Hotel Delfino siege: Difference between revisions

Rodolfo E. Aguinaldo
Rodolfo E. Aguinaldo
Governor of Cagayan
	In office; June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998
Preceded by	David Puzon Jr.
Succeeded by	Florencio Vargas
	In office; 1988–1990
Preceded by	Domingo de Leon
Succeeded by	Melvin Vargas
Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Cagayan's 3rd district
	In office; June 30, 1998 – June 12, 2001
Preceded by	Manuel Mamba
Succeeded by	Manuel Mamba
Personal details
Born	Rodolfo Espejo Aguinaldo; September 12, 1946; Pasuquin, Ilocos Norte, Philippines
Died	June 12, 2001 (aged 54); Tuguegarao, Cagayan, Philippines
Alma mater	Philippine Military Academy
Military service
Branch/service	Philippine Constabulary
Years of service	1968-1987
Rank	Lieutenant colonel

Siege at Hotel Delfino
Date	March 4, 1990
Location	Tuguegarao, Cagayan, Philippines17°37′00″N 121°43′00″E / 17.616667°N 121.716667°E
Result	Suspended Cagayan Governor Rodolfo Aguinaldo and his forces escape into the mountains
Government-Insurgents
Philippine government	Reform the Armed Forces Movement
Commanders and leaders
Corazon Aquino; Luis Santos (Secretary of the Interior and Local Government); Brig Gen Oscar Florendo †	Rodolfo Aguinaldo
Units involved
Armed Forces of the Philippines	Aguinaldo loyalists
Strength
About 1,000 soldiers	200 - 300 followers
Casualties and losses
	14 killed (including civilians) ; 20 wounded

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The Siege at Hotel Delfino (Filipino: Pagkubkob sa Hotel Delfino, Ilocano: Sitio ti Hotel Delfino) in Tuguegarao, Cagayan in the Philippines, took place on March 4, 1990. A private army estimated at 300 men^[6] seized the hotel under the command of suspended Cagayan governor Rodolfo "Agi" Aguinaldo, a fierce critic of the administration of President Corazon Aquino and the Communist rebellion in the Philippines. The incident was an offshoot of the 1989 Philippine coup attempt that Aguinaldo publicly supported, which prompted his suspension and arrest. The standoff ended violently after several hours, leaving 14 people dead, including a general who tried to arrest him.

Background

Aguinaldo

Rodolfo Espejo Aguinaldo was born in Pasuquin, Ilocos Norte on September 12, 1946, to Felix Aguinaldo and Lorenza Espejo. He graduated from the Philippine Military Academy in 1972^[7] and served in the Philippine Constabulary (PC). During this period, he was accused of torturing dissidents during the Martial Law period in the 1970s and 1980s. Among those who positively identified him were Etta Rosales, who later became one of his colleagues in the 11th Congress of the Philippines and Chair of the Commission on Human Rights, and Satur Ocampo,^[8] future representative of Bayan Muna Partylist. As one of the leading officers involved in the counterinsurgency efforts against the Communist rebellion in the Philippines, he led an operation that led to the capture of Jose Maria Sison, leader of the Communist Party of the Philippines in San Fernando, La Union in 1977. In 1981, Aguinaldo was assigned to Cagayan as assistant provincial PC commander, marking the start of his association with the province.^[9] His willingness to accompany his men in the field during counterinsurgency patrols led him to be called the "Rambo of the Philippines" by military officers.^[10]

Anti-government activity

In the early 1980s, Aguinaldo joined the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM), a dissident faction within the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) that was founded by alumni of the Philippine Military Academy such as Colonel Gringo Honasan, Eduardo Kapunan and Victor Batac, citing disillusionment with the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos for its handling of the communist rebellion. Aguinaldo was deemed responsible for disclosing the names of 14 key RAM officers to a CIA contact at the U.S. Embassy, which was believed to have contributed to the Marcos' discovery of RAM's plot to overthrow the government, which forced the coup plotters to launch their revolt earlier than scheduled.^[11] When the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution broke out, Aguinaldo led RAM forces in seizing control of government media outlets in Quezon City, paving the way for the overthrow of Marcos and the assumption of power by his rival, Corazon Aquino. As a reward, he was promoted to become provincial PC commander of Cagayan.^[9]

Following the revolution, Aguinaldo and other RAM members became disillusioned by the Aquino government's emphasis on opening negotiations with the communists and the release of Sison and other party members and dissidents. As a result, Aguinaldo joined attempts by the RAM to overthrow President Aquino, starting with the Manila Hotel Siege in July 1986 where he served as a RAM liaison with Marcos loyalists who staged the failed coup. Aguinaldo actively participated in RAM's failed coup attempt on August 28, 1987 and led his forces in briefly seizing control of the Cagayan Valley regional military headquarters in Tuguegarao, bluntly stating later that another coup attempt would follow if the President "does not make reforms fast".^[12]

Governor of Cagayan

Following the 1987 coup, Aguinaldo was stripped of his command and placed under investigation but resigned with the rank of lieutenant colonel before any significant action could be taken against him. He then ran for Governor of Cagayan in the 1988 local elections, successfully winning on a populist platform against established rivals who were ironically supported by RAM's political patron Juan Ponce Enrile, by a landslide.^[13] Ironically, one of those who were said to have provided financial support to Aguinaldo's campaign was Florendo, who was killed in his rebellion.^[14] During this time, he was regarded as a provincial warlord who built an independent economic base using revenues from logging, smuggling and gambling as well as defense funds and weapons caches to establish a private army of 1,200 Aeta tribesmen and former New People's Army guerrillas.^[9]

1989 Coup Attempt

On December 1, 1989, RAM launched its third attempt to overthrow the Aquino government. Governor Aguinaldo went on the air over DZRH in the morning, declaring support for the coup. Five hundred of his men attempted to reach Manila but were blocked in Nueva Ecija.^[15] After the coup failed, Aguinaldo was suspended as governor in January 1990 based on his radio announcement. A week before his attack on the hotel Aguinaldo was indicted on charges of rebellion and murder relating to the failed coup.^[9]

Events

Advance on Tuguegarao

Disputing both his suspension as governor and the rebellion charges, Aguinaldo refused to surrender to authorities. Along with hundreds of armed followers, he went into hiding in the village of Dakel^[16] in his adopted hometown of Gattaran while civilian supporters tried to prevent his arrest by forming human barricades at the provincial capitol.^[17] On learning government troops were planning to attack his hideout, Aguinaldo proceeded with his troops in a convoy toward Tuguegarao in the early hours of March 4.^[18] The convoy was composed of at least 100 civilians and about 300 armed Aetas, disgruntled Scout Rangers, and paramilitary units and included truckloads of ammunition and an armored personnel carrier.^[16]

