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Low fantasy, or intrusion fantasy, is a subgenre of fantasy fiction in which magical events intrude on an otherwise-normal world.^[1]^[2] The term thus contrasts with high fantasy stories, which take place in fictional worlds that have their own sets of rules and physical laws.

Intrusion fantasy places less emphasis on elements typically associated with fantasy and sets a narrative in realistic environments with elements of the fantastical. Sometimes, there are just enough fantastical elements to make ambiguous the boundary between what is real and what is purely psychological or supernatural. The word "low" refers to the prominence of traditional fantasy elements within the work and is not a remark on the work's overall quality.

An alternative definition, common in role-playing games, rests on the story and characters being more realistic and less mythic in scope. Thus, some works like Robert E. Howard's Conan the Barbarian series can be high fantasy according to the first definition but low fantasy according to the second.^[3] With other works, such as the TV series Supernatural, the opposite is true.

History

Fantasy fiction developed out of fairy tales in the nineteenth century. Early nineteenth century scholarship in folklore led to fantasy fiction dominating Victorian children's literature.^[4] The genre diverged into the two subgenres, high and low fantasy, after the Edwardian era. Low fantasy itself diverged into further subgenres in the twentieth century.^[4] The forms of low fantasy include personified animals, personified toys (including The Indian in the Cupboard and The Doll's House; building on the earlier The Adventures of Pinocchio), comic fantasies of exaggerated character traits and altered physics (including Pippi Longstocking and The Borrowers), magical powers, supernatural elements and time slips.^[4]^[5]

French fantastic fiction is predominantly within the low fantasy genre. Low fantasy corresponds to the French genre of "le fantastique" but French literature has no tradition equivalent to English literature's high fantasy.^[6] According to David Ketterer, emeritus professor of English at Concordia University, Montreal, the French term le fantastique "refers to a specific kind of fantasy, that in which the supernatural or the bizarre intrudes into the everyday world; the closest equivalents in English would be 'low fantasy', 'dark fantasy' or 'weird fiction'. 'Le fantastique' does not cover the kind of complete secondary world creation typified by Tolkien's Lord of the Rings. There is no tradition of 'dragons and wizards' fantasy in French."^[6] Where high fantasy does occur, the terms "le merveilleux" or "le fantastique moderne" are often used.^[6]

Critical interpretations

The fiction gives the author greater agency than allowed in the real world. Since being popularised in the works of E. Nesbit, the "low/portal variety" of fantasy has become a staple for its facility in challenging "established orders of society and thought."^[7] Children usually read more low fantasy than high fantasy.^[5]

The early 21st century is seeing an increase in prominence of the work of authors such as George R. R. Martin and Joe Abercrombie, whose high fantasy novels (works set entirely in fantasy worlds) have been referred to^{[by whom?]} as "low fantasy" because they de-emphasize magic and non-human intelligent races in favor of a more cynical portrayal of human conflict. Fantasy writer David Chandler considered this "rise of 'Low Fantasy'" to reflect the contemporary reality of the War on Terror—characterized by "secret deals", "vicious reprisals" and "sudden acts of terrifying carnage"—much as the horror genre reacted to the Vietnam War a generation earlier.^[8]

Distinguishing between subgenres

High and low fantasy are distinguished as being set, respectively, in an alternative "secondary" world or in the real "primary" world. In many works, the distinction between primary or secondary world settings, and therefore whether it is low or high fantasy, can be unclear. The secondary world may take three forms,^[9] described by Nikki Gamble in her explication of three characteristics of high fantasy:

Primary does not exist (e.g., Dungeons & Dragons) or is irrelevant (e.g., Discworld)
Entered through a portal from the primary world (e.g., Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, The Chronicles of Narnia, His Dark Materials, and The Dark Tower)
World-within-a-world (e.g., American Gods, The Gods of Pegāna, The Magicians, and Harry Potter)

A few high fantasy series do not easily fit into Gamble's categories. For example, J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings is set in the primary world of Earth in the ancient past,^[10]^{[n 1]} and Tolkien adamantly disagreed with anyone who thought otherwise.^{[n 2]} According to Tolkien, he had set it in the inhabited lands of geographically north-west Europe.^{[n 3]} Tolkien himself disagreed with the notion that his stories diverged from reality, but rather defended his position that the "essentials of that abiding place are all there (at any rate for inhabitants of N.W. Europe), so naturally it feels familiar, even if a little glorified by enchantment of distance in time."^{[n 4]}^[11]^{[n 5]}^{[n 6]}^{[n 7]} Nevertheless, Middle-earth is sufficiently divergent from reality to be classed as a secondary world and hence high fantasy.^[9] J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series is again set in the real world; however, while the primary setting, mostly the school, Hogwarts, is said to be located somewhere in Scotland,^[12]^[13] it is physically separated from the real world and becomes a "world-within-a-world". Similarly, Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials is largely set in an alternate Oxfordshire, a real location, but the fact that it is an alternate world at all places it in the high fantasy subgenre.^[9]

Some sources place Harry Potter and His Dark Materials in the low fantasy genre. Karin E. Westman, writing in The Oxford Handbook of Children's Literature states that because "[J. K.] Rowling is much more interested in how fantasy provides perspective on everyday experience and the individual's place in society," and her inclusion of bildungsroman (a coming-of-age story) and the school story genres, "align her primarily with the domestic (or low) fantasy of authors such as E. Nesbit, Elizabeth Goudge, and Paul Gallico...as well as authors like Philip Pullman and Jonathan Stroud, who are also interested in the intersection of the personal and the political within quotidian experiences."^[14]

Low fantasy is related to a number of other genres or subgenres.

