Tetramethylethylenediamine: Difference between revisions
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| ImageName1 = Ball and stick model of tetramethylethylenediamine |
| ImageName1 = Ball and stick model of tetramethylethylenediamine |
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| PIN = ''N'',''N'',''N''′,''N''′-Tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine<ref>{{cite web|title=''N'',''N'',''N''′,''N''′-tetramethylethylenediamine – Compound Summary|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=8037|work=PubChem Compound|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information|accessdate=30 June 2012|location=USA|date=16 September 2004}}</ref> |
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| OtherNames = |
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
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| Abbreviations = TMEDA, TEMED |
| Abbreviations = TMEDA, TEMED |
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| pKa = 8.97 |
| pKa = 8.97 |
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| pKb = 5.85 |
| pKb = 5.85 |
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| RefractIndex = 1.4179 |
| RefractIndex = 1.4179 (20 °C)<ref name="CRC90_3_480">{{CRC90}}</ref> |
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'''Tetramethylethylenediamine''' ('''TMEDA''' or '''TEMED''') is a [[chemical compound]] with the formula (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>NCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>N(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. This species is derived from [[ethylenediamine]] by replacement of the four [[amine]] [[hydrogen]]s with four [[methyl]] groups. It is a colorless liquid, although old samples often appear yellow. Its odor is |
'''Tetramethylethylenediamine''' ('''TMEDA''' or '''TEMED''') is a [[chemical compound]] with the formula (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>NCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>N(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. This species is derived from [[ethylenediamine]] by replacement of the four [[amine]] [[hydrogen]]s with four [[methyl]] groups. It is a colorless liquid, although old samples often appear yellow. Its odor is similar to that of rotting fish.<ref name=EROS>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Haynes |first1=R. K. |last2=Vonwiller |first2=S. C. |last3=Luderer |first3=M. R. | title = ''N'',''N'',''N''′,''N''′-Tetramethylethylenediamine | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis | editor-last = Paquette |editor-first=L. | year = 2006 | publisher = J. Wiley & Sons | location = New York | doi = 10.1002/047084289X.rt064.pub2 |chapter=N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethylenediamine |isbn=0471936235}}</ref> |
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==As a reagent in |
==As a reagent in synthesis== |
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TMEDA is widely employed as a [[ligand]] for metal ions. It forms stable complexes with many metal halides, e.g. [[zinc chloride]] and [[copper(I) iodide]], giving complexes that are soluble in organic solvents. In such complexes, TMEDA serves as a [[bidentate ligand]]. |
TMEDA is widely employed as a [[ligand]] for metal ions. It forms stable complexes with many metal halides, e.g. [[zinc chloride]] and [[copper(I) iodide]], giving complexes that are soluble in organic solvents. In such complexes, TMEDA serves as a [[bidentate ligand]]. |
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TMEDA has an affinity for [[lithium]] ions.<ref name=EROS/> When mixed with [[n-Butyllithium|''n''-butyllithium]], TMEDA's nitrogen atoms coordinate to the lithium, forming a cluster of higher reactivity than the tetramer or hexamer that ''n''-butyllithium |
TMEDA has an affinity for [[lithium]] ions.<ref name=EROS/> When mixed with [[n-Butyllithium|''n''-butyllithium]], TMEDA's nitrogen atoms coordinate to the lithium, forming a cluster of higher reactivity than the tetramer or hexamer that ''n''-butyllithium normally adopts. BuLi/TMEDA is able to [[metallate]] or even doubly metallate many substrates including [[benzene]], [[furan]], [[thiophene]], ''N''-alkyl[[pyrrole]]s, and [[ferrocene]].<ref name=EROS /> Many anionic organometallic complexes have been isolated as their [Li(tmeda)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup> complexes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morse |first1=P. M. |last2=Girolami |first2=G. S. | title = Are d<sup>0</sup> ML<sub>6</sub> Complexes Always Octahedral? The X-ray Structure of Trigonal Prismatic [Li(tmed)]<sub>2</sub>[ZrMe<sub>6</sub>] | journal = [[Journal of the American Chemical Society]] | year = 1989 | volume = 111 | issue = 11 | pages = 4114–4116 | doi = 10.1021/ja00193a061}}</ref> In such complexes [Li(tmeda)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup> behaves like a [[quaternary ammonium salt]], such as [NEt<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup>. |
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:[[File:LiHMDS-tmeda complex.png|thumb|left|TMEDA adduct of [[lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide]] Notice that the diamine is a bidentate ligand.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=K. W. |last1=Henderson |first2=A. E. |last2=Dorigo |first3=Q.-L. |last3=Liu |first4=P. G. |last4=Williard |title=Effect of Polydentate Donor Molecules on Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide Aggregation: An X-ray Crystallographic and a Combination Semiempirical PM3/Single Point ab Initio Theoretical Study |journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc. |date=1997 |volume=119 |page=11855 |doi=10.1021/ja971920t}}</ref>]]{{clear left}} |
:[[File:LiHMDS-tmeda complex.png|thumb|left|TMEDA adduct of [[lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide]] Notice that the diamine is a bidentate ligand.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=K. W. |last1=Henderson |first2=A. E. |last2=Dorigo |first3=Q.-L. |last3=Liu |first4=P. G. |last4=Williard |title=Effect of Polydentate Donor Molecules on Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide Aggregation: An X-ray Crystallographic and a Combination Semiempirical PM3/Single Point ab Initio Theoretical Study |journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc. |date=1997 |volume=119 |issue=49 |page=11855 |doi=10.1021/ja971920t}}</ref>]]{{clear left}} |
