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{{Short description|1947 film by George Seaton}}
{{Infobox film
{{Infobox film
| name = The Shocking Miss Pilgrim
|name = The Shocking Miss Pilgrim
| image = TheShockingMissPilgrim.jpg
|image = TheShockingMissPilgrim.jpg
|caption = Theatrical release poster
| image_size =
| caption = Original poster
|director = [[George Seaton]]
| director = [[George Seaton]]
|screenplay = George Seaton
| producer = [[William Perlberg]]
|story = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ernest Maas]]
| writer = George Seaton
* [[Frederica Sagor Maas|Frederica Sagor]]
| screenplay =
}}
| story =
|producer = [[William Perlberg]]
| based on = {{based on|a story |[[Ernest Maas]] and [[Frederica Sagor Maas|Frederica Sagor]]}}
| narrator =
|starring = {{Plainlist|
| starring = [[Betty Grable]]<br>[[Dick Haymes]]
* [[Betty Grable]]
* [[Dick Haymes]]
| music = [[Alfred Newman (composer)|Alfred Newman]]
* [[Anne Revere]]
| cinematography = [[Leon Shamroy]]
* [[Allyn Joslyn]]
| editing = [[Robert Simpson (film editor)|Robert L. Simpson]]
* [[Gene Lockhart]]
| studio = [[20th Century Fox]]
* [[Elizabeth Patterson (actress)|Elizabeth Patterson]]
| distributor = [[20th Century Fox]]
* [[Elisabeth Risdon]]
| released = January 04, 1947
* [[Arthur Shields]]
| runtime = 85 minutes
* [[Charles Kemper]]
| country = United States
* [[Roy Roberts]]
| language = English
}}
| budget = $2,595,000
|cinematography = [[Leon Shamroy]]
| gross = $2,734,000 (USA)
|editing = [[Robert Simpson (film editor)|Robert L. Simpson]]
| preceded_by =
|music = {{Plainlist|
| followed_by =
* [[Alfred Newman (composer)|Alfred Newman]]
* [[David Raksin]]
}}
|studio = [[20th Century Fox]]
|distributor = 20th Century Fox
|released = {{Film date|1947|01|04|df=y}}
|runtime = 85 minutes
|country = United States
|language = English
|budget = $2.6 million<!-- $2,595,000 -->
|gross = $2.2 million<!-- $2,250,000 --> (US rentals)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/stream/variety169-1948-01#page/n62/mode/1up|title=Top Grossers of 1947|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=7 January 1948|page=63}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''The Shocking Miss Pilgrim''''' is a [[1947 in film|1947]] [[Cinema of the United States|American]] [[musical film|musical]] [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[George Seaton]], starring [[Betty Grable]] and [[Dick Haymes]].
'''''The Shocking Miss Pilgrim''''' is a 1947 American [[Musical film|musical]] [[comedy film]] in [[Technicolor]] written and directed by [[George Seaton]] and starring [[Betty Grable]] and [[Dick Haymes]].


The screenplay, based on a story by [[Frederica Sagor Maas]] and [[Ernest Maas]], focuses on a young typist who becomes involved in the [[Women's suffrage|Women's Suffrage movement]] in 1874. The songs were composed by [[George Gershwin|George]] and [[Ira Gershwin]]. Though playing a very small role, it was [[Marilyn Monroe]]'s first film.
The screenplay, based on a story by [[Ernest Maas]] and [[Frederica Sagor Maas|Frederica Maas]], focuses on a young typist who becomes involved in the [[Women's suffrage|Women's Suffrage movement]] in 1874. The songs were composed by [[George Gershwin|George]] and [[Ira Gershwin]].


