Manichaean script: Difference between revisions

Manichaean script
Manichaean script;
	Manichaean cosmogoni text Sogdia language in Manichaean
Script type	Abjad
Time period	3rd century – c. 10th century CE
Direction	Right-to-left script
Languages	Middle Iranian and Tocharian languages
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Syriac alphabet Sogdian alphabet Manichaean script; ; ; ; ; ;
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Mani (139), Manichaean
Unicode
Unicode alias	Manichaean
Unicode range	U+10AC0–U+10AFF; Final Accepted Script Proposal

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The Manichaean script is an abjad-based writing system rooted in the Semitic family of alphabets and associated with the spread of Manichaeism from southwest to central Asia and beyond, beginning in the third century CE. It bears a sibling relationship to early forms of the Pahlavi scripts, both systems having developed from the Imperial Aramaic alphabet, in which the Achaemenid court rendered its particular, official dialect of Aramaic. Unlike Pahlavi, the Manichaean script reveals influences from the Sogdian alphabet, which in turn descends from the Syriac branch of Aramaic. The Manichaean script is so named because Manichaean texts attribute its design to Mani himself. Middle Persian is written with this alphabet.

The Iranologist Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst notes that the Manichaean script was mainly used to write numerous Middle Iranian languages (Manichaean Middle Persian, Parthian, Sogdian, Early New Persian, Bactrian) and Old Uyghur (a Turkic language).^[1] The Manichaean script is closely related to the Palmyrene alphabet of Palmyrene Aramaic and the Estrangelo script of Syriac.^[1]

Nomenclature

The term "Manichean" was introduced as designation for the script by the German scholar Friedrich W. K. Müller, because of the use of the script in Manichean texts.^[1] Müller was the first scholar in modern times (in 1903/4) to read the script.^[1]

Overview

Older Manichaean texts appear in a script and language that is still identifiable as Syriac/Aramaic and these compositions are then classified as Syriac/Aramaic texts. Later texts using Manichaean script are attested in the literature of three Middle Iranian language ethnolects:

Sogdian — the dialect of Sogdia in the east, which had a large Manichean population.
Parthian — the dialect of Parthia in the northeast, which is indistinguishable from Medean of the northwest.
Middle Persian — the dialect of Pars (Persis, or Persia proper) in southwest Iran.

The Manichaean system does not have a high incidence of Semitic language logograms and ideograms inherited from chancellery Imperial Aramaic that are an essential characteristic of the Pahlavi system. Besides that, Manichaean spelling was less conservative or historical and corresponded closer to contemporary pronunciation: e.g. a word such as āzād "noble, free" was written ʼčʼt in Pahlavi, but ʼʼzʼd in Manichaean Middle Persian of the same period.

Manichaean script was not the only script used to render Manichaean manuscripts. When writing in Sogdian, which was frequently the case, Manichaean scribes frequently used the Sogdian alphabet ("Uighur script"). Likewise, outside Manichaeism, the dialect of Parsa (Persia proper) was also recorded in other systems, including Pahlavi scripts (in which case it is known as "Pahlevi" or Zoroastrian Middle Persian) and Avestan alphabet (in which case it is known as Pazend).

As Manichaeism was persecuted around Mesopotamia and the regions of the Sasanian Empire, its origins, it became well-established in Central Asia and along the Silk Road. It became an official state religion among the Uyghurs for five centuries (from the eighth through the twelfth century), and thus many surviving manuscripts are found in the Turpan region in the Iranian languages aforementioned, Old Uyghur, and the Tocharian languages.

In the 19th century, German expeditions discovered a number of Manichaean manuscripts at Bulayïq on the Silk Road near Turpan in what is now Xinjiang. Many of these manuscripts are today preserved in Berlin.

Characters

Like most abjads, Manichaean is written from right to left and lacks vowels. Particularly, it has certain consonants that join on both sides, some that join only on the right, and some that only join on the left, and some that do not join at all, unlike the most well-known abjad, Arabic, which has only consonants that join on both sides or on the right. Manichaean has a separate sign for the conjunction "ud" (and); two dots are placed above characters to indicate abbreviations, and there are several punctuation-marks to indicate headlines, page-divisions, sentence-divisions, and others.

There are obligatory conjuncts for certain combinations involving "n" and "y". The numbers are built from units of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 100 and can be visually identifiable. There are also some alternate forms of certain characters.

