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*''Antirrhinum purpureum'' <small>L.</small>
*''Antirrhinum purpureum'' <small>L.</small>
*''Termontis purpurea'' <small>(L.) Raf.</small>
*''Termontis purpurea'' <small>(L.) Raf.</small>
}}
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{citation
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{citation
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2499859
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2499859
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|accessdate=13 September 2016}}</ref>
|access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Linaria purpurea''''' is a species of flowering plant in the [[Plantaginaceae|plantain family]] known by the common name '''purple toadflax'''.<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |accessdate=2014-10-17 }}</ref><ref name=PLANTS>{{PLANTS|id=LIPU3|taxon=Linaria purpurea|accessdate=26 January 2016}}</ref>
'''''Linaria purpurea''''' or '''purple toadflax''' is a purple-flowered plant native to Italy, part of the plantain family ([[Plantaginaceae]]). It is sometimes planted in gardens and is also an introduced weed in North America and other parts of Europe.<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref><ref name=PLANTS>{{PLANTS|id=LIPU3|taxon=Linaria purpurea|access-date=26 January 2016}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Purple Toadflax. Linaria purpurea. Scrophulariaceae - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg|thumb|left|Flowers]]
[[File:Purple Toadflax. Linaria purpurea. Scrophulariaceae - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg|thumb|left|Flowers]]
It is a perennial herb growing 30 to 70 centimeters tall with linear leaves 2 to 5 centimeters in length. The [[inflorescence]] is a [[raceme]] of flowers occupying the top of the stem. The flower is between 1 and 2 centimeters long with five lobes arranged into two lips with a spur at the end. The flower is usually light to medium purple in color. The fruit is a capsule.
It is a [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous]] plant growing 30 to 70 centimeters tall with linear leaves 2 to 5 centimeters in length. The [[inflorescence]] is a [[raceme]] of flowers occupying the top of the stem. The flower is between 1 and 2 centimeters long with five lobes arranged into two lips with a spur at the end. The flower is usually light to medium purple in color. The fruit is a capsule.


There is a pale pink cultivar of the species named 'Canon Went'.<ref>https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=1172</ref>
There is a pale pink cultivar of the species named 'Canon Went'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=1172|title = Linaria purpurea 'Canon Went' &#124; purple toadflax 'Canon Went' Herbaceous Perennial/RHS Gardening}}</ref>


==Range==
==Range==
It is native to [[Italy]],<ref>{{GRIN | accessdate = 19 January 2018}}</ref> but it can be found growing wild as an [[introduced species]] in parts of western North America, including [[California]],<ref>[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7177,7370,7376 Jepson Manual Treatment]</ref> western [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]],<ref>[http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Linaria&Species=purpurea Burke Museum]</ref> and [[British Columbia]],<ref name=PLANTS/> and it is cultivated as an [[ornamental plant]].<ref>[http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A242 Kemper Garden Center]</ref> It occurs naturally in moist, moderately nutrient-rich places.
It is native to [[Italy]],<ref>{{GRIN | accessdate = 19 January 2018}}</ref> but it can be found growing wild as an [[introduced species]] in parts of western North America, including [[California]],<ref>[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7177,7370,7376 Jepson Manual Treatment]</ref> western [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]],<ref>[http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Linaria&Species=purpurea Burke Museum]</ref> and [[British Columbia]],<ref name=PLANTS/> and it is cultivated as an [[ornamental plant]].<ref>[http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A242 Kemper Garden Center]</ref>
It occurs naturally in moist, moderately nutrient-rich places.
In the UK it is regarded as something of a weed, spreading readily on stony waste ground and walls, although it is tolerated for its attractive, long-lasting flowers which are very attractive to bees.<ref> https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/apr/27/alys-fowler-gardening-column-toadflax Retrieved at 9.55 on 18/6/21</ref>
In the UK it is regarded as something of a weed, spreading readily on stony waste ground and walls, although it is tolerated for its attractive, long-lasting flowers which are very attractive to bees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-27 |title=Alys Fowler: toadflax |url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/apr/27/alys-fowler-gardening-column-toadflax |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>