Capture of Hotel Delfino

Brigadier General Oscar Florendo, Armed Forces of the Philippines chief of Civil Military Relations, and Interior Secretary Luis Santos were dispatched to Tuguegarao by President Aquino to serve Aguinaldo with an arrest warrant,^[19] but were caught off-guard by the speedy arrival of Aguinaldo's forces, which were estimated to be between 200 and 300.^[17] Santos, along with the Archbishop of Tuguegarao, Diosdado Talamayan, had previously been involved with unsuccessful negotiations for Aguinaldo's surrender in January 1990.^[16]

After Aguinaldo's men, led by defecting Scout Ranger captain Feliciano Sabite,^[17] seized control of Hotel Delfino where the general was staying and cut off water and electricity supplies, Florendo and two of his aides were taken hostage along with more than 50 other hotel guests^[20] while Santos, two army colonels and a navy commodore barricaded themselves on the second floor^[18] before being rescued along with two mayors. Thirty others were held hostage by Aguinaldo's forces in a pawn shop.^[21] About 2,000 of Aguinaldo's civilian supporters arrived in front of the hotel chanting his name, while Aguinaldo’s forces set up checkpoints near the hotel and slashed the tires of nearby vehicles.^[18] Soldiers blocked a bridge south of Tuguegarao which connected the town with Manila.^[21]

Clashes

Aguinaldo was initially receptive, holding a press conference with Florendo in the hotel lobby despite claiming to have been wounded in an ambush by government forces outside Tuguegarao that killed one person.^[18] He gave an interview in which he claimed to be a "victim of injustice" and said he would not mind dying "as a villain".^[18] However, gunfire erupted a few hours later at the nearby Balzain Bridge, sparking heavy fighting across the town that culminated with government troops dispersing civilian demonstrators outside the hotel with teargas before storming the building at 03:00 pm. Florendo was then killed in the ensuing crossfire, while Aguinaldo fled to the mountains with a militia three hundred strong, reportedly on an ambulance.^[22]^[17] More than 200 of Aguinaldo's followers surrendered to government authorities, while most hostages were released by the following day.^[21]

The fighting left 14 people dead and wounded twenty.^[17] Aside from Florendo, ten people were killed at the Balzain Bridge, while three others were killed in clashes near a gas station.^[21]

Aftermath

Florendo's body was returned to Manila after the incident and was buried with full military honors at the Libingan ng mga Bayani on March 10.^[23] President Aquino condemned his killing as an "act of treachery and cowardice." General Renato de Villa, Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, ordered Aguinaldo to be taken "dead or alive."^[22]

Aguinaldo spent the next three months in hiding until he finally surrendered at the Cagayan provincial capitol but was later released on bail. While on the run, he took responsibility for Florendo's death, calling it a ″terrible mistake″,^[23] although the actual killer of Florendo was never definitively identified. He later won reelection by a landslide^[17] in the 1992 elections, despite attempts to disqualify him from running. He was eventually acquitted of wrongdoing by the Supreme Court, which adopted a legal doctrine, later named after him, that a public official cannot be removed for administrative misconduct committed during a prior term since his re-election to office operates as a condonation of his past misconduct.^[24] The ruling was subsequently applied to similar cases involving elected officials until it was reversed by the Supreme Court in 2016.

In 1993, Aguinaldo availed of an amnesty offered by the government of President Fidel Ramos to RAM members and other coup participants^[25] and stayed on as Governor until 1998, when he was elected as representative of Cagayan's 3rd congressional district, serving until his assassination on June 12, 2001, by NPA hitmen in Tuguegarao, shortly after losing his reelection bid during the previous month to Manuel Mamba.^[26]

The Hotel Delfino remains a functioning hotel run by the Ting family, members of which have served as mayors of Tuguegarao for several decades, including at the time of the siege.

In popular culture

The incident is featured, albeit with some inaccuracies, in the climax of Aguinaldo's 1993 biopic Aguinaldo: The True-to-Life Story of Gov. Rodolfo Aguinaldo of Cagayan, starring Lito Lapid as Aguinaldo^[27] and Ramil Rodriguez as Florendo. Aguinaldo himself appears at the beginning of the film to make an opening statement and is shown taking the oath of office at the ending of the film. Some scenes were shot in Tuguegarao itself, including at the Hotel Delfino and Balzain Bridge.

References

^ ^a ^b Yabes, Criselba (March 5, 1990). "Manila Ends Hostage Standoff". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
^ Bautista, Nona (March 4, 1990). "Government troops beat back rebel attack". United Press International. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
^ Drogin, Bob (March 5, 1990). "Rebel Clash Puts Aquino in New Crisis". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
^ Johnson, Bryan (March 5, 1990). "Governor creates new crisis for Aquino". The Globe and Mail.
^ Schmetzer, Uli (March 5, 1990). "Ousted governor declares war with Aquino". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
^ Yabes, Criselda (March 5, 1990). "MANILA ENDS HOSTAGE STANDOFF". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
^ Lagasca, Charlie. "Thousands mourn as Aguinaldo is laid to rest". philstar.com. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ Esguerra, Christian. "Marcos victims retell torture stories vs Enrile 'revisionism'". news.abscbn.com. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d McCoy, Alfred. "Impunity". Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy. Anvil Publishing. p. 304-308.
^ Branigin, William (June 3, 1986). "Communist Rebels Battle On In Luzon". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
^ "The Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission: IV: Military Intervention in the Philippines: 1986 – 1987". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. October 3, 1990. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ Le Vine, Steve (October 25, 1987). "PHILIPPINE RENEGADE OFFICER SAYS U.S. SHOULD 'LET US STRUGGLE'". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
^ Drogin, Bob (March 5, 1990). "Rebel Clash Puts Aquino in New Crisis : Philippines: The battle leaves a dozen dead, including a general. The renegade governor who supported December coup attempt escapes arrest". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
^ Yabes, Criselda (March 5, 1990). "MANILA ENDS HOSTAGE STANDOFF". Washington Post. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
^ "The Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission: V: The Failed December 1989 Coup: Pre-Coup Events and Battle Zone Narratives". officialgazette.gov.ph. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c "MILITARY ASSAULT LEAVES GENERAL, OTHERS DEAD, IMMOBILIZES CHURCH". UCA News. March 4, 1990.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f McCoy, Alfred. "Impunity". Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy. Anvil Publishing. p. 306.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Guerrero, Eileen (March 4, 1990). "Forces of Governor Charged With Rebellion Seize Hostages; Military Alert". apnews.com. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
^ "14 Die as Philippine Troops Fight Rebel Governor". The New York Times. March 5, 1990. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
^ Schmetzer, Uli (March 5, 1990). "OUSTED GOVERNOR THREATENS AQUINO". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Reid, Robert (March 5, 1990). "Attempt to Arrest Governor Tied to Coup Attempt Leaves 14 Dead". Associated Press. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
^ ^a ^b Bautista, Nona (March 5, 1990). "Government troops beat back rebel attack". UPI. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
^ ^a ^b "General Killed Trying to Arrest Coup Suspect Buried". AP News. March 11, 1990. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ "SC Clarifies Effectivity of Abandonment of "Condonation Doctrine"". sc.judiciary.gov.ph. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ McCoy, Alfred. "Impunity". Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy. Anvil Publishing. p. 314.
^ "Cagayan solon slain in ambush". Philstar.com. June 13, 2001. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ McCoy, Alfred. "Impunity". Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy. Anvil Publishing. p. 308.

