Mark Edward (ed.). The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 292–321. ISBN 978-0-8058-1162-9.
^ ^a ^b Verhoef, M.; Ware, M.; Dryden, T.; Paterson, C.; Kania, A. (2013). State Trait Anxiety Inventory.^{[page needed]}
^ Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). Abnormal psychology (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 522.
^ Walters, G. D. (2022). "Separate Roles for State and Trait Anxiety in the Formation of SHU Syndrome: Testing a Moderated Mediation Hypothesis". Prison Journal. 102 (1): 25–46.
^ Heeren A, Bernstein EE, McNally RJ (2018). "Deconstructing trait anxiety: a network perspective". Anxiety Stress Coping. 31 (3): 262–276. doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1439263. PMID 29433339. S2CID 4443186.
^ ^a ^b Grös, Daniel F; Antony, Martin M; Simms, Leonard J; McCabe, Randi E (2007). "Psychometric properties of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA): Comparison to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)". Psychological Assessment. 19 (4): 369–81. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.369. PMID 18085930.
^ ^a ^b Spielberger, C. D. (February 2012). State-trait anxiety inventory for adults.^{[page needed]}
^ Spielberger, Charles (1988). "State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory". PsycTESTS Dataset. Retrieved 2023-07-12.
^ Spielberger, Charles (1988). "State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory". PsycTESTS Dataset. Retrieved 2023-07-12.
^ Marteau, Theresa M; Bekker, Hilary (1992). "The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)". British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 31 (3): 301–6. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00997.x. PMID 1393159.

[Tilton-1] Tilton, S. R. (2008). "Review of the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI)". News Notes. 48 (2): 1–3.

[2] Heeren A, Bernstein EE, McNally RJ (2018). "Deconstructing trait anxiety: a network perspective". Anxiety Stress Coping. 31 (3): 262–276. doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1439263. PMID 29433339. S2CID 4443186.

[3] Heeren A, Bernstein EE, McNally RJ (2018). "Deconstructing trait anxiety: a network perspective". Anxiety Stress Coping. 31 (3): 262–276. doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1439263. PMID 29433339. S2CID 4443186.

[4] Spielberger, C.D.; Gorssuch, R.L.; Lushene, P.R.; Vagg, P.R.; Jacobs, G.A (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.^{[page needed]}

[Sydeman-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Spielberger, Charles D.; Sydeman, Sumner J. (1994). "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory". In Maruish, Mark Edward (ed.). The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 292–321. ISBN 978-0-8058-1162-9.

[Verhoef-6] Verhoef, M.; Ware, M.; Dryden, T.; Paterson, C.; Kania, A. (2013). State Trait Anxiety Inventory.^{[page needed]}

[7] Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). Abnormal psychology (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 522.

[8] Walters, G. D. (2022). "Separate Roles for State and Trait Anxiety in the Formation of SHU Syndrome: Testing a Moderated Mediation Hypothesis". Prison Journal. 102 (1): 25–46.

[9] Heeren A, Bernstein EE, McNally RJ (2018). "Deconstructing trait anxiety: a network perspective". Anxiety Stress Coping. 31 (3): 262–276. doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1439263. PMID 29433339. S2CID 4443186.

[Gros-10] Grös, Daniel F; Antony, Martin M; Simms, Leonard J; McCabe, Randi E (2007). "Psychometric properties of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA): Comparison to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)". Psychological Assessment. 19 (4): 369–81. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.369. PMID 18085930.

[CD-11] Spielberger, C. D. (February 2012). State-trait anxiety inventory for adults.^{[page needed]}

[12] Spielberger, Charles (1988). "State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory". PsycTESTS Dataset. Retrieved 2023-07-12.

[13] Spielberger, Charles (1988). "State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory". PsycTESTS Dataset. Retrieved 2023-07-12.

[pmid1393159-14] Marteau, Theresa M; Bekker, Hilary (1992). "The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)". British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 31 (3): 301–6. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00997.x. PMID 1393159.