Urban fantasy takes place in a modern urban as opposed to rural or historical setting, and thus can be viewed as a type of low fantasy.
Dark fantasy uses fantasy to create a sense of horror or dread. Since it often has a real-world setting, there is an overlap with low fantasy.
Paranormal romance, of which the best-known variety is the vampire romance, is nearly always low fantasy.
Superhero fiction may count as low fantasy if the hero's powers have a supernatural rather than a scientific (or pseudoscientific) explanation.
Magical realism has a largely realistic view of the world but introduces supernatural elements. While authors such as Gene Wolfe^[15] and Terry Pratchett^[16] regard it as fantasy, it has been claimed as a different genre on the grounds that in magical realism the supernatural events are usually included in the worldview of the human characters while in low fantasy they usually violate it.^[17]^[18]

Role-playing games

For their own purposes role-playing games sometimes use a different definition of low fantasy. GURPS Fantasy defines the genre as "closer to realistic fiction than to myth. Low Fantasy stories focus on people's daily lives and practical goals ... A Low Fantasy campaign asks what it's like to live in a world of monsters, magic, and demigods."^[19] The book acknowledges the literary definition of the genre with "some critics define 'low fantasy' as any fantasy story set in the real world. However, a real world setting can include the kind of mythic elements this book classifies as high fantasy."^[20]

Examples

The Borrowers by Mary Norton^[4]
The Dark Is Rising by Susan Cooper^[9]
The Doll's House by Rumer Godden^[4]
Five Children and It by E. Nesbit^[9]
Good Omens by Neil Gaiman and Terry Pratchett^[20]
The Indian in the Cupboard by Lynne Reid Banks^[4]
The Snow Spider by Jenny Nimmo^[9]
That Hideous Strength by C. S. Lewis^[20]
Tuck Everlasting by Natalie Babbitt^[21]

Explanatory notes

^ Letters 151, 165, 183, 211, Letters 325, 17 July 1971, Letters 328 Autumn 1971
^ Letters 211, "...steed of the Witch-King...its description even provides a sort of way in which it could be a last survivor of older geological eras.", "...it would be difficult to fit the lands and events (or 'cultures') into such evidence as we possess, archaeological or geological, concerning the nearer or remoter part of what is now Europe; though the Shire, for instance, is expressly stated to have been in this region (I p. 12).", "Arda 'realm' was the name given to our world or earth......I hope the, evidently long but undefined gap* in time between the Fall of Barad-dur and our Days is sufficient for 'literary credibility', even for readers acquainted with what is known as 'pre-history'. I have, I suppose, constructed an imaginary time, but kept my feet on my own mother-earth for place. I prefer that to the contemporary mode of seeking remote globes in 'space'. However curious, they are alien, and not loveable with the love of blood-kin. Middle-Earth is... not my own invention, It is a modernization or alteration...of an old word for inhabited world of Man, the oikoumene: middle because thought vaguely as set admidst [sic?] the encircling Seas and (in the northern-imagination) between the ice of the North and the fire of the South. O. English middan-geard, mideavil E. midden-erd, middle-erd. Many reviewers seem to assume Middle-earth is another planet! *I imagine the gap to be about 6000 years: that is we are now at the end of the Fifth Age, if the Ages were of about the same length as S.A. and T.A. But they have, I think quickened; and I imagine we are actually at the end of the Sixth Age, or in the Seventh.", The Letters of J.R.R Tolkien, pg 282, 283
^ Letters 294: "...Middle Earth. This is an old word not invented by me, as a reference to a dictionary such as the Shorter Oxford will show. It is meant to be the inhabitable lands of our world, set amid the surrounding Ocean. The actions of the story take place in the North-west of 'middle-earth', equivalent in latitude to the coastlands of Europe and the north shores of the Mediterranean...Hobbiton and Rivendell are taken (as intended) to be about the latitude of Oxford, the Minas Tirith, 600 miles south, is about the latitude of Florence. The mouths of Anduin, and the ancient city of Pelargir are about the latitude of ancient Troy.", Letters, pg 375,376
^ Letters 210: "The Lord of the Rings may be a 'fairy-story', but it takes place in the Northern hemisphere of this earth: miles are miles, days are days, and weather is weather." Letters pg 272
^ Letters 151: "Middle-earth is just archaic english...the inhabited world of man. It lay then as it does. In fact just as it does, round and inescapable. That is partly the point. The new situation, established at the end of the Third Age, leads on eventually and inevitably to ordinary History, and we see here the process culminating. If you or I or any of the mortal men (or hobbits) of Frodo's day had set out over sea, west, we should, as now, eventually have come back (as now) to our starting point..."Letters of JRR Tolkien, pg 186
^ Letters 165: "'Middle-earth' by the way, is not a name of a never-never land without relation to the world we live in (like Mercury or Edison). It is just a use of Middle English middel-erde (or erthe) altered from Old English Middengeard: the name for the inhabited lands of Men 'between the seas'. And though I have not attempted to relate the shape of the mountains and land-masses to what geologists may say or surmise about the nearer past, imaginatively this 'history' is supposed to take place in a period of the actual Old World of this planet.", Letters, pg 220
^ Letters 183: "I am historically minded. Middle-earth is not an imaginary world. The name is the modern form (appearing in the 13th century) of midden-erd>middel-erd, an ancient name for the oikoumene, the abiding place of Men, the objectively real world, in use specifically opposed to imaginary worlds (as Fairyland) or unseen worlds (as Heaven or Hell). The theatre of my tale is this earth, the one in which we now live, but the historical period is imaginary. The essentials of that abiding place are all there (at any rate for inhabitants of N.W. Europe), so naturally it feels familiar, even if a little glorified by enchantment of distance in time., Letters pg. 239"