==Plot==
==Plot==
Cynthia Pilgrim is the top student of the first graduating class of the [[Packard Business College]] in [[New York City]], and as such she is offered a position with the Pritchard Shipping Company in [[Boston]]. There she finds an office of men overseen by office manager Mr. Saxon. When Cynthia introduces herself to company co-owner John Pritchard, he tells her he thought all expert typists were male and his policy is to hire only men. Cynthia asks for an opportunity to prove she's as efficient as her male counterparts, but John refuses and offers her train fare back to New York.
Cynthia Pilgrim is the top typewriting (i.e. typing) student of the first graduating class of the [[Packard Business College]] in [[New York City]], and as such she is offered a position as a typewriter (i.e. typist) with the Pritchard Shipping Company in [[Boston]]. There, she finds an office of men overseen by office manager Mr. Saxon. When Cynthia introduces herself to company co-owner John Pritchard, he tells her he thought all expert typists were male and his policy is to hire only men. Cynthia asks for an opportunity to prove she is as efficient as her male counterparts, but John refuses and offers her train fare back to New York.


John's aunt Alice, an avowed suffragette, has controlling interest in the company and insists Cynthia be given a chance. Cynthia finds accommodations at Catherine Dennison's [[boarding house]], where she meets an eclectic group of tenants, including poet Leander Woolsey, artist Michael Michael, and musician Herbert Jothan.
John's Aunt Alice, an avowed [[suffragist]], has the controlling interest in the company and insists that Cynthia be given a chance. Cynthia finds lodgings at Catherine Dennison's [[boarding house]], where she meets an eclectic group of tenants, including poet Leander Woolsey, artist Michael Michael, and musician Herbert Jothan.


John invites Cynthia to dinner but she prefers not to socialize with her employer. She does allow him to escort her to one of his aunt's rallies, where she impresses the other women. When John's mother asks her to dine with them on the evening of the Regimental Ball, Cynthia feels she won't fit in with the woman's social circle, so her rooming house companions coach her on how to behave like a snob. Cynthia is delighted to discover their efforts were unnecessary, because Mrs. Pritchard proves to be down-to-earth and a supporter of Cynthia's desire to be treated equally in the workplace.
John invites Cynthia to dinner, but she prefers not to socialize with her employer. She does allow him to escort her to one of his aunt's suffragist rallies, where she impresses the other women, despite John's standing up from the audience and asking her awkward questions about management and labor getting closer together. When John's mother asks her to dine with them on the evening of the Regimental Ball, Cynthia feels she would not fit in with the woman's social circle, so her rooming house companions coach her on how to behave unpleasantly, thinking the mother is a snob. Cynthia is delighted to discover their efforts were unnecessary, because Mrs. Pritchard proves to be down-to-earth and a supporter of Cynthia's desire to be treated equally in the workplace.


John begins to date Cynthia, and eventually they become engaged. He tries to persuade her to give up her involvement in the suffrage movement, but she insists she cannot abandon such a worthy cause. They break their engagement and she is fired from her job, but none of the people hired to replace her please Mr. Saxon. He and John go to a local school to find yet another candidate for the position. There he discovers its general manager is Cynthia, and the two are reunited in business as well as in love.
John begins to date Cynthia, and eventually they become engaged. He tries to persuade her to give up her involvement in the suffrage movement, but she insists she cannot abandon such a worthy cause. They break their engagement and she is fired from her job, but none of the people hired by Mr. Saxon to replace her please Mr. Pritchard. He and John go, in desperation, to a local school to find yet another candidate for the position. There, John discovers that its general manager is Cynthia, and the two are reunited in business as well as in love.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Betty Grable]] as Cynthia Pilgrim
* [[Dick Haymes]] as John Pritchard
* [[Anne Revere]] as Alice Pritchard
* [[Gene Lockhart]] as Mr. Saxon
* [[Elizabeth Patterson (actress)|Elizabeth Patterson]] as Catherine Dennison
* [[Allyn Joslyn]] as Leander Woolsey
* [[Arthur Shields]] as Michael Michael
* [[Charles Kemper]] as Herbert Jothan
* [[Elisabeth Risdon]] as Mrs. Pritchard (John's mother)
}}