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[[sec-Butyllithium]]/TMEDA is a useful combination in organic synthesis where the ''n''-butyl analogue adds to substrate. TMEDA is still capable of forming a metal complex with Li in this case as mentioned above. |
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==In molecular biology== |
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TEMED is a common reagent in molecular biology laboratories, as a polymerizing agent for [[polyacrylamide]] gels in the protein analysis technique [[SDS-PAGE]].<ref name="Manns2011">{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/9780471729259.mca03ms22 |title=SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of Proteins |date=2011 |last1=Manns |first1=Joanne M. |journal=Current Protocols in Microbiology |volume=22 }}</ref> |
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==Other uses== |
==Other uses== |
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The complexes [[Tetramethylethylenediamine(dimethyl)nickel(II)|(TMEDA)Ni(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]] and [(TMEDA)Ni(''o''-tolyl)Cl] illustrate the use of tmeda to stabilize homogeneous catalysts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Shields |first1=Jason D. |last2=Gray |first2=Erin E. |last3=Doyle |first3=Abigail G. |date=2015-05-01 |title=A Modular, Air-Stable Nickel Precatalyst |journal=Organic Letters |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=2166–2169 |doi=10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00766 |pmc=4719147 |pmid=25886092}}</ref> <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Magano |first1=Javier |last2=Monfette |first2=Sebastien |date=2015-04-17 |title=Development of an Air-Stable, Broadly Applicable Nickel Source for Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling |journal=ACS Catalysis |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=3120–3123 |doi=10.1021/acscatal.5b00498}}</ref> |
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TEMED is used with [[ammonium persulfate]] to catalyze the [[polymerization]] of [[acrylamide]] when making [[polyacrylamide gel]]s, used in [[gel electrophoresis]], for the separation of proteins or nucleic acids. Although the amounts used in this technique may vary from method to method, 0.1–0.2% v/v TEMED is a "traditional" range. TEMED can also be a component of [[hypergolic propellant]]s. |
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[[File:Doyle catalyst.tif|center|355x355px|thumb|Synthesis of [(TMEDA)Ni(''o''-tolyl)Cl] ]] |
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==Related compounds== |
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*{{chem2|H2NCMe2\sCMe2NH2}}, also referred to as tetramethylethylenediamine.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ica.2003.05.010 |title=Solvent Exchange, Solvent Interchange, Aquation and Isomerisation Reactions of ''cis''- and ''trans''-[Co(tmen)<sub>2</sub>(NCMe)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>3+</sup> in Water, Me<sub>2</sub>SO and MeCN: Kinetics and Stereochemistry |date=2004 |last1=Jackson |first1=W.Gregory |last2=Rahman |first2=A.F.M.Mokhlesur |last3=Wong |first3=M.Anthony |journal=Inorganica Chimica Acta |volume=357 |issue=3 |pages=665–676 }}</ref> |
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*[[Bis(dimethylamino)methane]], {{chem2|Me2NCH2NMe2}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Latest revision as of 23:59, 29 September 2024
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| Names | |
|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name
N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine[1] | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| Abbreviations | TMEDA, TEMED |
| 1732991 | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.003.405 |
| EC Number |
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| 2707 | |
| MeSH | N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine |
PubChem CID
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| RTECS number |
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| UNII | |
| UN number | 2372 |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| |
| Properties | |
| C6H16N2 | |
| Molar mass | 116.208 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Odor | Fishy, ammoniacal |
| Density | 0.7765 g mL−1 (at 20 °C) |
| Melting point | −58.6 °C; −73.6 °F; 214.5 K |
| Boiling point | 121.1 °C; 249.9 °F; 394.2 K |
| Miscible | |
| Acidity (pKa) | 8.97 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 5.85 |
Refractive index (nD)
|
1.4179 (20 °C)[2] |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
  
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| Danger | |
| H225, H302, H314, H332 | |
| P210, P280, P305+P351+P338, P310 | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Flash point | 20 °C (68 °F; 293 K) |
| Explosive limits | 0.98–9.08% |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose)
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| Related compounds | |
Related amines
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Triethylenetetramine |
Related compounds
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| Supplementary data page | |
| Tetramethylethylenediamine (data page) | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA or TEMED) is a chemical compound with the formula (CH3)2NCH2CH2N(CH3)2. This species is derived from ethylenediamine by replacement of the four amine hydrogens with four methyl groups. It is a colorless liquid, although old samples often appear yellow. Its odor is similar to that of rotting fish.[4]
As a reagent in synthesis
[edit]TMEDA is widely employed as a ligand for metal ions. It forms stable complexes with many metal halides, e.g. zinc chloride and copper(I) iodide, giving complexes that are soluble in organic solvents. In such complexes, TMEDA serves as a bidentate ligand.