[Yabes-1] Yabes, Criselba (March 5, 1990). "Manila Ends Hostage Standoff". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 1, 2017.

[Bautista-2] Bautista, Nona (March 4, 1990). "Government troops beat back rebel attack". United Press International. Retrieved July 1, 2017.

[Drogin-3] Drogin, Bob (March 5, 1990). "Rebel Clash Puts Aquino in New Crisis". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 1, 2017.

[Johnson-4] Johnson, Bryan (March 5, 1990). "Governor creates new crisis for Aquino". The Globe and Mail.

[Schmetzer-5] Schmetzer, Uli (March 5, 1990). "Ousted governor declares war with Aquino". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 1, 2017.

[:0-6] Yabes, Criselda (March 5, 1990). "MANILA ENDS HOSTAGE STANDOFF". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 23, 2020.

[7] Lagasca, Charlie. "Thousands mourn as Aguinaldo is laid to rest". philstar.com. Retrieved November 8, 2022.

[8] Esguerra, Christian. "Marcos victims retell torture stories vs Enrile 'revisionism'". news.abscbn.com. Retrieved November 8, 2022.

[mccoy-9] McCoy, Alfred. "Impunity". Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy. Anvil Publishing. p. 304-308.

[10] Branigin, William (June 3, 1986). "Communist Rebels Battle On In Luzon". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 15, 2024.

[11] "The Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission: IV: Military Intervention in the Philippines: 1986 – 1987". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. October 3, 1990. Retrieved June 27, 2023.

[12] Le Vine, Steve (October 25, 1987). "PHILIPPINE RENEGADE OFFICER SAYS U.S. SHOULD 'LET US STRUGGLE'". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved August 23, 2020.

[:2-13] Drogin, Bob (March 5, 1990). "Rebel Clash Puts Aquino in New Crisis : Philippines: The battle leaves a dozen dead, including a general. The renegade governor who supported December coup attempt escapes arrest". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 23, 2020.

[14] Yabes, Criselda (March 5, 1990). "MANILA ENDS HOSTAGE STANDOFF". Washington Post. Retrieved April 6, 2024.

[15] "The Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission: V: The Failed December 1989 Coup: Pre-Coup Events and Battle Zone Narratives". officialgazette.gov.ph. Retrieved November 8, 2022.

[uca-16] "MILITARY ASSAULT LEAVES GENERAL, OTHERS DEAD, IMMOBILIZES CHURCH". UCA News. March 4, 1990.

[McCoy306-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f McCoy, Alfred. "Impunity". Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy. Anvil Publishing. p. 306.

[ap2-18] Guerrero, Eileen (March 4, 1990). "Forces of Governor Charged With Rebellion Seize Hostages; Military Alert". apnews.com. Retrieved June 15, 2023.

[19] "14 Die as Philippine Troops Fight Rebel Governor". The New York Times. March 5, 1990. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 23, 2020.

[:3-20] Schmetzer, Uli (March 5, 1990). "OUSTED GOVERNOR THREATENS AQUINO". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved August 23, 2020.

[ap1-21] Reid, Robert (March 5, 1990). "Attempt to Arrest Governor Tied to Coup Attempt Leaves 14 Dead". Associated Press. Retrieved June 15, 2023.

[upi2-22] Bautista, Nona (March 5, 1990). "Government troops beat back rebel attack". UPI. Retrieved April 6, 2024.

[apburial-23] "General Killed Trying to Arrest Coup Suspect Buried". AP News. March 11, 1990. Retrieved November 8, 2022.

[24] "SC Clarifies Effectivity of Abandonment of "Condonation Doctrine"". sc.judiciary.gov.ph. Retrieved November 8, 2022.

[25] McCoy, Alfred. "Impunity". Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy. Anvil Publishing. p. 314.

[26] "Cagayan solon slain in ambush". Philstar.com. June 13, 2001. Retrieved September 23, 2022.

