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{{short description|1933 film}}
{{about|the film}}
{{about|the film}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox film
{{Infobox film
| name = I'm No Angel
| name = I'm No Angel
| image = I'm No Angel poster.jpg
| image = File:I'm No Angel (1933) poster.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = ''I'm No Angel'' poster
| caption = Original 1933 theatrical poster
| director = [[Wesley Ruggles]]
| director = [[Wesley Ruggles]]
| producer = [[William LeBaron]]
| producer = [[William LeBaron]]
| writer = [[Mae West]]<br>[[Harlan Thompson]]<br>Lowell Brentano (Suggestions)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/79021/I-m-No-Angel/full-credits.html | title = I'm No Angel (1933): Full Credits | work = TCM | publisher = [[Turner Classic Movies|Turner Classic Movies, Inc.]] | date = | access-date = }}</ref>
| writer = [[Mae West]]<br>[[Harlan Thompson]]<br>Lowell Brentano (Suggestions)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/79021/I-m-No-Angel/full-credits.html | title = I'm No Angel (1933): Full Credits | work = TCM | publisher = [[Turner Classic Movies|Turner Classic Movies, Inc.]] }}</ref>
| starring = Mae West<br>[[Cary Grant]]<br>[[Gregory Ratoff]]<br>[[Edward Arnold (actor)|Edward Arnold]]<br>[[Ralf Harolde]]
| starring = Mae West<br>[[Cary Grant]]<br>[[Gregory Ratoff]]<br>[[Edward Arnold (actor)|Edward Arnold]]<br>[[Ralf Harolde]]
| cinematography = [[Leo Tover]]
| cinematography = [[Leo Tover]]
| music = Herman Hand<br>[[Howard Jackson (composer)|Howard Jackson]]<br>Rudolph G. Kopp<br>[[John Leipold]]<br>[[Heinz Roemheld]]
| music = Herman Hand<br>[[Howard Jackson (composer)|Howard Jackson]]<br>[[Rudolph G. Kopp]]<br>[[John Leipold]]<br>[[Heinz Roemheld]]
| editing = [[Otho Lovering]]
| editing = [[Otho Lovering]]
| studio = [[Paramount Pictures]]
| studio = [[Paramount Pictures]]
| distributor = Paramount Pictures
| distributor = Paramount Pictures
| released = {{Start date|1933|10|6}}
| released = {{film date|1933|10|6}}
| runtime = 87 min.
| runtime = 87 minutes
| country = USA
| country = United States
| language = English
| language = English
| budget = $225,000 (estimated)<ref name="business">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0024166/business |title=Box office / business for I'm No Angel |work=IMDb |accessdate=2009-06-20}}</ref>
| budget = $225,000 (estimated)<ref name="business">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0024166/business |title=Box office / business for I'm No Angel |work=IMDb |access-date=June 20, 2009}}</ref>
| gross = $2,250,000 (rentals)<ref name=Argus1944>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11816878 |title=WHICH CINEMA FILMS HAVE EARNED THE MOST MONEY SINCE 1914?. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=March 4, 1944 |access-date=August 6, 2012 |page=3 Supplement: The Argus Weekend magazine |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
| gross = $2,850,000 (USA)<ref name="business"/>
}}
}}


'''''I'm No Angel''''' is a 1933 [[Pre-Code Hollywood|pre-code]] film directed by [[Wesley Ruggles]], and starring [[Mae West]] and [[Cary Grant]]. West received sole story and screenplay credit. It is one of her films that was not subjected to heavy censorship.
'''''I'm No Angel''''' is a 1933 American [[Pre-Code Hollywood|pre-Code]]<!--The "C" in pre-Code is capitalized as a compound hyphenated adjective within narratives. See examples of this form in captions and in running text under the section "Early sound film era" and elsewhere on Wiki page titled "Pre-Code Hollywood.!--> [[black comedy film]] directed by [[Wesley Ruggles]], and starring [[Mae West]] and [[Cary Grant]]. West received sole story and screenplay credit. It is one of her early films, and, as such, was not subjected to the heavy censorship that dogged her screenplays after [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] began enforcing the [[Hays Code]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/75964/lifelong-censorship-mae-west |title=The Lifelong Censorship of Mae West |last=Cellania |first=Miss |date=2 March 2016 |website=Mental Floss |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref>