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+{{Short description|Psychological inventory}}
-The '''State-Trait Anxiety Inventory''' ('''STAI''') is an introspective psychological inventory consisting of 40 self-report items pertaining to anxiety affect.<ref>Spielberger, C. D. (1989). ''State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: Bibliography'' (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.</ref> The STAI was constructed by [[Charles Spielberger]], R.L. Gorsuch, and R.E. Lushene,<ref name="Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L.">Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L."> Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). ''Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory''. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.</ref> based on the state-trait distinction proposed by [[Raymond Cattell]] in 1961.<ref>Cattell, R. B. & Scheier, I. H. (1961). ''The meaning and measurement of neuroticism and anxiety''. New York: Ronald Press.</ref>  Their goal was to compile a set of items that could measure anxiety at both poles of the normal affect curve (state vs. trait). Feelings of unease, worry, tension, and stress can be defined as [[anxiety]].<ref>Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). ''Abnormal Psychology''. (5th ed., p. 522). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.</ref> Feelings of anxiety may occur in stressful situations such as when confronted with an important test or interview, or may be associated with psychological disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder or generalized anxiety disorder. The STAI purports to measure one's conscious awareness at two extremes of anxiety affect, labeled state anxiety (A-state), and trait anxiety (A-trait), respectively. Affectivity ranges from immediate, transitory emotional states, through longer-lasting mood states, through dynamic motivational traits, ranging all the way up to relatively enduring personality traits.<ref>Boyle, G. J., Saklofske, D. H., & Matthews, G. (2015). (Eds.), ''Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs''. Elsevier/Academic Press. {{DOI|10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00001-2}}</ref>
+{{Infobox diagnostic
-Higher STAI scores suggest higher levels of anxiety.<ref name="CD">Spielberger, C. D. (2012, February). State-trait anxiety inventory for adults.. Retrieved from http://www.mindgarden.com/146-state-trait-anxiety-inventory-for-children#horizontalTab3</ref>  The most recent version is the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults™ (STAI-AD). Although originally based on English language words, the STAI subsequently has been translated and adapted into more than 40 different languages including, for example, Chinese, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Thai.<ref name="Tilton">Tilton, S. R. (2008), ''Review of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)'', NewsNotes, archived from the original on 2008-12-03, retrieved 2013-02-28</ref><ref name="Verhoef">Verhoef, M., Ware, M., Dryden, T., Paterson, C., Kania, A. (2013). State Trait Anxiety Inventory. Retrieved from http://www.outcomesdatabase.org/n ode/741</ref> The STAI was revised into its current form in 1983.<ref name="Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L.">Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., Lushene, P.R., Vagg, P.R., & Jacobs, G.A (1983). ''Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory''. Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.</ref><ref name="Sydeman">Spielberger, C.D., Sydeman, S.J. (1994). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. In M.E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment. (pp. 292-321). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.</ref> The STAI can be administered across a range of socio-economic status levels and requires only a sixth grade reading level. It is used (along with other measures) in making diagnoses and distinguishing between anxiety and depression, in clinical settings, as well as in research.
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+| ICD10           = <!--{{ICD10|Group|Major|minor|LinkGroup|LinkMajor}} or {{ICD10PCS|code|char1/char2/char3/char4}}-->
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+The '''State-Trait Anxiety Inventory''' ('''STAI''') is a psychological inventory consisting of 40 self-report items on a 4-point [[Likert scale]]. The STAI measures two types of [[anxiety]] – state anxiety and trait anxiety. Higher scores are positively correlated with higher levels of anxiety. Its most current revision is Form Y and it is offered in more than 40 languages.<ref name="Tilton">{{cite journal |last1=Tilton |first1=S. R. |title=Review of the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) |journal=News Notes |volume=48 |issue=2 |year=2008 |pages=1–3 }}</ref>
+The STAI was developed by psychologists [[Charles Spielberger]], R.L. Gorsuch, and R.E. Lushene.  Their goal in creating the inventory was to create a set of questions that could be applied towards differentiating between the  temporary condition of "state anxiety" and the more general and long-standing quality of "trait anxiety." This was a new development because all other questionnaires focused on one type of anxiety at the time.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Heeren A, Bernstein EE, McNally RJ |title=Deconstructing trait anxiety: a network perspective |journal=Anxiety Stress Coping |year=2018| pmid = 29433339 |pages = 262–276 |volume = 31|issue = 3|doi = 10.1080/10615806.2018.1439263 |s2cid=4443186 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2018.1439263 }}</ref>
-Spielberger also constructed other self-report state-trait scales purported to measure various other emotions and dispositions such as the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-CH), the State-Trait Curiosity Inventory (STCI), the State-Trait Anger Scale (STAS), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), and the State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI).