==Toxicity and chemistry==
==Toxicity and chemistry==
This plant is poisonous to livestock, though ruminants may tend to avoid consuming it. The larvae of some species of [[Lepidoptera]] (butterflies) use this plant as a food source.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brickfieldspark.org/data/purpletoadflax.htm|title=Purple Toadflax - Linaria purpurea, species information page|website=www.brickfieldspark.org|access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref>
This plant is poisonous to livestock, though ruminants may tend to avoid consuming it. The larvae of some species of [[Lepidoptera]] (butterflies) use this plant as a food source.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brickfieldspark.org/data/purpletoadflax.htm|title=Purple Toadflax - Linaria purpurea, species information page|website=www.brickfieldspark.org|access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref>
In a recent study conducted in Italy the plant was found to contain a compound exhibiting [[Fungistatics|antifungal]] activity, which drastically reduced the production of [[aflatoxin B1]] in ''[[Aspergillus flavus]]'' <small>Link.</small>, making it a potential natural and 'green' anti-aflatoxin B1 agent suitable for use in the [[food industry]].<ref>Abstract: ''Industrial Crops and Products'' Vol. 139, 1 November 2019 "Phytochemical analysis of Linaria purpurea (L.) Mill. and inhibitory activity on the production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Aspergillus flavus Link. of one of its metabolites, antirrhinoside"</ref>
In a recent study conducted in Italy the plant was found to contain a compound exhibiting [[Fungistatics|antifungal]] activity, which drastically reduced the production of [[aflatoxin B1]] in ''[[Aspergillus flavus]]'' <small>Link.</small>, making it a potential natural and 'green' anti-aflatoxin B1 agent suitable for use in the [[food industry]].<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334596739_Phytochemical_analysis_of_Linaria_purpurea_L_Mill_and_inhibitory_activity_on_the_production_of_aflatoxin_B1_AFB1_in_Aspergillus_flavus_Link_of_one_of_its_metabolites_antirrhinoside Abstract: Frezza, C., Venditti, A., Marcucci, E. and Parroni, A. ''Industrial Crops and Products'' Vol. 139, 1 November 2019 "Phytochemical analysis of Linaria purpurea (L.) Mill. and inhibitory activity on the production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Aspergillus flavus Link. of one of its metabolites, antirrhinoside"</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 03:32, 30 September 2024

Linaria purpurea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Linaria
Species:
L. purpurea
Binomial name
Linaria purpurea
Synonyms[1]
  • Antirrhinum purpureum L.
  • Termontis purpurea (L.) Raf.

Linaria purpurea or purple toadflax is a purple-flowered plant native to Italy, part of the plantain family (Plantaginaceae). It is sometimes planted in gardens and is also an introduced weed in North America and other parts of Europe.[2][3]

Description

[edit]
Flowers

It is a perennial herbaceous plant growing 30 to 70 centimeters tall with linear leaves 2 to 5 centimeters in length. The inflorescence is a raceme of flowers occupying the top of the stem. The flower is between 1 and 2 centimeters long with five lobes arranged into two lips with a spur at the end. The flower is usually light to medium purple in color. The fruit is a capsule.

There is a pale pink cultivar of the species named 'Canon Went'.[4]

Range

[edit]

It is native to Italy,[5] but it can be found growing wild as an introduced species in parts of western North America, including California,[6] western Washington,[7] and British Columbia,[3] and it is cultivated as an ornamental plant.[8]

It occurs naturally in moist, moderately nutrient-rich places. In the UK it is regarded as something of a weed, spreading readily on stony waste ground and walls, although it is tolerated for its attractive, long-lasting flowers which are very attractive to bees.[9]

Toxicity and chemistry

[edit]

This plant is poisonous to livestock, though ruminants may tend to avoid consuming it. The larvae of some species of Lepidoptera (butterflies) use this plant as a food source.[10] In a recent study conducted in Italy the plant was found to contain a compound exhibiting antifungal activity, which drastically reduced the production of aflatoxin B1 in Aspergillus flavus Link., making it a potential natural and 'green' anti-aflatoxin B1 agent suitable for use in the food industry.[11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 13 September 2016
  2. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  3. ^ a b NRCS. "Linaria purpurea". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  4. ^ "Linaria purpurea 'Canon Went' | purple toadflax 'Canon Went' Herbaceous Perennial/RHS Gardening".
  5. ^ "Linaria purpurea". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  6. ^ Jepson Manual Treatment
  7. ^ Burke Museum
  8. ^ Kemper Garden Center
  9. ^ "Alys Fowler: toadflax". The Guardian. 2013-04-27. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  10. ^ "Purple Toadflax - Linaria purpurea, species information page". www.brickfieldspark.org. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
  11. ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334596739_Phytochemical_analysis_of_Linaria_purpurea_L_Mill_and_inhibitory_activity_on_the_production_of_aflatoxin_B1_AFB1_in_Aspergillus_flavus_Link_of_one_of_its_metabolites_antirrhinoside Abstract: Frezza, C., Venditti, A., Marcucci, E. and Parroni, A. Industrial Crops and Products Vol. 139, 1 November 2019 "Phytochemical analysis of Linaria purpurea (L.) Mill. and inhibitory activity on the production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Aspergillus flavus Link. of one of its metabolites, antirrhinoside"
[edit]

Media related to Linaria purpurea at Wikimedia Commons

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