==Production==
==Production==
In 1941, husband-and-wife screenwriting team Ernest Maas and Frederica Sagor collaborated on ''Miss Pilgrim's Progress'', a story about a young woman who enters the business world by demonstrating the newly invented typewriter in the window of a [[Wall Street]] establishment. When she tries to fend off the unwanted advances of one of the firm's clerks, her employer comes to her rescue but is killed when he falls down the stairs in the ensuing altercation. Abigail Pilgrim becomes the focus of a murder trial that attracts widespread coverage by the media and the attention of [[Susan B. Anthony]] when the concept of women working in offices comes under fire.<ref>Maas, Frederica Sagor, ''The Shocking Miss Pilgrim: A Writer in Early Hollywood''. University Press of Kentucky 1999. ISBN 0-8131-2122-1, pp. 232-234</ref>
In 1941, husband-and-wife screenwriting team Ernest Maas and Frederica Sagor collaborated on ''Miss Pilgrim's Progress'', a story about a young woman who enters the business world by demonstrating the newly invented typewriter in the window of a [[Wall Street]] establishment. When she tries to fend off the unwanted advances of one of the firm's clerks, her employer comes to her rescue but is killed when he falls down the stairs in the ensuing altercation. Abigail Pilgrim becomes the focus of a murder trial that attracts widespread coverage by the media and the attention of [[Susan B. Anthony]] when the concept of women working in offices comes under fire.<ref>Maas, Frederica Sagor, ''The Shocking Miss Pilgrim: A Writer in Early Hollywood''. University Press of Kentucky 1999. {{ISBN|0-8131-2122-1}}, pp. 232-234</ref>


Acting as their agent, [[Paul Kohner]] brought the story to several studios. [[RKO Pictures|RKO]] and [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] expressed some interest, but both eventually passed. [[20th Century Fox]] finally purchased the screen rights, but the outline remained filed away until [[Darryl F. Zanuck]], searching for material for [[Betty Grable]], remembered it and decided to tailor it to his leading lady's talents. After it underwent several rewrites, Zanuck assigned the task of whipping the screenplay into shooting shape to George Seaton, who would also direct. Working with [[Kay Swift]], Ira Gershwin sorted through songs he and his brother George had written but never used and selected eleven for the film's musical numbers. Frederica Sagor was unhappy with the tunes and later observed, "Not even if they had scraped the very bottom of the barrel could they have come up with something so unmelodious." Displeased with the treatment her and her husband's original story was given, she called the end result "another stupid boy-meets-girl Zanuck travesty." <ref>''The Shocking Miss Pilgrim'', pp. 235-238</ref>
Acting as their agent, [[Paul Kohner]] brought the story to several studios. [[RKO Pictures|RKO]] and [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] expressed some interest, but both eventually passed. [[20th Century Fox]] finally purchased the screen rights, and initially planned on starring [[Jeanne Crain]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1944/10/18/archives/screen-news-fox-picks-starring-film-for-jeanne-crain.htmla|title=Fox Picks Starring Film for Jeanne Crain|author=Screen News|date=18 October 1944|publisher=New York Times, page 25|access-date=28 November 2022}}</ref> but the project stalled. Finally, studio head [[Darryl F. Zanuck]], searching for material for [[Betty Grable]], decided to tailor it to her talents, cutting Crain loose. After it underwent several rewrites, Zanuck assigned the task of whipping the screenplay into shooting shape to George Seaton, who would also direct. Working with [[Kay Swift]], Ira Gershwin sorted through songs he and his brother George had written but never used and selected eleven for the film's musical numbers. Frederica Sagor was unhappy with the tunes and later observed, "Not even if they had scraped the very bottom of the barrel could they have come up with something so unmelodious." Displeased with the treatment her and her husband's original story was given, she called the result "another stupid boy-meets-girl Zanuck travesty."<ref>''The Shocking Miss Pilgrim'', pp. 235-238</ref>