+Spielberger also created other self-report state-trait scales purported to measure various other emotions and dispositions. These include the State-Trait Anger Scale (STAS) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). Alternate forms of the STAI have been developed, including a short-form version (STAI-6) as well as a child form, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC).{{fact|date=December 2017}}
-Note: The STAI-AD,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mindgarden.com/145-state-trait-anxiety-inventory-for-adults|title=State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults (STAI-AD) - Mind Garden|website=www.mindgarden.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-15}}</ref> STAI-CH,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mindgarden.com/146-state-trait-anxiety-inventory-for-children|title=State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children - Mind Garden|website=www.mindgarden.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-15}}</ref> and STPI<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mindgarden.com/148-state-trait-personality-inventory|title=State-Trait Personality Inventory - Mind Garden|website=www.mindgarden.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-15}}</ref> are published by and available from: Mind Garden, Inc. 707 Menlo Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. [http://www.mindgarden.com www.mindgarden.com]
+The STAI requires a sixth grade reading level.  It is used to aid diagnosis in clinical and other medical settings, including the [[differential diagnosis]] of anxiety and depression.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Heeren A, Bernstein EE, McNally RJ |title=Deconstructing trait anxiety: a network perspective |journal=Anxiety Stress Coping |year=2018| pmid = 29433339 |pages = 262–276 |volume = 31|issue = 3|doi = 10.1080/10615806.2018.1439263 |s2cid=4443186 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2018.1439263 }}</ref>
-==State Anxiety (A-State)==
+==History==
-State anxiety (A-State) can be defined as fear, nervousness, discomfort, and the arousal of the [[autonomic nervous system]] induced temporarily by situations perceived as dangerous (i.e., how a person is feeling at the time of a perceived threat).<ref name="Sydeman" />
+[[Charles Spielberger]] was not alone in creating the STAI, R.L. Gorsuch, and R.E. Lushene also contributed to its development.  It underwent revision to its current form in 1983.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spielberger |first1=C.D. |last2=Gorssuch |first2=R.L. |last3=Lushene |first3=P.R. |last4=Vagg |first4=P.R. |last5=Jacobs |first5=G.A |year=1983 |title=Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory |publisher=Consulting Psychologists Press }}{{pn|date=December 2017}}</ref>  It was developed as a method to assess two types of anxiety, state and trait, in the fields of practice and research.  The inventory was developed in a way so that it could be one set of questions that when given the proper direction, could be applied towards the assessment of a specific type of anxiety.  Some of the information used in the inventory was taken from other forms of measurement, and in the case of The Affect Adjective Check List (AACL), was even subject to the slight change of its current adjectives.  After the inventory had been developed it underwent research to determine if it could be concluded as a valid source of assessment before it could be taken any further.<ref name="Sydeman">{{cite book |last1=Spielberger |first1=Charles D. |last2=Sydeman |first2=Sumner J. |year=1994 |chapter=State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory |editor1-first=Mark Edward |editor1-last=Maruish |title=The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment |pages=292–321 |location=Hillsdale, NJ |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |isbn=978-0-8058-1162-9 }}</ref>
+==The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory==
-Examples:  A child feels anxious when confronted by a large, strange animal.  A person feels anxious to get on an airplane for the first time.
+The State Trait Anxiety Inventory is a test/questionnaire given to adults that shows how strong a person’s feelings of anxiety are.  It is offered and translated in twelve languages: English, Chinese, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Thai.<ref name="Verhoef">{{cite book |last1=Verhoef |first1=M. |last2=Ware |first2=M. |last3=Dryden |first3=T. |last4=Paterson |first4=C. |last5=Kania |first5=A. |year=2013 |title=State Trait Anxiety Inventory }}{{pn|date=December 2017}}</ref> It was developed to provide both short and reliable scales based on a person's answers to access state and trait anxiety.{{fact|date=December 2017}}
-==Trait Anxiety (A-Trait)==
+Feelings of unease, worry, tension, and stress can be defined as [[anxiety]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nolen-Hoeksema |first1=S. |year=2011 |title=Abnormal psychology |edition=5th  |page=522 |location=New York, NY |publisher=McGraw-Hill }}</ref>  It is usually accompanied by a situation that causes these feelings for example, a big test or interview. Also, [[Prisoner|prisoners]] can experience such symptoms.'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walters |first=G. D. |date=2022 |title=Separate Roles for State and Trait Anxiety in the Formation of SHU Syndrome: Testing a Moderated Mediation Hypothesis. |url=https://doi-org.library3.webster.edu/10.1177/00328855211069142 |journal=[[Prison Journal]] |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=25–46}}</ref>'''  It can also be caused by anxiety disorders such as Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) or Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD).  The STAI tests two different types of anxiety, state and trait anxiety.{{fact|date=December 2017}}
-Trait anxiety (A-Trait) can be defined as a relatively enduring disposition to feel stress, worry, and discomfort.<ref name="Sydeman" />