Letters
𐫀 aleph	𐫁 beth	𐫂 bheth	𐫃 gimel	𐫄 ghimel	𐫅 daleth	𐫆 he	𐫇 waw	𐫈 ud, and	𐫉 zayin	𐫊 zhayin
𐫋 jayin	𐫌 jhayin	𐫍 heth	𐫎 theth	𐫏 yodh	𐫐 kaph	𐫑 xaph	𐫒 khaph	𐫓 lamedh	𐫔 dhamedh	𐫕 thamedh
𐫖 mem	𐫗 nun	𐫘 samekh	𐫙 ayin	𐫚 aayin	𐫛 pe	𐫜 fe	𐫝 sadhe	𐫞 qoph	𐫟 xoph	𐫠 qhoph
𐫡 resh	𐫢 shin	𐫣 sshin	𐫤 taw

Punctuation
𐫰 star	𐫱 fleuron	𐫴 dot	𐫳 dot within dot	𐫵 double dot	𐫲 double dot within dot	𐫶 line filler

Numerals
𐫫 1	𐫬 5	𐫭 10	𐫮 20	𐫯 100

Unicode

The Manichaean alphabet (U+10AC0–U+10AFF) was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0.

Manichaean^[1]^[2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+10ACx	𐫀‎	𐫁‎	𐫂‎	𐫃‎	𐫄‎	𐫅‎	𐫆‎	𐫇‎	𐫈‎	𐫉‎	𐫊‎	𐫋‎	𐫌‎	𐫍‎	𐫎‎	𐫏‎
U+10ADx	𐫐‎	𐫑‎	𐫒‎	𐫓‎	𐫔‎	𐫕‎	𐫖‎	𐫗‎	𐫘‎	𐫙‎	𐫚‎	𐫛‎	𐫜‎	𐫝‎	𐫞‎	𐫟‎
U+10AEx	𐫠‎	𐫡‎	𐫢‎	𐫣‎	𐫤‎	𐫥‎	𐫦‎					𐫫‎	𐫬‎	𐫭‎	𐫮‎	𐫯‎
U+10AFx	𐫰‎	𐫱‎	𐫲‎	𐫳‎	𐫴‎	𐫵‎	𐫶‎
Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Durkin-Meisterernst 2005.