Despite Betty Grable's popularity as a top moneymaking film star at this time, ''The Shocking Miss Pilgrim'' was a box office disappointment.
==Cast==
*[[Betty Grable]] ..... Cynthia Pilgrim
*[[Dick Haymes]] ..... John Pritchard
*[[Anne Revere]] ..... Alice Pritchard
*[[Gene Lockhart]] ..... Mr. Saxon
*[[Elizabeth Patterson (actress)|Elizabeth Patterson]] ..... Catherine Dennison
*[[Allyn Joslyn]] ..... Leander Woolsey
*[[Arthur Shields]] ..... Michael Michael
*[[Charles Kemper]] ..... Herbert Jothan
*[[Elisabeth Risdon]] ..... Mrs. Pritchard


==Song list==
==Song list==
*Sweet Packard ..... Ensemble
* ''Sweet Packard''
** Music by [[George Gershwin]]
*Changing My Tune ..... Betty Grable
** Lyrics by [[Ira Gershwin]]
*Stand Up and Fight ..... Anne Revere, Betty Grable, Dick Haymes, and Ensemble
** Performed by ensemble
*[[Aren't You Kinda Glad We Did?]] ..... Dick Haymes and Betty Grable
* ''Changing My Tune''
*The Back Bay Polka ..... Ensemble
** Music by George Gershwin
*One, Two, Three ..... Dick Haymes and Ensemble
** Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
*Waltzing is Better Sitting Down ..... Dick Haymes and Betty Grable
** Performed by Betty Grable
*Demon Rum ..... Ensemble
* ''Stand Up and Fight''
*[[For You, For Me, For Evermore]] ..... Dick Haymes and Betty Grable
** Music by George Gershwin
*Sweet Packard ..... Ensemble
** Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
*Changing My Tune ..... Betty Grable
** Performed by Anne Revere, Betty Grable, Dick Haymes and ensemble
* ''[[Aren't You Kinda Glad We Did?]]''
** Music by George Gershwin
** Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
** Performed by Dick Haymes and Betty Grable
* ''The Back Bay Polka''
** Music by George Gershwin
** Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
** Performed by Allyn Joslyn, Charles Kemper, Elizabeth Patterson, Lillian Bronson
Arthur Shields and Betty Grable

* ''One, Two, Three''
** Music by George Gershwin
** Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
** Performed by Dick Haymes and ensemble
** Danced by Betty Grable and Dick Haymes
* ''Waltzing is Better Sitting Down''
** Music by George Gershwin
** Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
** Performed by Dick Haymes and Betty Grable
* ''Demon Rum''
** Music by George Gershwin
** Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
** Performed by ensemble
* ''[[For You, For Me, For Evermore]]''
** Music by George Gershwin
** Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
** Performed by Dick Haymes and Betty Grable


==Critical reception==
==Critical reception==
[[Bosley Crowther]] of the ''[[New York Times]]'' felt in a few of the songs "a certain exuberance is momentarily achieved," but he thought "the bulk of the music is as sticky as toothpaste being squeezed out of a tube." He added, "Miss Grable and Mr. Haymes are neither given nor deserve a script if the caliber of their performances is a valid criterion, and several other minor actors behave ridiculously in silly roles. There is no more voltage in ''The Shocking Miss Pilgrim'' than in a badly used dry cell." <ref>[http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F02E0DB133EEE3BBC4A52DFB466838C659EDE ''New York Times'' review]</ref>
[[Bosley Crowther]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' felt in a few of the songs "a certain exuberance is momentarily achieved," but he thought "the bulk of the music is as sticky as toothpaste being squeezed out of a tube." He added, "Miss Grable and Mr. Haymes are neither given nor deserve a script if the caliber of their performances is a valid criterion, and several other minor actors behave ridiculously in silly roles. There is no more voltage in ''The Shocking Miss Pilgrim'' than in a badly used dry cell."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F02E0DB133EEE3BBC4A52DFB466838C659EDE|title=Shocking Miss Pilgrim . . moves into Roxy Theatre|author=Bosley Crowther|date=12 February 1947|website=The Screen|publisher=The New York Times, p. 34|access-date=28 November 2022}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0039819}}
* {{IMDb title|0039819}}
* {{amg title|id=109947}}
* {{AllMovie title|109947}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|the_shocking_miss_pilgrim}}
* {{tcmdb title|id=89971}}
* {{AFI film|25347}}
* {{TCMDb title|89971}}
* {{YouTube|mOPtx12fgcQ|''The Shocking Miss Pilgrim'' film clip}}