+State anxiety (S-anxiety) can be defined as fear, nervousness, discomfort, etc. and the arousal of the [[autonomic nervous system]] induced by different situations that are perceived as dangerous.  This type of anxiety refers more to how a person is feeling at the time of a perceived threat and is considered temporary.<ref name="Sydeman" />
-Examples:  A child experiences anxiety in social situations and is always anxiety prone throughout their childhood and adulthood. A person experiences anxiety in an array of normal situations such as going to the grocery store or going to work.
+Trait anxiety (T-anxiety) can be defined as feelings of stress, worry, discomfort, etc. that one experiences on a day to day basis. This is usually perceived as how people feel across typical situations that everyone experiences on a daily basis.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Heeren A, Bernstein EE, McNally RJ |title=Deconstructing trait anxiety: a network perspective |journal=Anxiety Stress Coping |year=2018| pmid = 29433339 |pages = 262–276 |volume = 31|issue = 3|doi = 10.1080/10615806.2018.1439263 |s2cid=4443186 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2018.1439263 }}</ref>
 ==Forms==
-The STAI comprises 40 items, and distinguishes between a person’s state and trait anxiety levels. The A-Trait and A-State scales comprise 20 items each, scored on a 4-point Likert-type response scale.<ref name="Sydeman" />
+This inventory is made up of 40 questions, and distinguishes between a person’s state anxiety and their trait anxiety. The two forms of anxiety are separated in the inventory, and both are given their own 20 separate questions. When participants rate themselves on these questions, they are given a 4-point frequency scale. The frequency scales differ between the two types of anxiety.  There are two main forms of the Inventory, Form X and Form Y.<ref name="Sydeman" />
+Form X of the STAI was revised from the original STAI to develop a better way of measuring both state and trait anxieties. This was done in order to better differentiate between patients suffering from anxiety and depressive disorders when being diagnosed. By revising the STAI, many questions from the original inventory were replaced.<ref name="Sydeman" />
-===State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form X)===
-The original Form X of the STAI was revised resulting in Form Y.<ref name="Sydeman" />
+Form Y of the STAI was constructed by replacing items from Form X. By doing so, Form Y in turn has better defined state and trait anxiety factors. The major difference between Form X and Form Y is that Form Y has a better simple structure, as well as the anxiety factors being better differentiated and stable than Form X. This form of the STAI is currently being used more often than the original Form X.<ref name="Sydeman" />
-===State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y)===
-Form Y of the STAI is a more popular version with improved psychometric properties.<ref name="Sydeman" />
 ==Scoring==
-Both the A-State and A-Trait scales comprise 20 items each and are scored on 4-point forced-choice Likert-type response scales.<ref name="Gros">{{cite journal | last1 = Grös | first1 = D. F. | last2 = Antony | first2 = M. M. | last3 = Simms | first3 = L. J. | last4 = McCabe | first4 = R. E. | year = 2007 | title = Psychometric properties of the state-trait inventory for cognitive and somatic anxiety (STICSA): Comparison to the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) | url = | journal = Psychological Assessment | volume = 19 | issue = 4| pages = 369–381 | doi = 10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.369 }}</ref>  Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores suggesting greater levels of anxiety.<ref name="Gros"/> Low scores suggest mild anxiety, median scores suggest moderate anxiety, while high scores suggest severe anxiety.  Both scales include direct and reverse-worded items. Direct-worded items represent the presence of anxiety in a statement such as "I feel upset."  Reverse-worded items represent the absence of anxiety in a statement such as, "I feel at ease."
+The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory is one of the first tests to assess both state and trait anxiety separately.  Each type of anxiety has its own scale of 20 different questions that are scored.<ref name="Gros">{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.369 |pmid=18085930 |title=Psychometric properties of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA): Comparison to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) |journal=Psychological Assessment |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=369–81 |year=2007 |last1=Grös |first1=Daniel F |last2=Antony |first2=Martin M |last3=Simms |first3=Leonard J |last4=McCabe |first4=Randi E }}</ref>  Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores correlating with greater anxiety.  The creators of this test separated the different anxieties so both scales would be reliable.  This means the S-anxiety scale would only measure S-anxiety and the T-anxiety scale would only measure T-anxiety, the ultimate goal in creating this test.  They found they could not achieve this if the questions were the same to examine both types of anxiety.  Each scale asks twenty questions each and are rated on a 4-point scale.<ref name="Gros" />  Low scores indicate a mild form of anxiety and high scores indicate a severe form of anxiety.  Both scales have anxiety absent and anxiety present questions.  Anxiety absent questions represent the absence of anxiety in a statement like, “I feel secure.”  Anxiety present questions represent the presence of anxiety in a statement like “I feel worried.”  More examples from the STAI on anxiety absent and present questions are listed below.  Each measure has a different rating scale.  The 4-point scale for S-anxiety is as follows:  1.) not at all, 2.) somewhat, 3.) moderately so, 4.) very much so.  The 4-point scale for T-anxiety is as follows:  1.) almost never, 2.) sometimes, 3.) often, 4.) almost always.<ref name="Sydeman" />
+==Uses==
-The 4-point A-State intensity response scale is as follows:
-# not at all
-# somewhat
-# moderately so
-# very much so.