Sources

Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (October 14, 2005). "Manichean script". Encyclopaedia Iranica.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Abjad-based writing system}}
+{{One source|date=June 2021}}
 {{Infobox Writing system
  |name=Manichaean script
+|sample=File:Manichaean_cosmogonic_text,_Sogdian_language_in_Manichaean_script,_Khocho,_9th-10th_century_AD,_leather_-_Ethnological_Museum,_Berlin_-_DSC01758.JPG
+ |caption=Manichaean cosmogoni text Sogdia language in Manichaean
  |type=[[Abjad]]
- |time=3rd century &ndash; c. 10th century AD
+ |time=3rd century &ndash; c. 10th century CE
- |languages=Manichaean Middle Iranian
+ |languages=[[Middle Iranian]] and [[Tocharian languages]]
  |fam1= [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
  |fam2=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]
@@ Line 15: / Line 19: @@
  |note=none
 }}
-'''Manichaean script''' is an [[abjad]]-based writing system rooted in the Semitic family of alphabets and associated with the spread of [[Manichaeism|Manichaean]] religion from southwest to central Asia and beyond, beginning in the 3rd century CE. It bears a sibling relationship to early forms of the [[Pahlavi script]], both systems having developed from the [[Imperial Aramaic alphabet]], in which the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] court rendered its particular, official dialect of the [[Aramaic language#Imperial Aramaic|Aramaic language]]. Unlike Pahlavi, Manichaean script reveals influences from [[Sogdian script]], which in turn descends from the Syriac branch of Aramaic. Manichaean script is so named because Manichaean texts attribute its design to [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] himself. [[Middle Persian]] is written with this alphabet.
+The '''Manichaean script''' is an [[abjad]]-based writing system rooted in the Semitic family of alphabets and associated with the spread of [[Manichaeism]] from southwest to central Asia and beyond, beginning in the third century CE. It bears a sibling relationship to early forms of the [[Pahlavi scripts]], both systems having developed from the [[Imperial Aramaic alphabet]], in which the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid court]] rendered its particular, official dialect of [[Aramaic]]. Unlike Pahlavi, the Manichaean script reveals influences from the [[Sogdian alphabet]], which in turn descends from the Syriac branch of Aramaic. The Manichaean script is so named because Manichaean texts attribute its design to [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] himself. [[Middle Persian]] is written with this alphabet.
+The [[Iranian studies|Iranologist]] Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst notes that the Manichaean script was mainly used to write numerous [[Iranian_languages#Middle_Iranian_languages|Middle Iranian languages]] (Manichaean Middle Persian, [[Parthian language|Parthian]], [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]], [[Early New Persian]], [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]]) and [[Old Uyghur]] (a Turkic language).{{sfn|Durkin-Meisterernst|2005}} The Manichaean script is closely related to the [[Palmyrene alphabet]] of [[Palmyrene Aramaic]] and the [[Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā|Estrangelo script]] of [[Syriac language|Syriac]].{{sfn|Durkin-Meisterernst|2005}}
-Older Manichaean texts appear in a script and language that is still identifiable as [[Syriac language|Syriac]]-[[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] and these compositions are then classified as Syriac/Aramaic texts. Later texts using Manichaean script are attested in the literature of three Middle Iranian language [[ethnolect]]s:
-*[[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] -- the dialect of [[Sogdia]]na in the east, which had a large Manichean population.
-*[[Parthian language|Parthian]] -- the dialect of [[Parthia]] in the northeast, which is indistinguishable from Medean of the northwest.
-* [[Middle Persian]] -- the dialect of [[Pars (Sasanian province)|Pars]] ([[Persis]], or Persia proper) in southwest [[Greater Iran|Iran]].
+==Nomenclature==
-The Manichaean system does not have a high incidence of [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] language [[logograms]] and [[ideograms]] inherited from chancellery [[Imperial Aramaic]] that are an essential characteristic of the Pahlavi system. Besides that, Manichaean spelling was less conservative or historical and corresponded closer to contemporary pronunciation: e.g. a word such as ''āzād'' "noble, free" was written ''ʼčʼt'' in Pahlavi, but ''ʼʼzʼd'' in Manichaean Middle Persian of the same period.
+The term "Manichean" was introduced as designation for the script by the German scholar [[Friedrich W. K. Müller]], because of the use of the script in Manichean texts.{{sfn|Durkin-Meisterernst|2005}} Müller was the first scholar in modern times (in 1903/4) to read the script.{{sfn|Durkin-Meisterernst|2005}}
+==Overview==
-Manichaean script was not the only script used to render Manichaean manuscripts. When writing in [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]], which was frequently the case, Manichaean scribes frequently used [[Sogdian script]] ("Uighur script"). Likewise, outside Manichaeism, the dialect of Parsa (Persia proper) was also recorded in other  systems, including [[Pahlavi script]] (in which case it is known as [[Zoroastrian Middle Persian|Pahlavi]]) and [[Avestan script]] (in which case it is known as [[Pazend language|Pazend]]).
+Older Manichaean texts appear in a script and language that is still identifiable as Syriac/Aramaic and these compositions are then classified as Syriac/Aramaic texts. Later texts using Manichaean script are attested in the literature of three Middle Iranian language [[ethnolect]]s:
+*[[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] — the dialect of [[Sogdia]] in the east, which had a large Manichean population.
+*[[Parthian language|Parthian]] — the dialect of [[Parthia]] in the northeast, which is indistinguishable from Medean of the northwest.
+* [[Middle Persian]] — the dialect of [[Pars (Sasanian province)|Pars]] ([[Persis]], or Persia proper) in southwest [[Greater Iran|Iran]].
+The Manichaean system does not have a high incidence of [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] language [[logogram]]s and [[ideogram]]s inherited from chancellery [[Imperial Aramaic]] that are an essential characteristic of the Pahlavi system. Besides that, Manichaean spelling was less conservative or historical and corresponded closer to contemporary pronunciation: e.g. a word such as ''āzād'' "noble, free" was written ''ʼčʼt'' in Pahlavi, but ''ʼʼzʼd'' in Manichaean Middle Persian of the same period.
-As Manichaeism was persecuted around Mesopotamia and the regions of the [[Sasanian Empire]], its origins, it became well-established in Central Asia and along the Silk Road. It became an official state religion among the Uyghurs for five centuries (from the 8th through the 12th century), and thus many surviving manuscripts are found in the [[Turpan]] region in the Iranian languages aforementioned, the [[Uighur language]], and the [[Tocharian language]].
+Manichaean script was not the only script used to render Manichaean manuscripts. When writing in [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]], which was frequently the case, Manichaean scribes frequently used the [[Sogdian alphabet]] ("Uighur script"). Likewise, outside Manichaeism, the dialect of Parsa (Persia proper) was also recorded in other  systems, including Pahlavi scripts (in which case it is known as "Pahlevi" or [[Zoroastrian Middle Persian]]) and [[Avestan alphabet]] (in which case it is known as [[Pazend]]).
-In the 19th century, German expeditions discovered a number of Manichaean manuscripts at Bulayiq on the [[Silk Road]], near [[Turpan]] in north-west China. Many of these manuscripts are today preserved in Berlin.