[27] McCoy, Alfred. "Impunity". Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy. Anvil Publishing. p. 308.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|1990 siege in Tugegarao, Philippines}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
+{{Use Philippine English|date=August 2024}}
 {{Infobox military conflict
 | conflict          = Siege at Hotel Delfino
 | image             =
-| caption           =
+| coordinates       = {{coord|display=title,inline}}
 | date              = March 4, 1990
 | place             = [[Tuguegarao]], [[Cagayan]], [[Philippines]]
@@ Line 14: / Line 17: @@
 | units2            = Aguinaldo loyalists
 | strength1         = About 1,000 soldiers<ref name="Yabes" />
-| strength2         = 200<ref name="Bautista">{{cite news|last1=Bautista|first1=Nona|title=Government troops beat back rebel attack|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/03/04/Government-troops-beat-back-rebel-attack/3889636526800/|accessdate=1 July 2017|agency=[[United Press International]]|date=March 4, 1990}}</ref><ref name="Drogin">{{cite news|last1=Drogin|first1=Bob|title=Rebel Clash Puts Aquino in New Crisis|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-03-05/news/mn-1518_1_coup-attempt|accessdate=1 July 2017|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 5, 1990}}</ref><ref name="Johnson">{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Bryan|title=Governor creates new crisis for Aquino|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=March 5, 1990}}</ref> - 300<ref name="Yabes">{{cite news|last1=Yabes|first1=Criselba|title=Manila Ends Hostage Standoff|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/03/05/manila-ends-hostage-standoff/596eb9a9-a4cd-4760-b413-ce60368435de/|accessdate=1 July 2017|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=March 5, 1990}}</ref><ref name="Schmetzer">{{cite news|last1=Schmetzer|first1=Uli|title=Ousted governor declares war with Aquino|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1990/03/05/page/21/article/ousted-governor-declares-war-with-aquino|accessdate=1 July 2017|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=March 5, 1990}}</ref> followers
+| strength2         = 200<ref name="Bautista">{{cite news|last1=Bautista|first1=Nona|title=Government troops beat back rebel attack|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/03/04/Government-troops-beat-back-rebel-attack/3889636526800/|accessdate=July 1, 2017|work=[[United Press International]]|date=March 4, 1990}}</ref><ref name="Drogin">{{cite news|last1=Drogin|first1=Bob|title=Rebel Clash Puts Aquino in New Crisis|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-03-05-mn-1518-story.html|access-date=July 1, 2017|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 5, 1990}}</ref><ref name="Johnson">{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Bryan|title=Governor creates new crisis for Aquino|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=March 5, 1990}}</ref> - 300<ref name="Yabes">{{cite news|last1=Yabes|first1=Criselba|title=Manila Ends Hostage Standoff|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/03/05/manila-ends-hostage-standoff/596eb9a9-a4cd-4760-b413-ce60368435de/|accessdate=July 1, 2017|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=March 5, 1990}}</ref><ref name="Schmetzer">{{cite news|last1=Schmetzer|first1=Uli|title=Ousted governor declares war with Aquino|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1990/03/05/page/21/article/ousted-governor-declares-war-with-aquino|accessdate=July 1, 2017|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=March 5, 1990}}</ref> followers
 | casualties1       =
 | casualties2       =
@@ Line 20: / Line 23: @@
 }}
-The '''Siege at Hotel Delfino''' ([[Filipino language|Filipino]]: ''Pagkubkob sa Hotel Delfino'', [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]: ''Sitio ti Hotel Delfino'') in [[Tuguegarao]], [[Cagayan]] in the [[Philippines]], took place on March 4, 1990. A private army estimated at 300 men<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Yabes|first=Criselda|date=1990-03-05|title=MANILA ENDS HOSTAGE STANDOFF|language=en-US|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/03/05/manila-ends-hostage-standoff/596eb9a9-a4cd-4760-b413-ce60368435de/|access-date=2020-08-23|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> seized the hotel under the command of suspended [[Governor of Cagayan|Cagayan governor]] Rodolfo "Agi" Aguinaldo, a fierce critic of the administration of President [[Corazon Aquino]] and the [[Communist rebellion in the Philippines|Communist insurgency in the Philippines]]. The incident was an offshoot of the [[1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt]] that Aguinaldo publicly supported, which prompted his suspension and arrest. The standoff ended violently after several hours, leaving 14 people dead, including a general who tried to arrest him.
+The '''Siege at Hotel Delfino''' ([[Filipino language|Filipino]]: ''Pagkubkob sa Hotel Delfino'', [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]: ''Sitio ti Hotel Delfino'') in [[Tuguegarao]], [[Cagayan]] in the [[Philippines]], took place on March 4, 1990. A private army estimated at 300 men<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Yabes|first=Criselda|date=March 5, 1990|title=MANILA ENDS HOSTAGE STANDOFF|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/03/05/manila-ends-hostage-standoff/596eb9a9-a4cd-4760-b413-ce60368435de/|access-date=August 23, 2020|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> seized the hotel under the command of suspended [[Governor of Cagayan|Cagayan governor]] Rodolfo "Agi" Aguinaldo, a fierce critic of the administration of President [[Corazon Aquino]] and the [[Communist rebellion in the Philippines]]. The incident was an offshoot of the [[1989 Philippine coup attempt]] that Aguinaldo publicly supported, which prompted his suspension and arrest. The standoff ended violently after several hours, leaving 14 people dead, including a general who tried to arrest him.
 ==Background==
@@ Line 52: / Line 55: @@
 | alma_mater          = [[Philippine Military Academy]]
 | party               =
+| branch              = [[Philippine Constabulary]]
+| serviceyears        = 1968-1987
+| rank                = [[Lieutenant colonel]]
 }}
-'''Rodolfo Espejo Aguinaldo''' was born in [[Pasuquin]], [[Ilocos Norte]] on September 12, 1946 to Felix Aguinaldo and Lorenza Espejo. He graduated from the [[Philippine Military Academy]] in 1972<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lagasca|first=Charlie|title=Thousands mourn as Aguinaldo is laid to rest|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2001/06/17/91004/thousands-mourn-aguinaldo-laid-rest|access-date=2022-11-08|website=philstar.com}}</ref> and served in the [[Philippine Constabulary]] (PC). During this period, he was accused of torturing dissidents during the [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|Martial Law period]] in the 1970s and 1980s. Among those who positively identified him were [[Etta Rosales]], who later became one of his colleagues in the [[11th Congress of the Philippines]] and Chair of the [[Commission on Human Rights (Philippines)|Commission on Human Rights]], and [[Satur Ocampo]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Esguerra |first=Christian |title=Marcos victims retell torture stories vs Enrile ‘revisionism’ |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/09/26/18/marcos-victims-retell-torture-stories-vs-enrile-revisionism |access-date=2022-11-08|website=news.abscbn.com}}</ref> future representative of [[Bayan Muna]] Partylist. As one of the leading officers involved in the counterinsurgency efforts against the [[Communist rebellion in the Philippines]], he led an operation that led to the capture of [[Jose Maria Sison]], leader of the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] in [[San Fernando, La Union]] in 1977. In 1981, Aguinaldo was assigned to [[Cagayan]] as assistant provincial PC commander, marking the start of his association with the province.<ref name="mccoy"/> His willingness to accompany his men in the field during counterinsurgency patrols led him to be called the "[[John Rambo|Rambo]] of the Philippines" by military officers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Branigin |first=William |title=Communist Rebels Battle On In Luzon |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/06/04/communist-rebels-battle-on-in-luzon/b7b4f308-6bb5-4240-af22-454c0f03ab98/ |access-date=15 April 2024 |date=3 June 1986 |website=The Washington Post}}</ref>