References

^ A commonly-quoted definition is that low fantasy involves "nonrational happenings that are without causality or rationality because they occur in the rational world where such things are not supposed to occur" (Boyer, Robert; Zahorski, Kenneth J. (1984). Fantasists on Fantasy: A Collection of Critical Reflections. New York: Avon. Quoted in Stableford, Brian (2009). The A to Z of Fantasy Literature. Scarecrow Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-8108-6829-8.)
^ "Narratives in which the fantastic element intrudes on the 'real world', as opposed to fantasies set all or partially in a Secondary World" (Wolfe, Gary K. (1982). Critical Terms for Science Fiction and Fantasy: A Glossary and Guide to Scholarship. NY: Greenwood Press. p. 67. ISBN 0313229813.).
^ Herron, Don, ed. (1984). The Dark Barbarian: The Writings of Robert E. Howard: A Critical Anthology. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 128. ISBN 9780313232817.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Jean-François, Leroux (2004). "The World Is Its Own Place". In Jean-François, Leroux; La Bossière, Camille R. (eds.). Worlds of Wonder. University of Ottawa. pp. 190–192. ISBN 978-0-7766-0570-8.
^ ^a ^b Temple, Charles A.; Freeman, Evelyn Blossom; Moss, Joy F. (1998). Children's Books in Children's Hands. Allyn and Bacon. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-205-16995-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ketterer, David (1992). "French-Canadian Fantastique (1837-1983)". Canadian Science Fiction and Fantasy. Indiana University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-253-33122-9.
^ Campbell, Lori M. (2010). "E. Nesbit and the Magic Word". Portals of Power: Magical Agency and Transformation in Literary Fantasy. McFarland. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-0-7864-4645-2.
^ Chandler, David (8 December 2011). "A Game Of Subgenres". SF Signal. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gamble, Nikki; Yates, Sally (2008). Exploring Children's Literature. SAGE Publications Ltd. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-1-4129-3013-0.
^ Return of the King, Appendix D, Calendars: '...long ago as those times are now reckoned in years and lives of men, they were not very remote according to the memory of the Earth.'
^ Letters 211: "I hope the, evidently long but undefined gap* in time between the Fall of Barad-dur and our Days is sufficient for 'literary credibility', even for readers acquainted with what is known as 'pre-history'. I have, I suppose, constructed an imaginary time, but kept my feet on my own mother-earth for place. I prefer that to the contemporary mode of seeking remote globes in 'space'. However curious, they are alien, and not loveable with the love of blood-kin." p. 283.
^ Fraser, Lindsey (2000). An Interview with J. K. Rowling. London: Mammoth. pp. 20–21. ISBN 0-7497-4394-8. Hogwarts...Logically it had to be set in a secluded place, and pretty soon I settled on Scotland in my mind.
^ "Happy ending, and that's for beginners". The Herald. 23 June 1997. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
^ Westman, Karin E. (2011). "Blending Genres and Crossing Audiences: Harry Potter and the Future of Literary Fiction". In Mickenberg, Julia; Vallone, Lynne (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Children's Literature. Oxford University Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780199701919.
^ Wolfe, Gene; Baber, Brendan (2007). "Gene Wolfe Interview". In Wright, Peter (ed.). Shadows of the New Sun: Wolfe on Writing/Writers on Wolfe. ISBN 9781846310577. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
^ "Terry Pratchett by Linda Richards". januarymagazine.com. 2002. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ Watson, Greer (2000). "Assumptions of Reality: Low Fantasy, Magical Realism, and the Fantastic". Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts. 11 (2): 162–172. JSTOR 43308437.
^ Chanady, Amaryll Beatrice, Magical realism and the fantastic: Resolved versus unresolved antinomy. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1985. pp. 30-31
^ Stoddard, William H. (2009). GURPS Fantasy. Steve Jackson Games. p. 6. ISBN 9781556347962.
^ ^a ^b ^c Stoddard, William H. (2009). GURPS Fantasy. Steve Jackson Games. p. 13. ISBN 9781556347962.
^ Perry, Phyllis Jean (2003). Teaching Fantasy Novels. Libraries Unlimited. p. vi. ISBN 978-1-56308-987-9.

[11] Letters 151, 165, 183, 211, Letters 325, 17 July 1971, Letters 328 Autumn 1971

[12] Letters 211, "...steed of the Witch-King...its description even provides a sort of way in which it could be a last survivor of older geological eras.", "...it would be difficult to fit the lands and events (or 'cultures') into such evidence as we possess, archaeological or geological, concerning the nearer or remoter part of what is now Europe; though the Shire, for instance, is expressly stated to have been in this region (I p. 12).", "Arda 'realm' was the name given to our world or earth......I hope the, evidently long but undefined gap* in time between the Fall of Barad-dur and our Days is sufficient for 'literary credibility', even for readers acquainted with what is known as 'pre-history'. I have, I suppose, constructed an imaginary time, but kept my feet on my own mother-earth for place. I prefer that to the contemporary mode of seeking remote globes in 'space'. However curious, they are alien, and not loveable with the love of blood-kin. Middle-Earth is... not my own invention, It is a modernization or alteration...of an old word for inhabited world of Man, the oikoumene: middle because thought vaguely as set admidst [sic?] the encircling Seas and (in the northern-imagination) between the ice of the North and the fire of the South. O. English middan-geard, mideavil E. midden-erd, middle-erd. Many reviewers seem to assume Middle-earth is another planet! *I imagine the gap to be about 6000 years: that is we are now at the end of the Fifth Age, if the Ages were of about the same length as S.A. and T.A. But they have, I think quickened; and I imagine we are actually at the end of the Sixth Age, or in the Seventh.", The Letters of J.R.R Tolkien, pg 282, 283

[13] Letters 294: "...Middle Earth. This is an old word not invented by me, as a reference to a dictionary such as the Shorter Oxford will show. It is meant to be the inhabitable lands of our world, set amid the surrounding Ocean. The actions of the story take place in the North-west of 'middle-earth', equivalent in latitude to the coastlands of Europe and the north shores of the Mediterranean...Hobbiton and Rivendell are taken (as intended) to be about the latitude of Oxford, the Minas Tirith, 600 miles south, is about the latitude of Florence. The mouths of Anduin, and the ancient city of Pelargir are about the latitude of ancient Troy.", Letters, pg 375,376

[14] Letters 210: "The Lord of the Rings may be a 'fairy-story', but it takes place in the Northern hemisphere of this earth: miles are miles, days are days, and weather is weather." Letters pg 272