+As Manichaeism was persecuted around [[Mesopotamia]] and the regions of the [[Sasanian Empire]], its origins, it became well-established in Central Asia and along the [[Silk Road]]. It became an official state religion among the Uyghurs for five centuries (from the eighth through the twelfth century), and thus many surviving manuscripts are found in the [[Turpan]] region in the Iranian languages aforementioned, [[Old Uyghur]], and the [[Tocharian languages]].
-[[File:Maqnichaean characters.png|thumb|Table of letters from Manichaean script, with their Latin transliterations.]]
+In the 19th century, German expeditions discovered a number of Manichaean manuscripts at [[Bulayïq]] on the Silk Road near Turpan in what is now [[Xinjiang]]. Many of these manuscripts are today preserved in Berlin.
 ==Characters==
-Like most abjads, Manichaean is written from right to left and lacks vowels. Particularly, it has certain consonants that join on both sides, some that join only on the right, and some that only join on the left, and some that do not join at all, unlike the most well-known abjad, Arabic, which has only consonants that join on both sides or on the right. Manichaean has a separate sign for the conjunction "ud" (and), two dots are placed above characters to indicate abbreviations, and there are several punctuation marks to indicate headlines, page divisions, sentence divisions, and others.
+Like most abjads, Manichaean is written from right to left and lacks vowels. Particularly, it has certain consonants that join on both sides, some that join only on the right, and some that only join on the left, and some that do not join at all, unlike the most well-known abjad, Arabic, which has only consonants that join on both sides or on the right. Manichaean has a separate sign for the conjunction "ud" (and); two dots are placed above characters to indicate abbreviations, and there are several punctuation-marks to indicate headlines, page-divisions, sentence-divisions, and others.
-There are obligatory conjuncts for certain combinations involving "n" and "y." The numbers are built from units of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 100 and can be visually identifiable. There are also some alternate forms of certain characters.
+There are obligatory conjuncts for certain combinations involving "n" and "y". The numbers are built from units of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 100 and can be visually identifiable. There are also some alternate forms of certain characters.
+{| class="wikitable letters-table"
+|+ Letters
+|-
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫀|note=aleph}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫁|note=beth}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫂|note=bheth}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫃|note=gimel}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫄|note=ghimel}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫅|note=daleth}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫆|note=he}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫇|note=waw}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫈|note=ud, ''and''}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫉|note=zayin}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫊|note=zhayin}}
+|-
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫋|note=jayin}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫌|note=jhayin}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫍|note=heth}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫎|note=theth}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫏|note=yodh}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫐|note=kaph}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫑|note=xaph}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫒|note=khaph}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫓|note=lamedh}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫔|note=dhamedh}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫕|note=thamedh}}
+|-
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫖|note=mem}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫗|note=nun}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫘|note=samekh}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫙|note=ayin}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫚|note=aayin}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫛|note=pe}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫜|note=fe}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫝|note=sadhe}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫞|note=qoph}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫟|note=xoph}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫠|note=qhoph}}
+|-
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫡|note=resh}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫢|note=shin}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫣|note=sshin}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫤|note=taw}}
+|}
+{| class="wikitable letters-table"
+|+Punctuation
+|-
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫰|note=star}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫱|note=fleuron}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫴|note=dot}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫳|note=dot within dot}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫵|note=double dot}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫲|note=double dot within dot}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫶|note=line filler}}
+|}
+{| class="wikitable letters-table"
+|+Numerals
+|-
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫫|note=1}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫬|note=5}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫭|note=10}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫮|note=20}}
+|{{letter|script=Mani|ch=𐫯|note=100}}
+|}
 ==Unicode==
@@ Line 45: / Line 119: @@
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
+==Sources==
+* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Manichean script | last = Durkin-Meisterernst | first = Desmond | url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/manichean-script | encyclopedia  = Encyclopaedia Iranica | date=October 14, 2005}}
 ==Further reading==
+* {{cite book|author=Kara, György|chapter=Aramaic Scripts for Altaic Languages|title=The World's Writing Systems|year=1996|editor1-first=Peter T.|editor1-last=Daniels|editor2-first=William|editor2-last=Bright|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195079930|pages=536–558}}
-*{{cite encyclopedia|article=Manichean script|last=Durkin-Meisterernst|first=Desmond|date=October 14, 2005|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manichean-script}}
+* {{cite book|author=Skjærvø, Prods Oktor|chapter=Aramaic Scripts for Iranian Languages|title=The World's Writing Systems|year=1996|editor1-first=Peter T.|editor1-last=Daniels|editor2-first=William|editor2-last=Bright|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195079930|pages=515–535}}
-*[http://www.bbaw.de/forschung/turfanforschung/dta/m/dta_m_index.htm Photos of the original texts written in manichaean script discovered at Turpan] (Under the link "Texte in manichäischer Schrift")
+* {{cite web|url=https://turfan.bbaw.de/dta/m/dta_m_index.htm |title=Digitales Turfan-Archiv: Mitteliranische Texte in manichäischer Schrift}} [Photos of the original texts written in Manichaean script discovered at Turpan]
-*{{cite web|url=http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/unicode/iranian/3tagung.htm |title=Initial Iranian conference proposing Unicode for Manichaean Script}}
+* {{cite web|url=http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/unicode/iranian/3tagung.htm |title=Initial Iranian conference proposing Unicode for Manichaean Script}}
+{{Manichaeism footer}}
 {{list of writing systems}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Manichaean Script}}
-[[Category:Defunct writing systems]]
+[[Category:Obsolete writing systems]]
 [[Category:Abjad writing systems]]
 [[Category:Manichaeism]]
-[[Category:Scripts encoded in Unicode 7.0]]
+[[Category:Persian scripts]]
+[[Category:Right-to-left writing systems]]