==Plot==
==Plot==
[[Image:Mae West in I'm No Angel 3.jpg|left|thumb|Screenshot of Mae West performing her [[burlesque]] dance in front of men]]
[[Image:Mae West in I'm No Angel 3.jpg|left|thumb|Screenshot of Mae West performing her [[burlesque]] dance in front of men]]


Tira ([[Mae West]]) shimmies and sings in the [[sideshow]] of Big Bill Barton's Wonder Show, while her current boyfriend, [[Pickpocketing|pickpocket]] "Slick" ([[Ralf Harolde]]), relieves her distracted audience of their valuables for Big Bill ([[Edward Arnold (actor)|Edward Arnold]]). One of the rich customers, Ernest Brown, arranges a private rendezvous, during which Slick barges in and attempts to run a [[badger game]] on the customer. The customer threatens to call the cops, so Slick whacks him over the head with a bottle. Mistakenly thinking he has killed the man, Slick flees, but is caught and jailed.
Tira sings, struts and [[Belly dance|gyrates]] in the [[sideshow]] of Big Bill Barton's Wonder Show, while her current boyfriend, [[Pickpocketing|pickpocket]] "Slick", relieves her distracted audience of their valuables for Big Bill. One of the rich customers, Ernest Brown, arranges a private rendezvous, during which Slick barges in and attempts to run a [[badger game]] on the customer. The customer threatens to call the cops, so Slick whacks him over the head with a bottle. Mistakenly thinking he has killed the man, Slick flees, but is caught and jailed.


Fearing that Slick will implicate her, Tira asks Big Bill for a loan to retain her lawyer, Bennie Pinkowitz ([[Gregory Ratoff]]). He agrees on condition that she does her [[lion taming]] act, which includes putting her head into the mouth of one of the beasts, promising her that it will get her (and him) to the "Big Show". It does. (West did some of her own stunts, including riding an elephant into the ring.{{citation needed|date = July 2014}})
Fearing that Slick will implicate her, Tira asks Big Bill for a loan to retain her lawyer, Bennie Pinkowitz. He agrees on condition that she does her [[lion taming]] act, which includes putting her head into the mouth of one of the beasts, promising her that it will get her (and him) to the "Big Show". It does. (West did some of her own stunts, including riding an elephant into the ring.


Tira's fame takes her to New York City, where wealthy Kirk Lawrence ([[Kent Taylor]]) is smitten, despite being engaged to snobbish socialite Alicia Hatton ([[Gertrude Michael]]). He showers her with expensive gifts. Kirk's friend and even richer cousin, Jack Clayton ([[Cary Grant]]), goes to see Tira to ask her to leave Kirk and his fiancée alone. He ends up falling for her himself. Tira and Jack’s romance leads to a wedding engagement.
Tira's fame takes her to New York City, where wealthy Kirk Lawrence is smitten, despite being engaged to snobbish socialite Alicia Hatton. He showers her with expensive gifts. Kirk's friend and even richer cousin, Jack Clayton, goes to see Tira to ask her to leave Kirk and his fiancée alone. He ends up falling for her himself. Tira and Jack’s romance leads to a wedding engagement.