[16] Letters 151: "Middle-earth is just archaic english...the inhabited world of man. It lay then as it does. In fact just as it does, round and inescapable. That is partly the point. The new situation, established at the end of the Third Age, leads on eventually and inevitably to ordinary History, and we see here the process culminating. If you or I or any of the mortal men (or hobbits) of Frodo's day had set out over sea, west, we should, as now, eventually have come back (as now) to our starting point..."Letters of JRR Tolkien, pg 186

[17] Letters 165: "'Middle-earth' by the way, is not a name of a never-never land without relation to the world we live in (like Mercury or Edison). It is just a use of Middle English middel-erde (or erthe) altered from Old English Middengeard: the name for the inhabited lands of Men 'between the seas'. And though I have not attempted to relate the shape of the mountains and land-masses to what geologists may say or surmise about the nearer past, imaginatively this 'history' is supposed to take place in a period of the actual Old World of this planet.", Letters, pg 220

[18] Letters 183: "I am historically minded. Middle-earth is not an imaginary world. The name is the modern form (appearing in the 13th century) of midden-erd>middel-erd, an ancient name for the oikoumene, the abiding place of Men, the objectively real world, in use specifically opposed to imaginary worlds (as Fairyland) or unseen worlds (as Heaven or Hell). The theatre of my tale is this earth, the one in which we now live, but the historical period is imaginary. The essentials of that abiding place are all there (at any rate for inhabitants of N.W. Europe), so naturally it feels familiar, even if a little glorified by enchantment of distance in time., Letters pg. 239"

[1] A commonly-quoted definition is that low fantasy involves "nonrational happenings that are without causality or rationality because they occur in the rational world where such things are not supposed to occur" (Boyer, Robert; Zahorski, Kenneth J. (1984). Fantasists on Fantasy: A Collection of Critical Reflections. New York: Avon. Quoted in Stableford, Brian (2009). The A to Z of Fantasy Literature. Scarecrow Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-8108-6829-8.)

[2] "Narratives in which the fantastic element intrudes on the 'real world', as opposed to fantasies set all or partially in a Secondary World" (Wolfe, Gary K. (1982). Critical Terms for Science Fiction and Fantasy: A Glossary and Guide to Scholarship. NY: Greenwood Press. p. 67. ISBN 0313229813.).

[3] Herron, Don, ed. (1984). The Dark Barbarian: The Writings of Robert E. Howard: A Critical Anthology. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 128. ISBN 9780313232817.

[Jean-François-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Jean-François, Leroux (2004). "The World Is Its Own Place". In Jean-François, Leroux; La Bossière, Camille R. (eds.). Worlds of Wonder. University of Ottawa. pp. 190–192. ISBN 978-0-7766-0570-8.

[TempleFreemanMoss-5] Temple, Charles A.; Freeman, Evelyn Blossom; Moss, Joy F. (1998). Children's Books in Children's Hands. Allyn and Bacon. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-205-16995-5.

[Ketterer-6] Ketterer, David (1992). "French-Canadian Fantastique (1837-1983)". Canadian Science Fiction and Fantasy. Indiana University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-253-33122-9.

[7] Campbell, Lori M. (2010). "E. Nesbit and the Magic Word". Portals of Power: Magical Agency and Transformation in Literary Fantasy. McFarland. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-0-7864-4645-2.

[8] Chandler, David (8 December 2011). "A Game Of Subgenres". SF Signal. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022.

[Gamble-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gamble, Nikki; Yates, Sally (2008). Exploring Children's Literature. SAGE Publications Ltd. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-1-4129-3013-0.

[10] Return of the King, Appendix D, Calendars: '...long ago as those times are now reckoned in years and lives of men, they were not very remote according to the memory of the Earth.'

[15] Letters 211: "I hope the, evidently long but undefined gap* in time between the Fall of Barad-dur and our Days is sufficient for 'literary credibility', even for readers acquainted with what is known as 'pre-history'. I have, I suppose, constructed an imaginary time, but kept my feet on my own mother-earth for place. I prefer that to the contemporary mode of seeking remote globes in 'space'. However curious, they are alien, and not loveable with the love of blood-kin." p. 283.

[19] Fraser, Lindsey (2000). An Interview with J. K. Rowling. London: Mammoth. pp. 20–21. ISBN 0-7497-4394-8. Hogwarts...Logically it had to be set in a secluded place, and pretty soon I settled on Scotland in my mind.

[20] "Happy ending, and that's for beginners". The Herald. 23 June 1997. Retrieved 8 February 2022.

[21] Westman, Karin E. (2011). "Blending Genres and Crossing Audiences: Harry Potter and the Future of Literary Fiction". In Mickenberg, Julia; Vallone, Lynne (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Children's Literature. Oxford University Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780199701919.

[22] Wolfe, Gene; Baber, Brendan (2007). "Gene Wolfe Interview". In Wright, Peter (ed.). Shadows of the New Sun: Wolfe on Writing/Writers on Wolfe. ISBN 9781846310577. Retrieved 20 January 2009.

[23] "Terry Pratchett by Linda Richards". januarymagazine.com. 2002. Retrieved 17 February 2008.

[24] Watson, Greer (2000). "Assumptions of Reality: Low Fantasy, Magical Realism, and the Fantastic". Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts. 11 (2): 162–172. JSTOR 43308437.

[25] Chanady, Amaryll Beatrice, Magical realism and the fantastic: Resolved versus unresolved antinomy. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1985. pp. 30-31

[26] Stoddard, William H. (2009). GURPS Fantasy. Steve Jackson Games. p. 6. ISBN 9781556347962.

[Stoddard13-27] Stoddard, William H. (2009). GURPS Fantasy. Steve Jackson Games. p. 13. ISBN 9781556347962.

[Perry-28] Perry, Phyllis Jean (2003). Teaching Fantasy Novels. Libraries Unlimited. p. vi. ISBN 978-1-56308-987-9.