+'''Rodolfo Espejo Aguinaldo''' was born in [[Pasuquin]], [[Ilocos Norte]] on September 12, 1946, to Felix Aguinaldo and Lorenza Espejo. He graduated from the [[Philippine Military Academy]] in 1972<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lagasca|first=Charlie|title=Thousands mourn as Aguinaldo is laid to rest|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2001/06/17/91004/thousands-mourn-aguinaldo-laid-rest|access-date=November 8, 2022|website=philstar.com}}</ref> and served in the [[Philippine Constabulary]] (PC). During this period, he was accused of torturing dissidents during the [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|Martial Law period]] in the 1970s and 1980s. Among those who positively identified him were [[Etta Rosales]], who later became one of his colleagues in the [[11th Congress of the Philippines]] and Chair of the [[Commission on Human Rights (Philippines)|Commission on Human Rights]], and [[Satur Ocampo]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Esguerra |first=Christian |title=Marcos victims retell torture stories vs Enrile 'revisionism' |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/09/26/18/marcos-victims-retell-torture-stories-vs-enrile-revisionism |access-date=November 8, 2022|website=news.abscbn.com}}</ref> future representative of [[Bayan Muna]] Partylist. As one of the leading officers involved in the counterinsurgency efforts against the [[Communist rebellion in the Philippines]], he led an operation that led to the capture of [[Jose Maria Sison]], leader of the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] in [[San Fernando, La Union]] in 1977. In 1981, Aguinaldo was assigned to [[Cagayan]] as assistant provincial PC commander, marking the start of his association with the province.<ref name="mccoy"/> His willingness to accompany his men in the field during counterinsurgency patrols led him to be called the "[[John Rambo|Rambo]] of the Philippines" by military officers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Branigin |first=William |title=Communist Rebels Battle On In Luzon |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/06/04/communist-rebels-battle-on-in-luzon/b7b4f308-6bb5-4240-af22-454c0f03ab98/ |access-date=April 15, 2024 |date=June 3, 1986 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
 ===Anti-government activity===
-Aguinaldo later joined the [[Reform the Armed Forces Movement]] (RAM), a dissident faction within the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] (AFP) that was founded by alumni of the [[Philippine Military Academy]] such as Colonel [[Gregorio Honasan|Gringo Honasan]], [[Eduardo Kapunan]] and [[Victor Batac]] in the early 1980s, citing disillusionment with the regime of President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] for its handling of the communist rebellion. Aguinaldo was deemed responsible for disclosing the names of 14 key RAM officers to a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] contact at the [[Embassy of the United States, Manila|U.S. Embassy]], which was believed to have contributed to the Marcos' discovery of [[February 1986 Reform the Armed Forces Movement coup|RAM's plot to overthrow the government]], which forced the coup plotters to launch their revolt earlier than scheduled.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission: IV: Military Intervention in the Philippines: 1986 – 1987|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/10/03/the-final-report-of-the-fact-finding-commission-iv-military-intervention-in-the-philippines-1986-1987/|accessdate=27 June 2023|work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|date=3 October 1990}}</ref> When the [[People Power Revolution|1986 EDSA People Power Revolution]] broke out, Aguinaldo led RAM forces in seizing control of government media outlets in [[Quezon City]], paving the way for the overthrow of Marcos and the assumption of power by his rival, [[Corazon Aquino]]. As a reward, he was promoted to become provincial PC commander of Cagayan.<ref name="mccoy"/>
+In the early 1980s, Aguinaldo joined the [[Reform the Armed Forces Movement]] (RAM), a dissident faction within the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] (AFP) that was founded by alumni of the [[Philippine Military Academy]] such as Colonel [[Gregorio Honasan|Gringo Honasan]], [[Eduardo Kapunan]] and [[Victor Batac]], citing disillusionment with the regime of President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] for its handling of the communist rebellion. Aguinaldo was deemed responsible for disclosing the names of 14 key RAM officers to a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] contact at the [[Embassy of the United States, Manila|U.S. Embassy]], which was believed to have contributed to the Marcos' discovery of [[February 1986 Reform the Armed Forces Movement coup|RAM's plot to overthrow the government]], which forced the coup plotters to launch their revolt earlier than scheduled.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission: IV: Military Intervention in the Philippines: 1986 – 1987|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/10/03/the-final-report-of-the-fact-finding-commission-iv-military-intervention-in-the-philippines-1986-1987/|accessdate=June 27, 2023|work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|date=October 3, 1990}}</ref> When the [[People Power Revolution|1986 EDSA People Power Revolution]] broke out, Aguinaldo led RAM forces in seizing control of government media outlets in [[Quezon City]], paving the way for the overthrow of Marcos and the assumption of power by his rival, [[Corazon Aquino]]. As a reward, he was promoted to become provincial PC commander of Cagayan.<ref name="mccoy"/>
-Following the revolution, Aguinaldo and other RAM members grew disillusioned by the Aquino government's emphasis on opening negotiations with the communists and the release of Sison and other party members and dissidents. As a result, Aguinaldo joined attempts by the RAM to overthrow President Aquino, starting with the [[Manila Hotel Siege]] in July 1986 where he served as a RAM liaison with Marcos loyalists who staged the failed coup. Aguinaldo actively participated in RAM's failed [[August 1987 Philippine coup d'état attempt|coup attempt on August 28, 1987]] and led his forces in briefly seizing control of the [[Cagayan Valley]] regional military headquarters in Tuguegarao, bluntly stating later that another coup attempt would follow if the President "does not make reforms fast".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Le Vine |first=Steve |title=PHILIPPINE RENEGADE OFFICER SAYS U.S. SHOULD `LET US STRUGGLE`|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1987-10-25-8703200186-story.html|access-date=2020-08-23|website=chicagotribune.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
+Following the revolution, Aguinaldo and other RAM members became disillusioned by the Aquino government's emphasis on opening negotiations with the communists and the release of Sison and other party members and dissidents. As a result, Aguinaldo joined [[coup attempts against Corazon Aquino|attempts by the RAM]] to overthrow President Aquino, starting with the [[Manila Hotel Siege]] in July 1986 where he served as a RAM liaison with Marcos loyalists who staged the failed coup. Aguinaldo actively participated in RAM's failed [[August 1987 Philippine coup d'état attempt|coup attempt on August 28, 1987]] and led his forces in briefly seizing control of the [[Cagayan Valley]] regional military headquarters in Tuguegarao, bluntly stating later that another coup attempt would follow if the President "does not make reforms fast".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Le Vine |first=Steve |title=PHILIPPINE RENEGADE OFFICER SAYS U.S. SHOULD 'LET US STRUGGLE'|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1987-10-25-8703200186-story.html|access-date=August 23, 2020|website=chicagotribune.com|date=October 25, 1987 |language=en-US}}</ref>