Tira tells Big Bill she is quitting to get married. Unwilling to lose his prize act, he has Slick, recently released from prison, sneak into Tira's penthouse suite, where Jack finds him in his robe. As a result, Jack breaks off the engagement. Tira sues Jack for breach of promise. The defense tries to use her past relationships to discredit her, but the judge allows her to cross examine the witnesses herself and in doing so she wins over not only the judge and jury, but also Jack. Jack agrees to give her a big settlement check. When he goes to see her, Tira tears up the check, and the two reconcile.
Tira tells Big Bill she is quitting to get married. Unwilling to lose his prize act, he has Slick, recently released from prison, sneak into Tira's penthouse suite, where Jack finds him in his robe. As a result, Jack breaks off the engagement. Tira sues Jack for breach of promise. The defense tries to use her past relationships to discredit her, but the judge allows her to cross examine the witnesses herself and in doing so she wins over not only the judge and jury, but also Jack. Jack agrees to give her a big settlement check. When he goes to see her, Tira tears up the check, and the two reconcile.

==Context==
''I'm No Angel'' was released immediately after ''[[She Done Him Wrong]]'', when Mae West was one of the nation's biggest box office attractions and its most controversial star. In the early 1930s, West's films were an important factor in saving [[Paramount Pictures]] from bankruptcy.<ref name=Variety>{{cite news|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 2, 1934|title=The Year in Pictures|page=3|url=https://archive.org/stream/variety113-1934-01#page/n2/mode/1up|accessdate=April 30, 2018}}</ref> Depression era audiences responded to the fantasy rise of a woman from the wrong side of the tracks. It was the most popular movie in the US in 1933.<ref>{{cite news|title=Box Office Champions of 1933|work=[[Motion Picture Herald]]|date=February 3, 1934|page=16|url=https://archive.org/stream/motionpictureher114unse#page/n449/mode/2up|accessdate=April 30, 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Mae West in I'm No Angel 2.jpg|left|thumb|[[Cary Grant]] and [[Mae West]] in ''I'm No Angel'' (1932), their 2nd film together.]]
Cary Grant starred opposite her for the second and final time; their first film together had been ''She Done Him Wrong''. Grant remained annoyed for decades that West often took credit for his career despite the fact that he had made major films before. The smash hit ''[[Blonde Venus]]'', starring [[Marlene Dietrich]] and Cary Grant, predates ''She Done Him Wrong'' by a year even though Mae West always claimed to have discovered Grant for her film, amusingly elaborating that up until then he had only made "some tests with starlets." She would frequently claim to various reporters through the years that she spotted him as an unknown walking across a parking lot, asked who he was (nobody knew according to her story) and stated that, "If he can talk, I'll use him in my next picture." This tale remains routinely incorporated into most magazine articles about either West or Grant to this day.{{citation needed|date = July 2014}}

West's ribald satire outraged moralists. Film historians cite her as one of the factors for the strict Hollywood [[production code]] that soon followed.{{citation needed|date = July 2014}} The Hays Office forced a few changes, including the title of the song "No One Does It Like a Dallas Man", altered to "No One Loves Me Like a Dallas Man".{{citation needed|date = July 2014}} [[David Niven]] claims, in an interview on [[Parkinson_(TV_series)|Parkinson]], that the Hays Office changed the title from "It Ain't No Sin".


==Cast==
==Cast==
[[File:I'm No Angel lobby card 2.jpg|thumb|right|Lobby card for the film with Cary Grant and Mae West]]
{{div col}}
{{div col}}
* [[Mae West]] as Tira
* [[Mae West]] as Tira
Line 55: Line 51:
* [[William B. Davidson]] as Ernest Brown (as Wm. B. Davidson)
* [[William B. Davidson]] as Ernest Brown (as Wm. B. Davidson)
* [[Gertrude Howard]] as Beulah Thorndyke, Tira's main maid
* [[Gertrude Howard]] as Beulah Thorndyke, Tira's main maid
* Libby Taylor as Libby, Tira's hairdressing maid
* [[Libby Taylor]] as Libby, Tira's hairdressing maid
* [[Hattie McDaniel]] as Tira's manicurist (uncredited)
* [[Hattie McDaniel]] as Tira's manicurist (uncredited)
* [[Irving Pichel]] as Clayton's lawyer (uncredited)
* [[Walter Walker (actor)|Walter Walker]] as the judge (uncredited)
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}