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@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 Intrusion fantasy places less emphasis on elements typically associated with fantasy and sets a narrative in realistic environments with elements of the fantastical. Sometimes, there are just enough fantastical elements to make ambiguous the boundary between what is real and what is purely psychological or supernatural. The word "low" refers to the prominence of traditional fantasy elements within the work and is not a remark on the work's overall quality.
-An alternative definition, common in [[role-playing games]], rests on the story and characters being more realistic and less [[myth|mythic]] in scope. Thus, some works like [[Robert E. Howard]]'s ''[[Conan the Barbarian]]'' series can be high fantasy according to the first definition but low fantasy according to the second.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Herron |editor-first=Don |date=1984 |title=The Dark Barbarian: The Writings of Robert E. Howard: A Critical Anthology |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=128 |isbn=9780313232817}}</ref> With other works, such as the TV series ''[[Supernatural (U.S. TV series)|Supernatural]]'', the opposite is true.
+An alternative definition, common in [[role-playing games]], rests on the story and characters being more realistic and less [[myth|mythic]] in scope. Thus, some works like [[Robert E. Howard]]'s ''[[Conan the Barbarian]]'' series can be high fantasy according to the first definition but low fantasy according to the second.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Herron |editor-first=Don |date=1984 |title=The Dark Barbarian: The Writings of Robert E. Howard: A Critical Anthology |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=128 |isbn=9780313232817}}</ref> With other works, such as the TV series ''[[Supernatural (American TV series)|Supernatural]]'', the opposite is true.
 ==History==
-Fantasy fiction developed out of fairy tales in the nineteenth century.  Early nineteenth century scholarship in folklore led to fantasy fiction dominating Victorian children's literature.<ref name="Jean-François" />  The genre diverged into the two subgenres, high and low fantasy, after the [[Edwardian era]].  Low fantasy itself diverged into further subgenres in the twentieth century.<ref name="Jean-François">{{cite book |title=Worlds of Wonder |last=Jean-François |first=Leroux |editor1-last=Jean-François |editor1-first=Leroux |editor2-last=La Bossière |editor2-first=Camille R. |year=2004 |publisher=University of Ottawa |isbn=978-0-7766-0570-8 |pages=190–192 |chapter=The World Is Its Own Place |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4VAFl2pJ0gC&q=9780776605708}}</ref>
+Fantasy fiction developed out of [[fairy tales]] in the nineteenth century.  Early nineteenth century scholarship in folklore led to fantasy fiction dominating Victorian children's literature.<ref name="Jean-François" />  The genre diverged into the two subgenres, high and low fantasy, after the [[Edwardian era]].  Low fantasy itself diverged into further subgenres in the twentieth century.<ref name="Jean-François">{{cite book |title=Worlds of Wonder |last=Jean-François |first=Leroux |editor1-last=Jean-François |editor1-first=Leroux |editor2-last=La Bossière |editor2-first=Camille R. |year=2004 |publisher=University of Ottawa |isbn=978-0-7766-0570-8 |pages=190–192 |chapter=The World Is Its Own Place |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4VAFl2pJ0gC&q=9780776605708}}</ref>
-The forms of low fantasy include personified animals, personified toys (including ''[[The Indian in the Cupboard]]'' and ''[[The Doll's House (1947 book)|The Doll's House]]''; building on the earlier ''[[The Adventures of Pinocchio]]''), comic fantasies of exaggerated character traits and altered physics (including ''[[Pippi Longstocking]]'' and ''[[The Borrowers]]''), magical powers, supernatural elements and time slips.<ref name="Jean-François" /><ref name="TempleFreemanMoss" />
+The forms of low fantasy include personified animals, personified toys (including ''[[The Indian in the Cupboard]]'' and ''[[Tottie: The Story of a Doll's House#Background|The Doll's House]]''; building on the earlier ''[[The Adventures of Pinocchio]]''), comic fantasies of exaggerated character traits and altered physics (including ''[[Pippi Longstocking]]'' and ''[[The Borrowers]]''), magical powers, supernatural elements and time slips.<ref name="Jean-François" /><ref name="TempleFreemanMoss" />
-French fantastic fiction is predominantly within the low fantasy genre.  Low fantasy corresponds to the French genre of "le [[fantastique]]" but French literature has no tradition equivalent to English literature's high fantasy.<ref name=Ketterer /> According to David Ketterer, emeritus professor of English at [[Concordia University (Quebec)|Concordia University]], [[Montreal]], the French term ''Le fantastique'' "refers to a specific kind of fantasy, that in which the supernatural or the bizarre intrudes into the everyday world; the closest equivalents in English would be 'low fantasy', '[[dark fantasy]]' or '[[weird fiction]]'.  'Le fantastique' does not cover the kind of complete secondary world creation typified by Tolkien's ''Lord of the Rings''.  There is no tradition of "dragons and wizards" fantasy in French."<ref name=Ketterer /> Where high fantasy does occur, the terms "le merveilleux" or "le fantastique moderne" are often used.<ref name=Ketterer>{{cite book|title=Canadian Science Fiction and Fantasy|first=David|last=Ketterer|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-253-33122-9|chapter=French-Canadian Fantastique (1837-1983)|page=[https://archive.org/details/canadiansciencef00davi/page/27 27]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/canadiansciencef00davi/page/27}}</ref>
+French fantastic fiction is predominantly within the low fantasy genre.  Low fantasy corresponds to the French genre of "le [[fantastique]]" but French literature has no tradition equivalent to English literature's high fantasy.<ref name=Ketterer /> According to David Ketterer, emeritus professor of English at [[Concordia University (Quebec)|Concordia University]], [[Montreal]], the French term ''le fantastique'' "refers to a specific kind of fantasy, that in which the supernatural or the bizarre intrudes into the everyday world; the closest equivalents in English would be 'low fantasy', '[[dark fantasy]]' or '[[weird fiction]]'.  'Le fantastique' does not cover the kind of complete secondary world creation typified by Tolkien's ''Lord of the Rings''.  There is no tradition of 'dragons and wizards' fantasy in French."<ref name=Ketterer /> Where high fantasy does occur, the terms "le merveilleux" or "le fantastique moderne" are often used.<ref name=Ketterer>{{cite book|title=Canadian Science Fiction and Fantasy|first=David|last=Ketterer|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-253-33122-9|chapter=French-Canadian Fantastique (1837-1983)|page=[https://archive.org/details/canadiansciencef00davi/page/27 27]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/canadiansciencef00davi/page/27}}</ref>