+The various State-Trait tests each evaluate different emotions.  The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory measures anxiety by assessing someone’s state and trait anxiety.   The STAI was one of the first tests to examine state and trait anxiety at the same time.  There are two forms of the STAI, one for children, and for adults.  The scale is useful for many different socio-economic backgrounds and groups and anyone that has the equivalence of a sixth grade reading level, it therefore can be utilized for many people.  Clinicians use this in diagnosing patients in a clinical setting.  It is also used to diagnose clinical anxiety in surgical and other medical patients as well as in mental health patients. The STAI, itself, assesses anxiety but also can be used to make a discrimination when wondering whether a patient is experiencing anxiety or depression.  This inventory is used in research projects.  Various journal articles have used the STAI in conducting research and comparing different ethnic groups, age groups, etc. regarding anxiety.  <ref name="CD">{{cite book |last1=Spielberger |first1=C. D. |date=February 2012 |title=State-trait anxiety inventory for adults }}{{pn|date=December 2017}}</ref>
-The 4-point A-Trait frequency response scale is as follows:<ref name="Sydeman"/>
-# almost never
-# sometimes
-# often
-# almost always.
+==Additional scales==
-==State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Sample Items<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mindgarden.com/145-state-trait-anxiety-inventory-for-adults#horizontalTab2|title=State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults (STAI-AD) Sample Items - Mind Garden|last=|first=|date=|website=www.mindgarden.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-15}}</ref>==
+There is also a State Trait Anxiety Inventory for children, or the STAIC. The STAIC distinguishes between how prone a child is to anxious behavior and emotional anxiety. It is very similar to the STAI, and is based on the same concept as the adult measure. This measure is used for children between the ages of 9–12. It includes two sets of 20 questions, 20 questions for A-State anxiety and 20 questions for A-Trait anxiety, that is easily read, and if needed can be verbally read to younger children.<ref name="CD" />
+Spielberger also developed a few other scales, the State-Trait Anger Scale, the State-Trait Personality Inventory, and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory.<ref name="Verhoef" />
-===State-Anxiety===
-* "I feel at ease."
-* "I feel upset."
-===Trait-Anxiety===
-* "I lack self-confidence."
-* "I am a steady person."
-==Additional Scales==
-The STAIC (a downward extension of the STAI) can be administered to children up to junior high school level (aged 9–12 years). If necessary, the items can be verbally read out to younger children.<ref name="CD" /> Spielberger also constructed other self-report scales, including the State-Trait Anger Scale (STAS) and its short-form (STAS-6), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), and the State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI),<ref name="Verhoef" />
 ===State-Trait Anger Scale (STAS)===
 [[Anger]] is an emotional state when feelings can vary in intensity, from irritation, to annoyance, to the extremes of fury or rage. This differs from [[hostility]] and [[aggression]] in that anger is much less complex than hostility or aggression, while both of these states can include feelings of anger.<ref name="Sydeman" />
-The STAS is very similar in format to the STAI. However, this scale was formed instead to measure anger as an emotional state and how prone to anger people are.
+The STAS is very similar in format to the STAI. However, this scale was formed instead to measure anger as an emotional state and how prone to anger people are.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spielberger |first=Charles |date=1988 |title=State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/t29496-000 |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=PsycTESTS Dataset}}</ref>
-This scale measures both state and trait anger, it is similar to the STAI in assessing state and trait emotions.  State anger (S-Anger) is a psychobiological state or condition. This state consists of varying intensities of anger. It is assumed that S-Anger would change over time, based on the situations of the person. Trait anger (T-Anger) is defined by the [[individual differences]] in how often that S-Anger was experienced over time.
-===State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2)===
-The STAXI-2 (revised 2nd edition) purports to measure an individual's experience, expression, and control of anger. The STAXI-2 includes self-report scales purported to measure State Anger, Trait Anger, Anger Expression-Out, Anger Expression-In, Anger Control-Out, Anger Control-In, and Anger Expression Index.  Ratings are on a 4-point forced-choice response scale.  The State Anger scale measures transient anger intensity, while the Trait Anger scale measures the frequency of angry feelings.  The Anger Expression-In scale measures the extent to which one “holds things in” or suppresses anger, whereas the Anger Expression-Out scale measures the actual expression of aggression.  The Anger Control-In scale measures the extent to which the suppression of anger is controlled, whereas the Anger Control-Out scale measures the constraint of overt anger expression. Even when the overt expression of anger (Anger-out) is minimal, the STAXI-2 can capture anger that may be present where Anger-in scores are high.  A person’s handling of anger may lie between overcontrol and undercontrol which the STAXI-2 can help identify.
-The STAXI-2 comprises 57 items, which make up 7 separate scales as follows:<ref name="Sydeman" />
-# S-Anger: 15 items
-# T-Anger: 10 items
-# AX/In: 8 items; Measures how often feelings of anger are experienced and are held in and not acted on.
-# AX/Out: 8 items; Measures how often feelings of anger are acted upon towards people or objects.
-# ACon/In: 8 items; Measures how often an individual tries to control of suppressed anger.