==Context==
''I'm No Angel'' was released immediately after ''[[She Done Him Wrong]]'', when Mae West was one of the nation's biggest box office attractions and its most controversial star. In the early 1930s, West's films were an important factor in saving [[Paramount Pictures]] from bankruptcy.<ref name=Variety>{{cite news|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 2, 1934|title=The Year in Pictures|page=3|url=https://archive.org/stream/variety113-1934-01#page/n2/mode/1up|access-date=April 30, 2018}}</ref> During the difficult times of the [[Great Depression]], many filmgoers responded enthusiastically to West, especially to her portrayal of a woman "from the wrong side of the tracks" achieving success both economically and socially.
[[File:Grant West I'm No Angel Still 1933.jpg|left|thumb|Grant with West in ''I'm No Angel'', their second film together.]]
Cary Grant starred opposite her for the second and final time; their first film together had been ''She Done Him Wrong''. Grant remained annoyed for decades that West often took credit for his career despite that he had made major films before. The smash hit ''[[Blonde Venus]]'', starring [[Marlene Dietrich]] and Cary Grant, predates ''She Done Him Wrong'' by a year even though Mae West always claimed to have discovered Grant for her film, amusingly elaborating that up until then he had only made "some tests with starlets." She would frequently claim to various reporters through the years that she had spotted him as an unknown walking across a parking lot, asked who he was, and, finding that nobody knew, declared, "If he can talk, I'll use him in my next picture." This tale was routinely incorporated into magazine articles about either West or Grant.{{citation needed|date = July 2014}}

West's ribald satire outraged moralists. Film historians cite her as one of the factors for the strict Hollywood [[production code]] that soon followed.{{citation needed|date = July 2014}} The Hays Office forced a few changes, including the title of the song "No One Does It Like a Dallas Man", altered to "No One Loves Me Like a Dallas Man".{{citation needed|date = July 2014}} [[David Niven]] claims, in an interview on [[Parkinson (TV series)|Parkinson]], that the Hays Office changed the title from "It Ain't No Sin".


==Reception==
==Reception==
The film was Paramount's biggest hit of the year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Box Office Champions of 1933|work=[[Motion Picture Herald]]|date=February 3, 1934|page=16|url=https://archive.org/stream/motionpictureher114unse#page/n449/mode/2up|accessdate=April 30, 2018}}</ref>
The film was Paramount's biggest hit of the year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Box Office Champions of 1933|work=[[Motion Picture Herald]]|date=February 3, 1934|page=16|url=https://archive.org/stream/motionpictureher114unse#page/n449/mode/2up|access-date=April 30, 2018}}</ref> It was also [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s favourite film.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}


== Signature Mae West lines ==
== Signature Mae West lines ==
* "Oh, Beulah, peel me a grape!"
* "Oh, Beulah, peel me a grape!"
* "Well, it's not the men in your life that counts, it's the life in your men." This line was nominated for the [[American Film Institute]]'s 2005 list [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/quotes400.pdf |title=AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes Nominees | publisher = [[American Film Institute]] |format=PDF |date= 2005 |accessdate=2016-07-30}}</ref>
* "Well, it's not the men in your life that counts, it's the life in your men." This line was nominated for the [[American Film Institute]]'s 2005 list [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/quotes400.pdf |title=AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes Nominees | publisher = [[American Film Institute]] |date= 2005 |access-date=July 30, 2016}}</ref>
* "When I'm good I'm very good. But when I'm bad I'm better."
* "When I'm good I'm very good. But when I'm bad I'm better."