 ==Critical interpretations==
 The fiction gives the author greater agency than allowed in the real world.  Since being popularised in the works of [[E. Nesbit]], the "low/portal variety" of fantasy has become a staple for its facility in challenging "established orders of society and thought."<ref>{{cite book|title=Portals of Power: Magical Agency and Transformation in Literary Fantasy|first=Lori M.|last=Campbell|chapter=E. Nesbit and the Magic Word|pages=63–65|publisher=McFarland|year=2010|isbn=978-0-7864-4645-2}}</ref>  Children usually read more low fantasy than high fantasy.<ref name="TempleFreemanMoss">{{cite book|title=Children's Books in Children's Hands|first1=Charles A.|last1=Temple|first2=Evelyn Blossom|last2=Freeman|first3=Joy F.|last3=Moss|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780205264391/page/340 340]|publisher=Allyn and Bacon|year=1998|isbn=978-0-205-16995-5|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780205264391/page/340}}</ref>
-The early 21st century is seeing an increase in prominence of the work of authors such as [[George R. R. Martin]] and [[Joe Abercrombie]], whose high fantasy novels (works set entirely in fantasy worlds) have been referred to{{By whom|date=May 2019}} as "low fantasy" because they de-emphasize magic and non-human intelligent races in favor of a more cynical portrayal of human conflict.  Fantasy writer David Chandler considered this "rise of 'Low Fantasy'" to reflect the contemporary reality of the [[War on Terror]]—characterized by "secret deals", "vicious reprisals" and "sudden acts of terrifying carnage"—much as the [[Horror fiction|horror]] genre reacted to the [[Vietnam War]] a generation earlier.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chandler|first=David|title=A Game Of Subgenres|url=http://www.sfsignal.com/archives/2011/12/guest_post_david_chandler_on_a_game_of_subgenres_giveaway/|access-date=13 February 2017|newspaper=[[SF Signal]]|date=8 December 2011}}</ref>
+The early 21st century is seeing an increase in prominence of the work of authors such as [[George R. R. Martin]] and [[Joe Abercrombie]], whose high fantasy novels (works set entirely in fantasy worlds) have been referred to{{By whom|date=May 2019}} as "low fantasy" because they de-emphasize magic and non-human intelligent races in favor of a more cynical portrayal of human conflict.  Fantasy writer David Chandler considered this "rise of 'Low Fantasy{{'"}} to reflect the contemporary reality of the [[War on Terror]]—characterized by "secret deals", "vicious reprisals" and "sudden acts of terrifying carnage"—much as the [[Horror fiction|horror]] genre reacted to the [[Vietnam War]] a generation earlier.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chandler |first=David |date=8 December 2011 |title=A Game Of Subgenres |newspaper=[[SF Signal]] |url=http://www.sfsignal.com/archives/2011/12/guest_post_david_chandler_on_a_game_of_subgenres_giveaway/ |url-status=dead |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209033556/https://www.sfsignal.com/archives/2011/12/guest_post_david_chandler_on_a_game_of_subgenres_giveaway/ |archive-date=2022-12-09}}</ref>
 ==Distinguishing between subgenres==
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 # World-within-a-world (e.g., ''[[American Gods]]'', ''[[The Gods of Pegāna]]'', ''[[The Magicians (Grossman novel)|The Magicians]]'', and ''[[Harry Potter]]'')
-A few high fantasy series do not easily fit into Gamble's categories. For example, [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s ''The Lord of the Rings'' is set in the primary world of Earth in the ancient past,<ref>''Return of the King'', Appendix D, Calendars: '...long ago as those times are now reckoned in years and lives of men, they were not very remote according to the memory of the Earth.'</ref><ref group=n>''Letters'' 151, 165, 183, 211, Letters 325, 17 July 1971, Letters 328 Autumn 1971</ref> and he adamantly disagreed with anyone who thought otherwise.<ref group=n>Letters 211, "...steed of the Witch-King...its description even provides a sort of way in which it could be a last survivor of older geological eras.", "...it would be difficult to fit the lands and events (or 'cultures') into such evidence as we possess, archaeological or geological, concerning the nearer or remoter part of what is now Europe; though the Shire, for instance, is expressly stated to have been in this region (I p. 12).", "Arda 'realm' was the name given to our world or earth......I hope the, evidently long but undefined gap* in time between the Fall of Barad-dur and our Days is sufficient for 'literary credibility', even for readers acquainted with what is known as 'pre-history'. I have, I suppose, constructed an imaginary time, but kept my feet on my own mother-earth for place. I prefer that to the contemporary mode of seeking remote globes in 'space'. However curious, they are alien, and not loveable with the love of blood-kin. Middle-Earth is... not my own invention, It is a modernization or alteration...of an old word for inhabited world of Man, the oikoumene: middle because thought vaguely as set {{sic|?|admidst|reason=Usual spelling is amidst}} the encircling Seas and (in the northern-imagination) between the ice of the North and the fire of the South. O. English middan-geard, mideavil E. midden-erd, middle-erd. Many reviewers seem to assume Middle-earth is another planet! *I imagine the gap to be about 6000 years: that is we are now at the end of the Fifth Age, if the Ages were of about the same length as S.A. and T.A. But they have, I think quickened; and I imagine we are actually at the end of the Sixth Age, or in the Seventh.", The Letters of J.R.R Tolkien, pg 282, 283</ref> According to Tolkien, he had set it in the inhabited lands of geographically north-west Europe.