{{George Seaton}}
{{George Seaton}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Shocking Miss Pilgrim, The}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shocking Miss Pilgrim, The}}
[[Category:1947 films]]
[[Category:1947 films]]
[[Category:1940s musical comedy films]]
[[Category:1947 musical comedy films]]
[[Category:1940s romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:1947 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:1940s English-language films]]
[[Category:1940s feminist films]]
[[Category:1940s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:20th Century Fox films]]
[[Category:American feminist comedy films]]
[[Category:American musical comedy films]]
[[Category:American musical comedy films]]
[[Category:American romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:American romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:American romantic musical films]]
[[Category:American romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1870s]]
[[Category:Films directed by George Seaton]]
[[Category:Films produced by William Perlberg]]
[[Category:Films scored by Alfred Newman]]
[[Category:Films scored by David Raksin]]
[[Category:Films set in 1874]]
[[Category:Films set in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Films set in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:20th Century Fox films]]
[[Category:Films scored by George Gershwin]]
[[Category:Films directed by George Seaton]]
[[Category:1940s American films]]
[[Category:English-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language romantic musical films]]
[[Category:English-language musical comedy films]]

Latest revision as of 03:23, 30 September 2024

The Shocking Miss Pilgrim
Theatrical release poster
Directed byGeorge Seaton
Screenplay byGeorge Seaton
Story by
Produced byWilliam Perlberg
Starring
CinematographyLeon Shamroy
Edited byRobert L. Simpson
Music by
Production
company
Distributed by20th Century Fox
Release date
  • 4 January 1947 (1947-01-04)
Running time
85 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$2.6 million
Box office$2.2 million (US rentals)[1]

The Shocking Miss Pilgrim is a 1947 American musical comedy film in Technicolor written and directed by George Seaton and starring Betty Grable and Dick Haymes.

The screenplay, based on a story by Ernest Maas and Frederica Maas, focuses on a young typist who becomes involved in the Women's Suffrage movement in 1874. The songs were composed by George and Ira Gershwin.

Plot

[edit]

Cynthia Pilgrim is the top typewriting (i.e. typing) student of the first graduating class of the Packard Business College in New York City, and as such she is offered a position as a typewriter (i.e. typist) with the Pritchard Shipping Company in Boston. There, she finds an office of men overseen by office manager Mr. Saxon. When Cynthia introduces herself to company co-owner John Pritchard, he tells her he thought all expert typists were male and his policy is to hire only men. Cynthia asks for an opportunity to prove she is as efficient as her male counterparts, but John refuses and offers her train fare back to New York.

John's Aunt Alice, an avowed suffragist, has the controlling interest in the company and insists that Cynthia be given a chance. Cynthia finds lodgings at Catherine Dennison's boarding house, where she meets an eclectic group of tenants, including poet Leander Woolsey, artist Michael Michael, and musician Herbert Jothan.

John invites Cynthia to dinner, but she prefers not to socialize with her employer. She does allow him to escort her to one of his aunt's suffragist rallies, where she impresses the other women, despite John's standing up from the audience and asking her awkward questions about management and labor getting closer together. When John's mother asks her to dine with them on the evening of the Regimental Ball, Cynthia feels she would not fit in with the woman's social circle, so her rooming house companions coach her on how to behave unpleasantly, thinking the mother is a snob. Cynthia is delighted to discover their efforts were unnecessary, because Mrs. Pritchard proves to be down-to-earth and a supporter of Cynthia's desire to be treated equally in the workplace.

John begins to date Cynthia, and eventually they become engaged. He tries to persuade her to give up her involvement in the suffrage movement, but she insists she cannot abandon such a worthy cause. They break their engagement and she is fired from her job, but none of the people hired by Mr. Saxon to replace her please Mr. Pritchard. He and John go, in desperation, to a local school to find yet another candidate for the position. There, John discovers that its general manager is Cynthia, and the two are reunited in business as well as in love.