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* {{IMDb title|0024166}}
* {{IMDb title|0024166}}
* {{AllMovie title|id=80247}}
* {{AllMovie title|id=80247}}
* {{tcmdb title|id=79021}}
* {{TCMDb title|id=79021}}
* {{AFI film|id=4197|title=I'm No Angel}}
* {{AFI film|id=4197|title=I'm No Angel}}
* [http://www.reelclassics.com/Actresses/Mae_West/maewest.htm Reel Classics]
* [http://www.reelclassics.com/Actresses/Mae_West/maewest.htm Reel Classics]
Line 113: Line 118:


[[Category:1933 films]]
[[Category:1933 films]]
[[Category:1930s musical films]]
[[Category:1930s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1930s romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:1933 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:American musical comedy films]]
[[Category:American musical comedy films]]
[[Category:American romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:American romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Circus films]]
[[Category:Circus films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Wesley Ruggles]]
[[Category:Films directed by Wesley Ruggles]]
[[Category:Films made before the MPAA Production Code]]
[[Category:Films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures films]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures films]]
[[Category:Screenplays by Mae West]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Mae West]]
[[Category:1933 musical comedy films]]
[[Category:American romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1930s English-language films]]
[[Category:1930s American films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Howard Jackson (composer)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rudolph G. Kopp]]
[[Category:Films scored by John Leipold]]
[[Category:Films scored by Heinz Roemheld]]
[[Category:English-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language romantic musical films]]
[[Category:English-language musical comedy films]]

Latest revision as of 03:05, 30 September 2024

I'm No Angel
Original 1933 theatrical poster
Directed byWesley Ruggles
Written byMae West
Harlan Thompson
Lowell Brentano (Suggestions)[1]
Produced byWilliam LeBaron
StarringMae West
Cary Grant
Gregory Ratoff
Edward Arnold
Ralf Harolde
CinematographyLeo Tover
Edited byOtho Lovering
Music byHerman Hand
Howard Jackson
Rudolph G. Kopp
John Leipold
Heinz Roemheld
Production
company
Distributed byParamount Pictures
Release date
  • October 6, 1933 (1933-10-06)
Running time
87 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$225,000 (estimated)[2]
Box office$2,250,000 (rentals)[3]

I'm No Angel is a 1933 American pre-Code black comedy film directed by Wesley Ruggles, and starring Mae West and Cary Grant. West received sole story and screenplay credit. It is one of her early films, and, as such, was not subjected to the heavy censorship that dogged her screenplays after Hollywood began enforcing the Hays Code.[4]

Plot

[edit]
Screenshot of Mae West performing her burlesque dance in front of men

Tira sings, struts and gyrates in the sideshow of Big Bill Barton's Wonder Show, while her current boyfriend, pickpocket "Slick", relieves her distracted audience of their valuables for Big Bill. One of the rich customers, Ernest Brown, arranges a private rendezvous, during which Slick barges in and attempts to run a badger game on the customer. The customer threatens to call the cops, so Slick whacks him over the head with a bottle. Mistakenly thinking he has killed the man, Slick flees, but is caught and jailed.

Fearing that Slick will implicate her, Tira asks Big Bill for a loan to retain her lawyer, Bennie Pinkowitz. He agrees on condition that she does her lion taming act, which includes putting her head into the mouth of one of the beasts, promising her that it will get her (and him) to the "Big Show". It does. (West did some of her own stunts, including riding an elephant into the ring.

Tira's fame takes her to New York City, where wealthy Kirk Lawrence is smitten, despite being engaged to snobbish socialite Alicia Hatton. He showers her with expensive gifts. Kirk's friend and even richer cousin, Jack Clayton, goes to see Tira to ask her to leave Kirk and his fiancée alone. He ends up falling for her himself. Tira and Jack’s romance leads to a wedding engagement.

Tira tells Big Bill she is quitting to get married. Unwilling to lose his prize act, he has Slick, recently released from prison, sneak into Tira's penthouse suite, where Jack finds him in his robe. As a result, Jack breaks off the engagement. Tira sues Jack for breach of promise. The defense tries to use her past relationships to discredit her, but the judge allows her to cross examine the witnesses herself and in doing so she wins over not only the judge and jury, but also Jack. Jack agrees to give her a big settlement check. When he goes to see her, Tira tears up the check, and the two reconcile.