v t e Manichaeism
Prophets	Mani (Founder) Jesus Sakyamuni Zarathustra Narayana Seth
Scripture	Seven treatises of Manichaeism (Gospel of Mani, Treasure of Life, The Epistles, The Book of Mysteries, Pragmateia, The Book of Giants, Psalms and Prayers) Book of Pictures Shabuhragan
Extracanonical literature	New Testament Fundamental Epistle Manichaean Psalm Book Psalms of Thomas Kephalaia Xuastvanift Cologne Mani-Codex Medinet Madi library Dunhuang Manichaean texts Xiabuzan Manichaean Compendium Incomplete scripture of Manichaeism Irk Bitig† Turpan Manichaean texts Sogdian-language Manichaean letter Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts Moni Guangfo
Theology	Father of Greatness Prince of Darkness Zarathustra in Manichaeism The Buddha in Manichaeism Jesus in Manichaeism Two Principles and Three Moments Gnosis Messenger of Light Xroshtag and Padvaxtag Archon Asrestar
History	Apostles Mar Ammo Mar Sisin Mar Zaku Mar Adda Shad Ohrmazd Mihr Faustus Agapius Aphthonius Hegemonius Marcus Three Persian religions Huichang Persecution of Manichaeism Bögü Qaghan Sergius-Tychicus East-West Schism Amr ibn Adi Abū Hilāl al-Dayhūri Lü Shinang Synod of Gangra Lin Deng Persecution Uyghur Khaganate Cangnan Stele Qianku
Sects	See of Babylon Denawars Astati Chinese Manichaeism Miqlāsiyya
Organisation	Archegos Patriarch Apostle Bishop Presbyter Elect Hearers
Commandments	Three Seals Pañcavidyā
Rituals	Eucharist Evangelism Repentance Fasting
Buildings	Cao'an Puxi Fushou Palace [zh] Flying Road Pagoda [zh] Leshan Temple [zh]
Visual art	Birth of Mani Book of Pictures Diagram of the Universe Episodes from Mani's Missionary Work Icon of Mani Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4959 Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4974 Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979 Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 6368 Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 8259 Mani's Community Established Mani's Parents Manichaean stone reliefs of Shangwan village Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286 Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918 Painting of the Buddha Jesus Sealstone of Mani Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation Veneration of the Tree of Life
Writing system	Manichaean script Manichaean (Unicode block)
In fiction	Ming Cult The Gardens of Light Story of the Twin Dragons of Great Tang The Secret of Heaven
Notes: † mainly a Tengrist text but recorded in a Manichaean monastery