<ref group=n>Letters 294: "...Middle Earth. This is an old word not invented by me, as a reference to a dictionary such as the Shorter Oxford will show. It is meant to be the inhabitable lands of our world, set amid the surrounding Ocean. The actions of the story take place in the North-west of 'middle-earth', equivalent in latitude to the coastlands of Europe and the north shores of the Mediterranean...Hobbiton and Rivendell are taken (as intended) to be about the latitude of Oxford, the Minas Tirith, 600 miles south, is about the latitude of Florence. The mouths of Anduin, and the ancient city of Pelargir are about the latitude of ancient Troy.", Letters, pg 375,376</ref> The Professor himself disagreed with the notion that his stories diverged from reality, but rather defended his position that the "essentials of that abiding place are all there (at any rate for inhabitants of N.W. Europe), so naturally it feels familiar, even if a little glorified by enchantment of distance in time."<ref group=n>Letters 210: "The Lord of the Rings may be a 'fairy-story', but it takes place in the Northern hemisphere of this earth: miles are miles, days are days, and weather is weather." Letters pg 272</ref><ref>Letters 211: "I hope the, evidently long but undefined gap* in time between the Fall of Barad-dur and our Days is sufficient for 'literary credibility', even for readers acquainted with what is known as 'pre-history'. I have, I suppose, constructed an imaginary time, but kept my feet on my own mother-earth for place. I prefer that to the contemporary mode of seeking remote globes in 'space'. However curious, they are alien, and not loveable with the love of blood-kin.", pg 283</ref><ref group=n>Letters 151: "Middle-earth is just archaic english...the inhabited world of man. It lay then as it does. In fact just as it does, round and inescapable. That is partly the point. The new situation, established at the end of the Third Age, leads on eventually and inevitably to ordinary History, and we see here the process culminating. If you or I or any of the mortal men (or hobbits) of Frodo's day had set out over sea, west, we should, as now, eventually have come back (as now) to our starting point..."Letters of JRR Tolkien, pg 186</ref><ref group=n>Letters 165: "'Middle-earth' by the way, is not a name of a never-never land without relation to the world we live in (like Mercury or Edison). It is just a use of Middle English middel-erde (or erthe) altered from Old English Middengeard: the name for the inhabited lands of Men 'between the seas'. And though I have not attempted to relate the shape of the mountains and land-masses to what geologists may say or surmise about the nearer past, imaginatively this 'history' is supposed to take place in a period of the actual Old World of this planet.", Letters, pg 220</ref><ref group=n>Letters 183: "I am historically minded. Middle-earth is not an imaginary world. The name is the modern form (appearing in the 13th century) of midden-erd>middel-erd, an ancient name for the oikoumene, the abiding place of Men, the objectively real world, in use specifically opposed to imaginary worlds (as Fairyland) or unseen worlds (as Heaven or Hell). The theatre of my tale is this earth, the one in which we now live, but the historical period is imaginary. The essentials of that abiding place are all there (at any rate for inhabitants of N.W. Europe), so naturally it feels familiar, even if a little glorified by enchantment of distance in time., Letters pg. 239"</ref> Nevertheless, [[Middle-earth]] is sufficiently divergent from reality to be classed as a secondary world and hence high fantasy.<ref name="Gamble" /> [[J. K. Rowling]]'s ''Harry Potter'' series is again set in the real world; however, while the primary setting, mostly the school, [[Hogwarts]], is said to be located somewhere in Scotland,<ref>{{cite book |quote=Hogwarts...Logically it had to be set in a secluded place, and pretty soon I settled on Scotland in my mind. |last=Fraser |first=Lindsey |title=An Interview with J. K. Rowling |publisher=Mammoth |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=0-7497-4394-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/interviewwithjkr0000rowl/page/20 20–21] |url=https://archive.org/details/interviewwithjkr0000rowl/page/20 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1997/0697-herald-johnstone.html Happy ending, and that's for beginners]". ''The Herald'' via AccioQuote!. 24 June 1997. Retrieved 5 October 2007.</ref> it is physically separated from the real world and becomes a "world-within-a-world". Similarly, [[Philip Pullman]]'s ''[[His Dark Materials]]'' is largely set in an alternate [[Oxfordshire]], a real location, but the fact that it is an alternate world at all places it in the [[high fantasy]] subgenre.<ref name="Gamble" />
+A few high fantasy series do not easily fit into Gamble's categories. For example, [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s ''The Lord of the Rings'' is set in the primary world of Earth in the ancient past,<ref>''Return of the King'', Appendix D, Calendars: '...long ago as those times are now reckoned in years and lives of men, they were not very remote according to the memory of the Earth.'</ref><ref group=n>''Letters'' 151, 165, 183, 211, Letters 325, 17 July 1971, Letters 328 Autumn 1971</ref> and Tolkien adamantly disagreed with anyone who thought otherwise.<ref group=n>Letters 211, "...steed of the Witch-King...its description even provides a sort of way in which it could be a last survivor of older geological eras.", "...it would be difficult to fit the lands and events (or 'cultures') into such evidence as we possess, archaeological or geological, concerning the nearer or remoter part of what is now Europe; though the Shire, for instance, is expressly stated to have been in this region (I p. 12).", "Arda 'realm' was the name given to our world or earth......I hope the, evidently long but undefined gap* in time between the Fall of Barad-dur and our Days is sufficient for 'literary credibility', even for readers acquainted with what is known as 'pre-history'. I have, I suppose, constructed an imaginary time, but kept my feet on my own mother-earth for place. I prefer that to the contemporary mode of seeking remote globes in 'space'. However curious, they are alien, and not loveable with the love of blood-kin. Middle-Earth is... not my own invention, It is a modernization or alteration...of an old word for inhabited world of Man, the oikoumene: middle because thought vaguely as set {{sic|?