 ===Governor of Cagayan===
-Following the 1987 coup, Aguinaldo was stripped of his command and placed under investigation but resigned with the rank of lieutenant colonel before any significant action could be taken against him. He then ran for [[Governor of Cagayan]] in the [[1988 Philippine local elections|1988 local elections]], successfully winning on a populist platform against established rivals who were ironically supported by RAM's political patron [[Juan Ponce Enrile]], by a landslide.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|first=Bob |last=Drogin|date=1990-03-05|title=Rebel Clash Puts Aquino in New Crisis : Philippines: The battle leaves a dozen dead, including a general. The renegade governor who supported December coup attempt escapes arrest.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-03-05-mn-1518-story.html|access-date=2020-08-23|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Ironically, one of those who were said to have provided financial support to Aguinaldo's campaign was Florendo, who was killed in his rebellion.<ref>{{cite web|first=Criselda |last=Yabes |date=1990-03-05|title=MANILA ENDS HOSTAGE STANDOFF |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/03/05/manila-ends-hostage-standoff/596eb9a9-a4cd-4760-b413-ce60368435de/ |access-date=6 April 2024|website=Washington Post}}</ref> During this time, he was regarded as a provincial warlord who built an independent economic base using revenues from logging, smuggling and gambling as well as defense funds and weapons caches to establish a private army of 1,200 [[Aeta]] tribesmen and former [[New People's Army]] guerrillas.<ref name="mccoy">{{cite book |last=McCoy|first=Alfred|title=Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy |publisher=Anvil Publishing|orig-date=1999|page=304-308 |chapter=Impunity|isbn=}}</ref>
+Following the 1987 coup, Aguinaldo was stripped of his command and placed under investigation but resigned with the rank of lieutenant colonel before any significant action could be taken against him. He then ran for [[Governor of Cagayan]] in the [[1988 Philippine local elections|1988 local elections]], successfully winning on a populist platform against established rivals who were ironically supported by RAM's political patron [[Juan Ponce Enrile]], by a landslide.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|first=Bob |last=Drogin|date=March 5, 1990|title=Rebel Clash Puts Aquino in New Crisis : Philippines: The battle leaves a dozen dead, including a general. The renegade governor who supported December coup attempt escapes arrest.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-03-05-mn-1518-story.html|access-date=August 23, 2020|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Ironically, one of those who were said to have provided financial support to Aguinaldo's campaign was Florendo, who was killed in his rebellion.<ref>{{cite news|first=Criselda |last=Yabes |date=March 5, 1990|title=MANILA ENDS HOSTAGE STANDOFF |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/03/05/manila-ends-hostage-standoff/596eb9a9-a4cd-4760-b413-ce60368435de/ |access-date=April 6, 2024|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> During this time, he was regarded as a provincial warlord who built an independent economic base using revenues from logging, smuggling and gambling as well as defense funds and weapons caches to establish a private army of 1,200 [[Aeta]] tribesmen and former [[New People's Army]] guerrillas.<ref name="mccoy">{{cite book |last=McCoy|first=Alfred|title=Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy |publisher=Anvil Publishing|orig-date=1999|page=304-308 |chapter=Impunity|isbn=}}</ref>
 ===1989 Coup Attempt===
-On December 1, 1989, RAM launched its [[1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt|third attempt]] to overthrow the Aquino government. Governor Aguinaldo went on the air over [[DZRH]] in the morning, declaring support for the coup. Five hundred of his men attempted to reach [[Manila]] but were blocked in [[Nueva Ecija]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission: V: The Failed December 1989 Coup: Pre-Coup Events and Battle Zone Narratives|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/10/03/the-final-report-of-the-fact-finding-commission-v-the-failed-december-1989-coup-pre-coup-events-and-battle-zone-narratives/|access-date=2022-11-08|website=officialgazette.gov.ph}}</ref> After the coup failed, Aguinaldo was suspended as governor in January 1990 based on his radio announcement. A week before his attack on the hotel Aguinaldo was indicted on charges of rebellion and murder relating to the failed coup.<ref name="mccoy"/>
+On December 1, 1989, RAM launched its [[1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt|third attempt]] to overthrow the Aquino government. Governor Aguinaldo went on the air over [[DZRH]] in the morning, declaring support for the coup. Five hundred of his men attempted to reach [[Manila]] but were blocked in [[Nueva Ecija]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission: V: The Failed December 1989 Coup: Pre-Coup Events and Battle Zone Narratives|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/10/03/the-final-report-of-the-fact-finding-commission-v-the-failed-december-1989-coup-pre-coup-events-and-battle-zone-narratives/|access-date=November 8, 2022|website=officialgazette.gov.ph}}</ref> After the coup failed, Aguinaldo was suspended as governor in January 1990 based on his radio announcement. A week before his attack on the hotel Aguinaldo was indicted on charges of rebellion and murder relating to the failed coup.<ref name="mccoy"/>
 ==Events==
 ===Advance on Tuguegarao===
-Disputing both his suspension as governor and the rebellion charges, Aguinaldo refused to surrender to authorities. Along with hundreds of armed followers, he went into hiding in the village of Dakel<ref name="uca">{{cite web |title=MILITARY ASSAULT LEAVES GENERAL, OTHERS DEAD, IMMOBILIZES CHURCH |publisher=UCA News |date=4 March 1990 |url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1990/03/05/military-assault-leaves-general-others-dead-immobilizes-church&post_id=30169}}</ref> in his adopted hometown of [[Gattaran]] while civilian supporters tried to prevent his arrest by forming human barricades at the provincial capitol.<ref name="McCoy306">{{cite book |last=McCoy|first=Alfred|title=Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy |publisher=Anvil Publishing|orig-date=1999|page=306 |chapter=Impunity|isbn=}}</ref> On learning government troops were planning to attack his hideout, Aguinaldo proceeded with his troops in a convoy toward Tuguegarao in the early hours of March 4.<ref name="ap2"/> The convoy was composed of at least 100 civilians and about 300 armed Aetas, disgruntled Scout Rangers, and paramilitary units and included truckloads of ammunition and an [[armored personnel carrier]].<ref name="uca"/>
+Disputing both his suspension as governor and the rebellion charges, Aguinaldo refused to surrender to authorities. Along with hundreds of armed followers, he went into hiding in the village of Dakel<ref name="uca">{{cite web |title=MILITARY ASSAULT LEAVES GENERAL, OTHERS DEAD, IMMOBILIZES CHURCH |publisher=UCA News |date=March 4, 1990 |url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1990/03/05/military-assault-leaves-general-others-dead-immobilizes-church&post_id=30169}}</ref> in his adopted hometown of [[Gattaran]] while civilian supporters tried to prevent his arrest by forming human barricades at the provincial capitol.<ref name="McCoy306">{{cite book |last=McCoy|first=Alfred|title=Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy |publisher=Anvil Publishing|orig-date=1999|page=306 |chapter=Impunity|isbn=}}</ref> On learning government troops were planning to attack his hideout, Aguinaldo proceeded with his troops in a convoy toward Tuguegarao in the early hours of March 4.<ref name="ap2"/> The convoy was composed of at least 100 civilians and about 300 armed Aetas, disgruntled Scout Rangers, and paramilitary units and included truckloads of ammunition and an [[armored personnel carrier]].<ref name="uca"/>