TMEDA has an affinity for lithium ions.[4] When mixed with n-butyllithium, TMEDA's nitrogen atoms coordinate to the lithium, forming a cluster of higher reactivity than the tetramer or hexamer that n-butyllithium normally adopts. BuLi/TMEDA is able to metallate or even doubly metallate many substrates including benzene, furan, thiophene, N-alkylpyrroles, and ferrocene.[4] Many anionic organometallic complexes have been isolated as their [Li(tmeda)2]+ complexes.[5] In such complexes [Li(tmeda)2]+ behaves like a quaternary ammonium salt, such as [NEt4]+.
TMEDA adduct of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide Notice that the diamine is a bidentate ligand.[6]
sec-Butyllithium/TMEDA is a useful combination in organic synthesis where the n-butyl analogue adds to substrate. TMEDA is still capable of forming a metal complex with Li in this case as mentioned above.
In molecular biology
[edit]TEMED is a common reagent in molecular biology laboratories, as a polymerizing agent for polyacrylamide gels in the protein analysis technique SDS-PAGE.[7]
Other uses
[edit]The complexes (TMEDA)Ni(CH3)2 and [(TMEDA)Ni(o-tolyl)Cl] illustrate the use of tmeda to stabilize homogeneous catalysts.[8] [9]
Related compounds
[edit]- H2NCMe2−CMe2NH2, also referred to as tetramethylethylenediamine.[10]
- Bis(dimethylamino)methane, Me2NCH2NMe2
References
[edit]- ^ "N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine – Compound Summary". PubChem Compound. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 16 September 2004. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.
- ^ "MSDS" (PDF).[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c Haynes, R. K.; Vonwiller, S. C.; Luderer, M. R. (2006). "N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethylenediamine". In Paquette, L. (ed.). N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethylenediamine. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rt064.pub2. ISBN 0471936235.
- ^ Morse, P. M.; Girolami, G. S. (1989). "Are d0 ML6 Complexes Always Octahedral? The X-ray Structure of Trigonal Prismatic [Li(tmed)]2[ZrMe6]". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 111 (11): 4114–4116. doi:10.1021/ja00193a061.
- ^ Henderson, K. W.; Dorigo, A. E.; Liu, Q.-L.; Williard, P. G. (1997). "Effect of Polydentate Donor Molecules on Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide Aggregation: An X-ray Crystallographic and a Combination Semiempirical PM3/Single Point ab Initio Theoretical Study". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119 (49): 11855. doi:10.1021/ja971920t.
- ^ Manns, Joanne M. (2011). "SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of Proteins". Current Protocols in Microbiology. 22. doi:10.1002/9780471729259.mca03ms22.
- ^ Shields, Jason D.; Gray, Erin E.; Doyle, Abigail G. (2015-05-01). "A Modular, Air-Stable Nickel Precatalyst". Organic Letters. 17 (9): 2166–2169. doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00766. PMC 4719147. PMID 25886092.
- ^ Magano, Javier; Monfette, Sebastien (2015-04-17). "Development of an Air-Stable, Broadly Applicable Nickel Source for Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling". ACS Catalysis. 5 (5): 3120–3123. doi:10.1021/acscatal.5b00498.
- ^ Jackson, W.Gregory; Rahman, A.F.M.Mokhlesur; Wong, M.Anthony (2004). "Solvent Exchange, Solvent Interchange, Aquation and Isomerisation Reactions of cis- and trans-[Co(tmen)2(NCMe)2]3+ in Water, Me2SO and MeCN: Kinetics and Stereochemistry". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 357 (3): 665–676. doi:10.1016/j.ica.2003.05.010.