|admidst|reason=Usual spelling is amidst}} the encircling Seas and (in the northern-imagination) between the ice of the North and the fire of the South. O. English middan-geard, mideavil E. midden-erd, middle-erd. Many reviewers seem to assume Middle-earth is another planet! *I imagine the gap to be about 6000 years: that is we are now at the end of the Fifth Age, if the Ages were of about the same length as S.A. and T.A. But they have, I think quickened; and I imagine we are actually at the end of the Sixth Age, or in the Seventh.", The Letters of J.R.R Tolkien, pg 282, 283</ref> According to Tolkien, he had set it in the inhabited lands of geographically north-west Europe.<ref group=n>Letters 294: "...Middle Earth. This is an old word not invented by me, as a reference to a dictionary such as the Shorter Oxford will show. It is meant to be the inhabitable lands of our world, set amid the surrounding Ocean. The actions of the story take place in the North-west of 'middle-earth', equivalent in latitude to the coastlands of Europe and the north shores of the Mediterranean...Hobbiton and Rivendell are taken (as intended) to be about the latitude of Oxford, the Minas Tirith, 600 miles south, is about the latitude of Florence. The mouths of Anduin, and the ancient city of Pelargir are about the latitude of ancient Troy.", Letters, pg 375,376</ref> Tolkien himself disagreed with the notion that his stories diverged from reality, but rather defended his position that the "essentials of that abiding place are all there (at any rate for inhabitants of N.W. Europe), so naturally it feels familiar, even if a little glorified by enchantment of distance in time."<ref group=n>Letters 210: "The Lord of the Rings may be a 'fairy-story', but it takes place in the Northern hemisphere of this earth: miles are miles, days are days, and weather is weather." Letters pg 272</ref><ref>Letters 211: "I hope the, evidently long but undefined gap* in time between the Fall of Barad-dur and our Days is sufficient for 'literary credibility', even for readers acquainted with what is known as 'pre-history'. I have, I suppose, constructed an imaginary time, but kept my feet on my own mother-earth for place. I prefer that to the contemporary mode of seeking remote globes in 'space'. However curious, they are alien, and not loveable with the love of blood-kin." p. 283.</ref><ref group=n>Letters 151: "Middle-earth is just archaic english...the inhabited world of man. It lay then as it does. In fact just as it does, round and inescapable. That is partly the point. The new situation, established at the end of the Third Age, leads on eventually and inevitably to ordinary History, and we see here the process culminating. If you or I or any of the mortal men (or hobbits) of Frodo's day had set out over sea, west, we should, as now, eventually have come back (as now) to our starting point..."Letters of JRR Tolkien, pg 186</ref><ref group=n>Letters 165: {{"'}}Middle-earth' by the way, is not a name of a never-never land without relation to the world we live in (like Mercury or Edison). It is just a use of Middle English middel-erde (or erthe) altered from Old English Middengeard: the name for the inhabited lands of Men 'between the seas'. And though I have not attempted to relate the shape of the mountains and land-masses to what geologists may say or surmise about the nearer past, imaginatively this 'history' is supposed to take place in a period of the actual Old World of this planet.", Letters, pg 220</ref><ref group=n>Letters 183: "I am historically minded. Middle-earth is not an imaginary world. The name is the modern form (appearing in the 13th century) of midden-erd>middel-erd, an ancient name for the oikoumene, the abiding place of Men, the objectively real world, in use specifically opposed to imaginary worlds (as Fairyland) or unseen worlds (as Heaven or Hell). The theatre of my tale is this earth, the one in which we now live, but the historical period is imaginary. The essentials of that abiding place are all there (at any rate for inhabitants of N.W. Europe), so naturally it feels familiar, even if a little glorified by enchantment of distance in time., Letters pg. 239"</ref> Nevertheless, [[Middle-earth]] is sufficiently divergent from reality to be classed as a secondary world and hence high fantasy.<ref name="Gamble" /> [[J. K. Rowling]]'s ''Harry Potter'' series is again set in the real world; however, while the primary setting, mostly the school, [[Hogwarts]], is said to be located somewhere in Scotland,<ref>{{cite book |quote=Hogwarts...Logically it had to be set in a secluded place, and pretty soon I settled on Scotland in my mind. |last=Fraser |first=Lindsey |title=An Interview with J. K. Rowling |publisher=Mammoth |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=0-7497-4394-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/interviewwithjkr0000rowl/page/20 20–21] |url=https://archive.org/details/interviewwithjkr0000rowl/page/20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Happy ending, and that's for beginners |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12317466.happy-ending-and-thats-for-beginners/ |access-date=8 February 2022 |work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |date=23 June 1997}}</ref> it is physically separated from the real world and becomes a "world-within-a-world". Similarly, [[Philip Pullman]]'s ''[[His Dark Materials]]'' is largely set in an alternate [[Oxfordshire]], a real location, but the fact that it is an alternate world at all places it in the [[high fantasy]] subgenre.<ref name="Gamble" />
 Some sources place ''[[Harry Potter]]'' and ''[[His Dark Materials]]'' in the low fantasy genre.  Karin E. Westman, writing in ''The Oxford Handbook of Children's Literature'' states that because "[J. K.] Rowling is much more interested in how fantasy provides perspective on everyday experience and the individual's place in society," and her inclusion of [[bildungsroman]] (a coming-of-age story) and the [[school story]] genres, "align her primarily with the domestic (or low) fantasy of authors such as [[E. Nesbit]], [[Elizabeth Goudge]], and [[Paul Gallico]]...as well as authors like Philip Pullman and [[Jonathan Stroud]], who are also interested in the intersection of the personal and the political within quotidian experiences."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Children's Literature|editor1-first=Julia|editor1-last=Mickenberg|editor2-first=Lynne|editor2-last=Vallone|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=9780199701919|page=100|chapter=Blending Genres and Crossing Audiences: Harry Potter and the Future of Literary Fiction|first=Karin E.|last=Westman}}</ref>
@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 * [[Contemporary fantasy]]
 * [[Occult detective fiction]]
-* [[Magic realism]]
-* [[Urban fantasy]]
-* [[Dark fantasy]]
-* [[Paranormal romance]]
 == Explanatory notes ==