-# ACon/Out: 8 items; Measures how often an individual tries to control the outward expression of anger.
-# AX: 24 items; Measures how often anger is generally being experienced and expressed.
-Psychometric Properties:
-Item Homogeneity: Based on the STAXI-2 normative sample (N > 1,900), a median Cronbach alpha coefficient of .87 for the STAXI-2 has been reported, with alphas for the AX index ranging from .75 to .82.<ref>Spielberger, C. D., & Reheiser, E. C. (2004). Measuring anxiety, anger, depression, and curiosity as emotional states and personality traits with the STAI, STAXI, and STPI.  In M. Hersen, D.L. Segal, & M. Hilsenroth (Eds.), ''Comprehensive Handbook of Psychological Assessment (Vol. 2): Personality Assessment'' (pp. 74-80). New York: Wiley.</ref> High alpha coefficients however may be indicative of a narrow scale with little breadth of measurement of the relevant construct/factor.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boyle | first1 = G. J. | year = 1991 | title = Does item homogeneity indicate internal consistency or item redundancy in psychometric scales? | url = | journal = Personality and Individual Differences | volume = 12 | issue = | pages = 291–294 | doi=10.1016/0191-8869(91)90115-r}}</ref>
-Reliability: Over a two-month interval, test-retest (stability) coefficients for a French adaptation of the STAXI-2 (N = 139) were found to be  .70 for the trait anger scale and .32 for the state anger scale, respectively (in accord with state-trait theory).<ref name="Borteyrou">{{cite journal | last1 = Borteyrou | first1 = X. | last2 = Bruchon-Schweitzer | first2 = M. | last3 = Spielberger | first3 = C. D. | year = 2008 | title = The French adaptation of the STAXI-2, C.D. Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory | url = | journal = L’Encephale | volume = 34 | issue = | pages = 249–255 }}</ref>
-Validity: In regard to construct/factor analytic validity, several exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic studies have provided empirical support for the claimed STAXI-2 structure.<ref name="Borteyrou"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Forgays | first1 = D. G. | last2 = Forgays | first2 = D. K. | last3 = Spielberger | first3 = C. D. | year = 1997 | title = Factor structure of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory | url = | journal = Journal of Personality Assessment | volume = 69 | issue = | pages = 497–507 | doi=10.1207/s15327752jpa6903_5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Forgays | first1 = D. K | last2 = Spielberger | first2 = C. D. | last3 = Forgays | first3 = D. G. | year = 1998 | title = Factor structure of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory for middle-aged men and women | url = | journal = Assessment | volume = 5 | issue = | pages = 141–155 | doi=10.1177/107319119800500205}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Maxwell | first1 = J. P. | last2 = Sukhodolsky | first2 = D. G. | last3 = Sit | first3 = C. H. P. | year = 2009 | title = Preliminary validation of a Chinese version of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 | url = | journal = Asian Journal of Social Psychology | volume = 12 | issue = | pages = 1–11 | doi=10.1111/j.1467-839x.2008.01264.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindqvist | first1 = J. K. | last2 = Waterman | first2 = A. M. | last3 = Hellström | first3 = A. | year = 2003 | title = Swedish adaptations of the Novaco Anger Scale-1998, the Provocation Inventory, and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 | url = | journal = Social Behavior and Personality | volume = 31 | issue = | pages = 773–788 | doi=10.2224/sbp.2003.31.8.773}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = De la Rubia | first1 = J. M. | last2 = González | first2 = M. T. | last3 = Landero | first3 = R. | year = 2010 | title = Factor structure of the STAXI-2-AX and its relationship to burnout in housewives | url = | journal = Spanish Journal of Psychology | volume = 13 | issue = | pages = 418–430 | doi=10.1017/s1138741600003978}}</ref>   Likewise, several studies have provided predictive validity evidence for the STAXI-2.<ref>Spielberger, C. D., & Reheiser, E. C. (2010). The nature and measurement of anger. In M. Potegal, G. Stemmler, & C.D. Spielberger (Eds.), ''International Handbook of Anger: Constituent and Concomitant Biological, Psychological, and Social Processes. New York Springer.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Booth-Kewley | first1 = S. | last2 = Friedman | first2 = H. S. | year = 1987 | title = Psychological predictors of heart disease: A quantitative review | url = | journal = Psychological Bulletin | volume = 101 | issue = | pages = 343–362 | doi=10.1037/0033-2909.101.3.343}}</ref><ref>Spielberger, C. D., Krasner, S. S., & Solomon, E. P. (1988). The experience, expression and control of anger. In M.P. Janisse (Ed.), ''Health Psychology: Individual Differences and Stress (pp. 89-108). New York: Springer-Verlag.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Stoner | first1 = S. B. | year = 1988 | title = Undergraduate marijuana use and anger | url = | journal = Journal of Psychology | volume = 122 | issue = | pages = 343–347 | doi=10.1080/00223980.1988.9915521}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Curtis | first1 = G. | last2 = Kinder | first2 = B. | last3 = Kalichman | first3 = S. | last4 = Spana | first4 = R. | year = 1988 | title = Affective differences among of chronic pain patients | url = | journal = Anxiety Research: An International Journal | volume = 1 | issue = | pages = 65–73 | doi=10.1080/10615808808248221}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Antypa | first1 = N. | last2 = Giegling | first2 = I. | last3 = Calati | first3 = R. | last4 = Schneider | first4 = B. | last5 = Hartmann | first5 = A. | last6 = Friedl | first6 = M. | last7 = Konte | first7 = B. | last8 = Lia | first8 = L. | last9 = Ronchi | first9 = D. | last10 = Serretti | first10 = A. | last11 = Rujescu | first11 = D. | year = 2013 | title = MAOA and MAOB polymorphisms and anger-related traits in suicidal participants and controls | url = | journal = Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 263 | issue = | pages = 393–403 | doi=10.1007/s00406-012-0378-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Deschênes | first1 = S. S. | last2 = Dugas | first2 = M. J. | last3 = Fracalanza | first3 = K. | last4 = Koerner | first4 = N. | year = 2012 | title = The role of anger in generalized anxiety disorder | url = | journal = Behavior Therapy | volume = 33 | issue = | pages = 215–233 }}</ref>