Cast

[edit]

Production

[edit]

In 1941, husband-and-wife screenwriting team Ernest Maas and Frederica Sagor collaborated on Miss Pilgrim's Progress, a story about a young woman who enters the business world by demonstrating the newly invented typewriter in the window of a Wall Street establishment. When she tries to fend off the unwanted advances of one of the firm's clerks, her employer comes to her rescue but is killed when he falls down the stairs in the ensuing altercation. Abigail Pilgrim becomes the focus of a murder trial that attracts widespread coverage by the media and the attention of Susan B. Anthony when the concept of women working in offices comes under fire.[2]

Acting as their agent, Paul Kohner brought the story to several studios. RKO and MGM expressed some interest, but both eventually passed. 20th Century Fox finally purchased the screen rights, and initially planned on starring Jeanne Crain,[3] but the project stalled. Finally, studio head Darryl F. Zanuck, searching for material for Betty Grable, decided to tailor it to her talents, cutting Crain loose. After it underwent several rewrites, Zanuck assigned the task of whipping the screenplay into shooting shape to George Seaton, who would also direct. Working with Kay Swift, Ira Gershwin sorted through songs he and his brother George had written but never used and selected eleven for the film's musical numbers. Frederica Sagor was unhappy with the tunes and later observed, "Not even if they had scraped the very bottom of the barrel could they have come up with something so unmelodious." Displeased with the treatment her and her husband's original story was given, she called the result "another stupid boy-meets-girl Zanuck travesty."[4]

Despite Betty Grable's popularity as a top moneymaking film star at this time, The Shocking Miss Pilgrim was a box office disappointment.

Song list

[edit]
  • Sweet Packard
  • Changing My Tune
    • Music by George Gershwin
    • Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
    • Performed by Betty Grable
  • Stand Up and Fight
    • Music by George Gershwin
    • Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
    • Performed by Anne Revere, Betty Grable, Dick Haymes and ensemble
  • Aren't You Kinda Glad We Did?
    • Music by George Gershwin
    • Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
    • Performed by Dick Haymes and Betty Grable
  • The Back Bay Polka
    • Music by George Gershwin
    • Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
    • Performed by Allyn Joslyn, Charles Kemper, Elizabeth Patterson, Lillian Bronson

Arthur Shields and Betty Grable

  • One, Two, Three
    • Music by George Gershwin
    • Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
    • Performed by Dick Haymes and ensemble
    • Danced by Betty Grable and Dick Haymes
  • Waltzing is Better Sitting Down
    • Music by George Gershwin
    • Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
    • Performed by Dick Haymes and Betty Grable
  • Demon Rum
    • Music by George Gershwin
    • Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
    • Performed by ensemble
  • For You, For Me, For Evermore
    • Music by George Gershwin
    • Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
    • Performed by Dick Haymes and Betty Grable

Critical reception

[edit]

Bosley Crowther of The New York Times felt in a few of the songs "a certain exuberance is momentarily achieved," but he thought "the bulk of the music is as sticky as toothpaste being squeezed out of a tube." He added, "Miss Grable and Mr. Haymes are neither given nor deserve a script if the caliber of their performances is a valid criterion, and several other minor actors behave ridiculously in silly roles. There is no more voltage in The Shocking Miss Pilgrim than in a badly used dry cell."[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Top Grossers of 1947". Variety. 7 January 1948. p. 63.
  2. ^ Maas, Frederica Sagor, The Shocking Miss Pilgrim: A Writer in Early Hollywood. University Press of Kentucky 1999. ISBN 0-8131-2122-1, pp. 232-234
  3. ^ Screen News (18 October 1944). "Fox Picks Starring Film for Jeanne Crain". New York Times, page 25. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  4. ^ The Shocking Miss Pilgrim, pp. 235-238
  5. ^ Bosley Crowther (12 February 1947). "Shocking Miss Pilgrim . . moves into Roxy Theatre". The Screen. The New York Times, p. 34. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
[edit]