 ===Capture of Hotel Delfino===
-Brigadier General Oscar Florendo, [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] chief of Civil Military Relations, and [[Secretary of the Interior and Local Government|Interior Secretary]] Luis Santos were dispatched to Tuguegarao by President Aquino to serve Aguinaldo with an arrest warrant,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1990-03-05|title=14 Die as Philippine Troops Fight Rebel Governor|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/05/world/14-die-as-philippine-troops-fight-rebel-governor.html|access-date=2020-08-23|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> but were caught off-guard by the speedy arrival of Aguinaldo's forces, which were estimated to be between 200 and 300.<ref name="McCoy306"/> Santos, along with the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tuguegarao|Archbishop of Tuguegarao]], [[Diosdado Talamayan]], had previously been involved with unsuccessful negotiations for Aguinaldo's surrender in January 1990.<ref name="uca"/>
+Brigadier General Oscar Florendo, [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] chief of Civil Military Relations, and [[Secretary of the Interior and Local Government|Interior Secretary]] Luis Santos were dispatched to Tuguegarao by President Aquino to serve Aguinaldo with an arrest warrant,<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 5, 1990|title=14 Die as Philippine Troops Fight Rebel Governor|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/05/world/14-die-as-philippine-troops-fight-rebel-governor.html|access-date=August 23, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> but were caught off-guard by the speedy arrival of Aguinaldo's forces, which were estimated to be between 200 and 300.<ref name="McCoy306"/> Santos, along with the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tuguegarao|Archbishop of Tuguegarao]], [[Diosdado Talamayan]], had previously been involved with unsuccessful negotiations for Aguinaldo's surrender in January 1990.<ref name="uca"/>
-After Aguinaldo's men, led by defecting [[1st Scout Ranger Regiment|Scout Ranger]] captain Feliciano Sabite,<ref name="McCoy306"/> seized control of Hotel Delfino where the general was staying and cut off water and electricity supplies, Florendo and two of his aides were taken hostage along with more than 50 other hotel guests<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Schmetzer|first=Uli|title=OUSTED GOVERNOR THREATENS AQUINO|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-03-05-9001190185-story.html|access-date=2020-08-23|website=chicagotribune.com|language=en-US}}</ref> while Santos, two army colonels and a navy commodore barricaded themselves on the second floor<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|last=Guerrero|first=Eileen|title=Forces of Governor Charged With Rebellion Seize Hostages; Military Alert|url=https://apnews.com/article/f3680c9d503becd47b3504b6d522bb9e|date=1990-03-04|access-date=2023-06-15|website=apnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> before being rescued along with two mayors. Thirty others were held hostage by Aguinaldo's forces in a pawn shop.<ref name="ap1"/> About 2,000 of Aguinaldo's civilian supporters arrived in front of the hotel chanting his name, while Aguinaldo’s forces set up checkpoints near the hotel and slashed the tires of nearby vehicles.<ref name="ap2"/> Soldiers blocked a bridge south of Tuguegarao which connected the town with Manila.<ref name="ap1"/>
+After Aguinaldo's men, led by defecting [[1st Scout Ranger Regiment|Scout Ranger]] captain Feliciano Sabite,<ref name="McCoy306"/> seized control of Hotel Delfino where the general was staying and cut off water and electricity supplies, Florendo and two of his aides were taken hostage along with more than 50 other hotel guests<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Schmetzer|first=Uli|title=OUSTED GOVERNOR THREATENS AQUINO|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-03-05-9001190185-story.html|access-date=August 23, 2020|website=chicagotribune.com|date=March 5, 1990 |language=en-US}}</ref> while Santos, two army colonels and a navy commodore barricaded themselves on the second floor<ref name="ap2">{{Cite web|last=Guerrero|first=Eileen|title=Forces of Governor Charged With Rebellion Seize Hostages; Military Alert|url=https://apnews.com/article/f3680c9d503becd47b3504b6d522bb9e|date=March 4, 1990|access-date=June 15, 2023|website=apnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> before being rescued along with two mayors. Thirty others were held hostage by Aguinaldo's forces in a pawn shop.<ref name="ap1"/> About 2,000 of Aguinaldo's civilian supporters arrived in front of the hotel chanting his name, while Aguinaldo’s forces set up checkpoints near the hotel and slashed the tires of nearby vehicles.<ref name="ap2"/> Soldiers blocked a bridge south of Tuguegarao which connected the town with Manila.<ref name="ap1"/>
 ===Clashes===
-Aguinaldo was initially receptive, holding a press conference with Florendo in the hotel lobby despite claiming to have been wounded in an ambush by government forces outside Tuguegarao that killed one person.<ref name="ap2"/> He gave an interview in which he claimed to be a "victim of injustice" and said he would not mind dying "as a villain".<ref name="ap2"/> However, gunfire erupted a few hours later at the nearby Balzain Bridge, sparking heavy fighting across the town that culminated with government troops dispersing civilian demonstrators outside the hotel with teargas before storming the building at 03:00 pm. Florendo was then killed in the ensuing crossfire, while Aguinaldo fled to the mountains with a militia three hundred strong, reportedly on an ambulance.<ref name="upi2">{{Cite web |last=Bautista |first=Nona |title=Government troops beat back rebel attack |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/03/04/Government-troops-beat-back-rebel-attack/3889636526800/ |date=1990-03-05 |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=UPI |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="McCoy306"/> More than 200 of Aguinaldo's followers surrendered to government authorities, while most hostages were released by the following day.<ref name="ap1"/>
+Aguinaldo was initially receptive, holding a press conference with Florendo in the hotel lobby despite claiming to have been wounded in an ambush by government forces outside Tuguegarao that killed one person.<ref name="ap2"/> He gave an interview in which he claimed to be a "victim of injustice" and said he would not mind dying "as a villain".<ref name="ap2"/> However, gunfire erupted a few hours later at the nearby Balzain Bridge, sparking heavy fighting across the town that culminated with government troops dispersing civilian demonstrators outside the hotel with teargas before storming the building at 03:00 pm. Florendo was then killed in the ensuing crossfire, while Aguinaldo fled to the mountains with a militia three hundred strong, reportedly on an ambulance.<ref name="upi2">{{Cite web |last=Bautista |first=Nona |title=Government troops beat back rebel attack |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/03/04/Government-troops-beat-back-rebel-attack/3889636526800/ |date=March 5, 1990 |access-date=April 6, 2024 |website=UPI |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="McCoy306"/> More than 200 of Aguinaldo's followers surrendered to government authorities, while most hostages were released by the following day.<ref name="ap1"/>
-The fighting left 14 people dead and wounded twenty.<ref name="McCoy306"/> Aside from Florendo, ten people were killed at the Balzain Bridge, while three others were killed in clashes near a gas station.<ref name="ap1">{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Robert |title=Attempt to Arrest Governor Tied to Coup Attempt Leaves 14 Dead |url=https://apnews.com/article/c39f901fc950d7a74e21126f0c6271dc|date=1990-03-05|access-date=2023-06-15|website=Associated Press |language=en-US}}</ref>