-==State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI)==
-'''Variable'''
-The STPI is useful for measuring the four affects of anxiety, depression, anger and curiosity. The STPI measures these constructs both as traits/dispositions and as transitory emotions/states.<ref>Spielberger, C. D. et al. (1995). Assessment of emotional states and personality traits: Measuring psychological vital signs. In J.N. Butcher (Ed.), ''Clinical Personality Assessment: Practical Approaches'' (pp. 42–58). New York: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref name="Spielberger, C. D., & Reheiser, E. C."/> Trait and state measures may be employed as outcome variables in evaluation of therapeutic interventions.<ref>Spielberger, C. D., Reheiser, E. C., Owen, A. E., & Sydeman, S. J. (2004). Measuring the psychological vital signs of anxiety, anger, depression, and curiosity in treatment planning and outcomes assessment. In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), ''The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcomes Assessment, Vol. 3: Instruments for Adults (3rd ed., pp. 421-447). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.</ref> However, the STPI provides measures of only four affect dimensions in comparison with the more comprehensive mapping of affect dimensions by Izard et al.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Izard | first1 = C. E. | last2 = Libero | first2 = D. Z. | last3 = Putnam | first3 = P. | last4 = Haynes | first4 = O. M. | year = 1993 | title = Stability of emotion experiences and their relations to traits of personality | url = | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 64 | issue = | pages = 847–860 | doi=10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.847}}</ref>
-'''Description'''
-The 80-item STPI includes 10 items for each of eight state-trait scales. The STPI was derived from the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI),<ref name="Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L." /> and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI).<ref>Spielberger, C. D. (1999). ''Professional Manual for the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2'' (STAXI-2). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.</ref> For state items, instructions are to respond as to one’s present feelings "at this very moment" on a 4-point response scale. For trait items, instructions are to respond as to how one generally feels. As with the single-dimension scales (STCI, STAI, STAS, STDI), the STPI items are mainly adjective ratings.
-'''Reliability'''
-'''Internal Consistency'''
-Spielberger and Reheiser<ref name="Spielberger, C. D., & Reheiser, E. C.">{{cite journal | last1 = Spielberger | first1 = C. D. | last2 = Reheiser | first2 = E. C. | year = 2009 | title = Assessment of emotions: Anxiety, anger, depression, and curiosity | url = | journal = Applied Psychology: Health and Well-being | volume = 1 | issue = | pages = 271–302 | doi=10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01017.x}}</ref> reported Cronbach alpha coefficients for the state-trait anger scales ranging from .87 to .93, and for the state-trait depression scales a median alpha of .90.  They reported a median alpha coefficient of .93 for the state A-state scale, and for the A-trait scale, .90.
-'''Test-Retest Reliability'''
-Stability coefficients for the A-Trait scale were found to range from .73 to .86 across 3-15 week intervals, whereas the median stability coefficient for the A-State scale was .33 as would be expected for a situationally sensitive measure.<ref name="Spielberger, C. D., & Reheiser, E. C." /> Thus, two-week stability coefficients for the state anger scale were .27 (males) and .21 (females), while for the trait anger scale .70 (males) and .77 (females).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jacobs | first1 = G. A. | last2 = Latham | first2 = L. E. | last3 = Brown | first3 = M. S. | year = 1988 | title = Test-retest reliability of the State-Trait Personality Inventory and the Anger Expression Scale | url = | journal = Anxiety Research | volume = 1 | issue = | pages = 263–265 | doi=10.1080/08917778808248724}}</ref> Evidently, the STPI state scales appear to be sensitive to transitory fluctuations in emotional states, and as would be expected, the stability coefficients for the state scales are lower than those for the trait scales.
+This scale measures both state and trait anger, it is similar to the STAI in assessing state and trait emotions.  State anger (S-Anger) is a psychobiological state or condition. This state consists of varying intensities of anger. It is assumed that S-Anger would change over time, based on the situations of the person. Trait anger (T-Anger) is defined by the [[individual differences]] in how often that S-Anger was experienced over time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spielberger |first=Charles |date=1988 |title=State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/t29496-000 |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=PsycTESTS Dataset}}</ref>
-'''Validity'''
-'''Convergent/Concurrent Validity'''
-Spielberger and Reheiser<ref name="Spielberger, C. D., & Reheiser, E. C." /> reported convergence between the STPI scales and measures of corresponding constructs.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Krohne | first1 = H. | last2 = Schmukle | first2 = S. C. | last3 = Spaderna | first3 = H. | last4 = Spielberger | first4 = C. D. | year = 2002 | title = The State-Trait Depression Scales: An international comparison | url = | journal = Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal | volume = 15 | issue = | pages = 105–122 | doi=10.1080/10615800290028422}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Spielberger | first1 = C. D. | last2 = Ritterband | first2 = L. M. | last3 = Reheiser | first3 = E. C. | last4 = Brunner | first4 = T. M. | year = 2003 | title = The nature and measurement of depression | url = | journal = International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology | volume = 3 | issue = | pages = 209–234 }}</ref>