Cast

[edit]
Lobby card for the film with Cary Grant and Mae West

Context

[edit]

I'm No Angel was released immediately after She Done Him Wrong, when Mae West was one of the nation's biggest box office attractions and its most controversial star. In the early 1930s, West's films were an important factor in saving Paramount Pictures from bankruptcy.[5] During the difficult times of the Great Depression, many filmgoers responded enthusiastically to West, especially to her portrayal of a woman "from the wrong side of the tracks" achieving success both economically and socially.

Grant with West in I'm No Angel, their second film together.

Cary Grant starred opposite her for the second and final time; their first film together had been She Done Him Wrong. Grant remained annoyed for decades that West often took credit for his career despite that he had made major films before. The smash hit Blonde Venus, starring Marlene Dietrich and Cary Grant, predates She Done Him Wrong by a year even though Mae West always claimed to have discovered Grant for her film, amusingly elaborating that up until then he had only made "some tests with starlets." She would frequently claim to various reporters through the years that she had spotted him as an unknown walking across a parking lot, asked who he was, and, finding that nobody knew, declared, "If he can talk, I'll use him in my next picture." This tale was routinely incorporated into magazine articles about either West or Grant.[citation needed]

West's ribald satire outraged moralists. Film historians cite her as one of the factors for the strict Hollywood production code that soon followed.[citation needed] The Hays Office forced a few changes, including the title of the song "No One Does It Like a Dallas Man", altered to "No One Loves Me Like a Dallas Man".[citation needed] David Niven claims, in an interview on Parkinson, that the Hays Office changed the title from "It Ain't No Sin".

Reception

[edit]

The film was Paramount's biggest hit of the year.[6] It was also Franklin D. Roosevelt's favourite film.[citation needed]

Signature Mae West lines

[edit]

Soundtrack

[edit]
  • "They Call Me Sister Honky-Tonk" (1933) (uncredited)
  • "That Dallas Man" (1933) (uncredited)
    • Music by Harvey Oliver Brooks
    • Lyrics by Gladys DuBois and Ben Ellison
    • Played on a record on which Mae West sings
  • "I Found a New Way to Go to Town" (1933) (uncredited)
  • "I Want You, I Need You" (1933) (uncredited)
  • "I'm No Angel" (1933) (uncredited)
    • Music by Harvey Oliver Brooks
    • Lyrics by Gladys DuBois and Ben Ellison
    • Sung by Mae West at the end and during the closing credits

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "I'm No Angel (1933): Full Credits". TCM. Turner Classic Movies, Inc.
  2. ^ "Box office / business for I'm No Angel". IMDb. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
  3. ^ "WHICH CINEMA FILMS HAVE EARNED THE MOST MONEY SINCE 1914?". The Argus. Melbourne. March 4, 1944. p. 3 Supplement: The Argus Weekend magazine. Retrieved August 6, 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  4. ^ Cellania, Miss (March 2, 2016). "The Lifelong Censorship of Mae West". Mental Floss. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  5. ^ "The Year in Pictures". Variety. January 2, 1934. p. 3. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  6. ^ "Box Office Champions of 1933". Motion Picture Herald. February 3, 1934. p. 16. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  7. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes Nominees" (PDF). American Film Institute. 2005. Retrieved July 30, 2016.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • When I'm Bad, I'm Better: Mae West, Sex, and American Entertainment, by Marybeth Hamilton (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). ISBN 0-520-21094-8
  • Goodness Had Nothing to Do with It, by Mae West (Avon: 1959). ASIN B0007HCX2O
  • Mae West: A Bio-Bibliography, by Carol M. Ward (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989). ISBN 0-313-24716-1
  • The Complete Films of Mae West, by Jon Tuska (Secaucus, NJ: Carol Pub. Group, 1992). ISBN 0-8065-1359-4
[edit]