+The fighting left 14 people dead and wounded twenty.<ref name="McCoy306"/> Aside from Florendo, ten people were killed at the Balzain Bridge, while three others were killed in clashes near a gas station.<ref name="ap1">{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Robert |title=Attempt to Arrest Governor Tied to Coup Attempt Leaves 14 Dead |url=https://apnews.com/article/c39f901fc950d7a74e21126f0c6271dc|date=March 5, 1990|access-date=June 15, 2023|website=Associated Press |language=en-US}}</ref>
 ==Aftermath==
 Florendo's body was returned to Manila after the incident and was buried with full military honors at the [[Libingan ng mga Bayani]] on March 10.<ref name="apburial"/> President Aquino condemned his killing as an "act of treachery and cowardice." General [[Renato de Villa]], [[Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines|Chief of Staff]] of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]], ordered Aguinaldo to be taken "dead or alive."<ref name="upi2"/>
-Aguinaldo spent the next three months in hiding until he finally surrendered at the Cagayan provincial capitol but was later released on bail. While on the run, he took responsibility for Florendo's death, calling it a ″terrible mistake″,<ref name="apburial">{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/8edd66c89402160be50ff30098ac9641| title=General Killed Trying to Arrest Coup Suspect Buried | publisher=AP News| date=March 11, 1990 | accessdate=November 8, 2022}}</ref> although the actual killer of Florendo was never definitively identified. He later won reelection by a landslide<ref name="McCoy306"/> in the [[1992 Philippine general election|1992 elections]], despite attempts to disqualify him from running. He was eventually acquitted of wrongdoing by the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]], which adopted a legal doctrine, later named after him, that a public official cannot be removed for administrative misconduct committed during a prior term since his re-election to office operates as a condonation of his past misconduct.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SC Clarifies Effectivity of Abandonment of “Condonation Doctrine”|url=https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/17562/.|access-date=2022-11-08|website=sc.judiciary.gov.ph}}</ref> The ruling was subsequently applied to similar cases involving elected officials until it was reversed by the Supreme Court in 2016.
+Aguinaldo spent the next three months in hiding until he finally surrendered at the Cagayan provincial capitol but was later released on bail. While on the run, he took responsibility for Florendo's death, calling it a ″terrible mistake″,<ref name="apburial">{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/8edd66c89402160be50ff30098ac9641| title=General Killed Trying to Arrest Coup Suspect Buried | publisher=AP News| date=March 11, 1990 | accessdate=November 8, 2022}}</ref> although the actual killer of Florendo was never definitively identified. He later won reelection by a landslide<ref name="McCoy306"/> in the [[1992 Philippine general election|1992 elections]], despite attempts to disqualify him from running. He was eventually acquitted of wrongdoing by the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]], which adopted a legal doctrine, later named after him, that a public official cannot be removed for administrative misconduct committed during a prior term since his re-election to office operates as a condonation of his past misconduct.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SC Clarifies Effectivity of Abandonment of "Condonation Doctrine"|url=https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/17562/.|access-date=November 8, 2022|website=sc.judiciary.gov.ph}}</ref> The ruling was subsequently applied to similar cases involving elected officials until it was reversed by the Supreme Court in 2016.
-In 1993, Aguinaldo availed of an amnesty offered by the government of President [[Fidel Ramos]] to RAM members and other coup participants<ref>{{cite book |last=McCoy|first=Alfred|title=Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy |publisher=Anvil Publishing|orig-date=1999|page=314|chapter=Impunity|isbn=}}</ref> and stayed on as Governor until 1998, when he was elected as representative of [[Cagayan's 3rd congressional district]], serving until his assassination on June 12, 2001 by NPA hitmen in Tuguegarao, shortly after losing his [[2001 Philippine general election|reelection bid]] during the previous month to [[Manuel Mamba]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2001/06/13/90962/cagayan-solon-slain-ambush | title=Cagayan solon slain in ambush | publisher=Philstar.com| date=June 13, 2001 | accessdate=September 23, 2022}}</ref>
+In 1993, Aguinaldo availed of an amnesty offered by the government of President [[Fidel Ramos]] to RAM members and other coup participants<ref>{{cite book |last=McCoy|first=Alfred|title=Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy |publisher=Anvil Publishing|orig-date=1999|page=314|chapter=Impunity|isbn=}}</ref> and stayed on as Governor until 1998, when he was elected as representative of [[Cagayan's 3rd congressional district]], serving until his assassination on June 12, 2001, by NPA hitmen in Tuguegarao, shortly after losing his [[2001 Philippine general election|reelection bid]] during the previous month to [[Manuel Mamba]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2001/06/13/90962/cagayan-solon-slain-ambush | title=Cagayan solon slain in ambush | publisher=Philstar.com| date=June 13, 2001 | accessdate=September 23, 2022}}</ref>
 The Hotel Delfino remains a functioning hotel run by the Ting family, members of which have served as mayors of Tuguegarao for several decades, including at the time of the siege.
 ==In popular culture==
-The incident is featured, albeit with some inaccuracies, in the climax of Aguinaldo's 1993 biopic ''Aguinaldo: The True-to-Life Story of Gov. Rodolfo Aguinaldo of Cagayan'', starring [[Lito Lapid]] as Aguinaldo<ref>{{cite book |last=McCoy|first=Alfred|title=Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy |publisher=Anvil Publishing|orig-date=1999|page=308 |chapter=Impunity|isbn=}}</ref> and [[Ramil Rodriguez]] as an unnamed [[Department of the Interior and Local Government]] Secretary who serves as a composite of Florendo. Aguinaldo himself appears at the beginning of the film to make an opening statement and is shown taking the oath of office at the ending of the film. Some scenes were shot in Tuguegarao itself, including at the Hotel Delfino and Balzain Bridge.
+The incident is featured, albeit with some inaccuracies, in the climax of Aguinaldo's 1993 biopic ''Aguinaldo: The True-to-Life Story of Gov. Rodolfo Aguinaldo of Cagayan'', starring [[Lito Lapid]] as Aguinaldo<ref>{{cite book |last=McCoy|first=Alfred|title=Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy |publisher=Anvil Publishing|orig-date=1999|page=308 |chapter=Impunity|isbn=}}</ref> and [[Ramil Rodriguez]] as Florendo. Aguinaldo himself appears at the beginning of the film to make an opening statement and is shown taking the oath of office at the ending of the film. Some scenes were shot in Tuguegarao itself, including at the Hotel Delfino and Balzain Bridge.
 ==See also==
@@ Line 102: / Line 108: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Hotel Delfino siege}}
-[[Category:1990 in the Philippines|Hotel Delfino siege]]
+[[Category:1990 crimes in the Philippines]]
 [[Category:Rebellions in the Philippines]]
 [[Category:Attempted coups in the Philippines]]
-[[Category:1990s coups d'état and coup attempts|Philippines]]
+[[Category:1990s coups d'état and coup attempts]]
 [[Category:Presidency of Corazon Aquino]]
 [[Category:March 1990 events in Asia]]
 [[Category:History of Cagayan]]
+[[Category:20th-century rebellions]]
+[[Category:Attacks on hotels in the Philippines]]
+[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1990]]
+[[Category:Sieges involving the Philippines]]
+[[Category:20th-century sieges]]
+[[Category:Shootout]]
+[[Category:Tuguegarao]]

v t e Coups in the Philippines
Successful	1719 1972‡ 1986 2001
Attempted	1587–1588 1823 1828 1872 1896 1935 1967 1986 (Feb) 1986 (Jul) 1986 (Nov) 1987 (Jan) 1987 (Apr) 1987 (Aug) 1989 1990 (Mar) 1990 (Oct) 2001 2007
Alleged	1987 2006 2019
Related	Oakwood mutiny (2003)
‡ self-coup