+===State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI)===
-For example, the trait depression scale exhibited an overall median correlation of .78 with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (ZUNG), and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)—(for a psychometric review of these scales, see Boyle<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boyle | first1 = G. J. | year = 1985 | title = Self-report measures of depression: Some psychometric considerations | url = | journal = British Journal of Clinical Psychology | volume = 24 | issue = | pages = 45–59 | doi=10.1111/j.2044-8260.1985.tb01312.x}}</ref>). The corresponding median correlation with the state depression scale was .66. Spielberger and Reheiser also found that the A-trait scale correlated .73 with the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS), and .85 with the Cattell Anxiety Scale Questionnaire (ASQ).<ref>Cattell, R. B., & Scheier, I. H. (1963). ''Handbook for the IPAT Anxiety Scale'' (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.</ref>
+The STAXI provides objective and shortly scored measures of a person’s experience, expression, and control of anger. It consists of 44 items, which make up 7 scales.<ref name="Sydeman" />  These scales measures six components of anger:
+# S-Anger: 10 questions
-'''Divergent/Discriminant Validity'''
+# T-Anger: 10 questions
-Spielberger reported that state anxiety and state anger correlated negatively with social desirability (-.14 and -.33, respectively).<ref>Spielberger, C. D. (1999). ''Professional Manual for the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2)''. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.</ref>
+# AX/In: 8 questions; This measures individual differences in how often feelings of anger are experienced and are held in and not acted on.
+# AX/Out: 8 questions; This measures individual differences in how often feelings of anger are acted upon towards people or objects.
+# AX/Con: 8 questions; This measures individual differences in how often a person tries to control their outward expression of anger.
+# AX/Ex: 24 questions; This provides a general view of how often anger is being experienced and expressed.
+===Six-item State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6)===
-'''Construct/Factor Analytic Validity'''
-Spielberger and Reheiser<ref name="Spielberger, C. D., & Reheiser, E. C." /> reported that separate factor analyses of the STPI scales supported the state-trait distinction.
+There is a short-form version of the state scale, consisting of six items chosen for reliability and validity. It is designed to be administered in circumstances that prohibit the use of the full-form, and produces scores that are comparable to using the full version.<ref name=pmid1393159>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00997.x |pmid=1393159 |title=The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) |journal=British Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=301–6 |year=1992 |last1=Marteau |first1=Theresa M |last2=Bekker |first2=Hilary |doi-access=free }}</ref>
-'''Criterion/Predictive Validity'''
-The STAI scales correlate with impaired performance and attentional bias.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Eysenck | first1 = M. W. | last2 = Derakshan | first2 = N. | year = 2011 | title = New perspectives in attentional control theory | url = | journal = Personality and Individual Differences | volume = 50 | issue = | pages = 955–960 | doi=10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.019}}</ref> Trait anger correlates with elevated blood pressure.<ref name="Spielberger, C. D., & Reheiser, E. C." /> Matthews et al.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Matthews | first1 = G. | last2 = Panganiban | first2 = A.R. | last3 = Hudlicka | first3 = E. | year = 2011 | title = Anxiety and selective attention to threat in tactical decision-making | url = | journal = Personality and Individual Differences | volume = 50 | issue = | pages = 949–954 | doi=10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.005}}</ref> showed that the STPI A-Trait scale correlated .40 with viewing frequency of threat stimuli. Wrenn et al.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wrenn | first1 = K. C. | last2 = Mostofsky | first2 = E. | last3 = Tofler | first3 = G. H. | last4 = Muller | first4 = J. E. | last5 = Mittleman | first5 = M. A. | year = 2013 | title = Anxiety, anger, and mortality risk among survivors of myocardial infarction | url = | journal = American Journal of Medicine | volume = 126 | issue = | pages = 1107–1113 | doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.07.022}}</ref> conducted a prospective cohort study of 1968 survivors of myocardial infarction using the STPI anxiety and anger scales, and found that anxiety predicted higher mortality risk over 10 years. Cromley et al. reported that the STPI trait anxiety and trait anger scales exhibited correlations with lower body satisfaction of .76 and .90 respectively.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cromley | first1 = T. | last2 = Knatz | first2 = S. | last3 = Rockwell | first3 = R. | last4 = Neumark-Sztainer | first4 = D. | last5 = Story | first5 = M. | last6 = Boutelle | first6 = K. | year = 2012 | title = Relationships between body satisfaction and psychological functioning and weight-related cognitions and behaviors in overweight adolescents | url = | journal = Journal of Adolescent Health | volume = 50 | issue = | pages = 651–653 | doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.10.252}}</ref>
 ==References==
+{{reflist}}
-<references/>
-[[Category:Clinical psychology tests]]
+[[Category:Anxiety screening and assessment tools]]