Jump to content

Greta Bridge: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 54°30′48″N 1°52′02″W / 54.51336°N 1.86715°W / 54.51336; -1.86715
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→Listed buildings and monuments: cut travel guide-style content which is not encyclopaedic information about Greta Bridge, per WP:NOT
AnomieBOT (talk | contribs)
Bots
6,551,403 edits
Rescuing orphaned refs ("List_1161229" from rev 1248640824)
 
(7 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 26: Line 26:


==Governance==
==Governance==
Greta Bridge is part of [[County Durham (district)|County Durham district]] and is governed by [[Durham County Council]]. The neighbouring village of [[Newsham, Richmondshire|Newsham]] – to the south-east – is part of [[North Yorkshire (district)|North Yorkshire district]].
{{See also|Barnard Castle#Governance}}

Greta Bridge is part of [[County Durham (district)|County Durham district]] and is governed by [[Durham County Council]]. The neighbouring village of [[Newsham, Richmondshire|Newsham]] – to the south-east – is part of [[North Yorkshire (district)|North Yorkshire district]].<ref name=Magic_District/>


Historically, Greta Bridge was in the [[North Riding of Yorkshire]], but along with the rest of the former [[Startforth Rural District]], Greta Bridge was transferred to [[County Durham]] for [[metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England|administrative]] and [[ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial]] purposes in 1974.
Historically, Greta Bridge was in the [[North Riding of Yorkshire]], but along with the rest of the former [[Startforth Rural District]], Greta Bridge was transferred to [[County Durham]] for [[metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England|administrative]] and [[ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial]] purposes in 1974.
Line 35: Line 33:
The village lies on the eastern flanks of the [[North Pennines]] – about {{convert|6|mi|km}} east of the North Pennines [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty|area of outstanding natural beauty]]. The nearest town – [[Barnard Castle]] – is the market town for [[Teesdale]].
The village lies on the eastern flanks of the [[North Pennines]] – about {{convert|6|mi|km}} east of the North Pennines [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty|area of outstanding natural beauty]]. The nearest town – [[Barnard Castle]] – is the market town for [[Teesdale]].


The village is divided between Rokeby parish and Brignall parish – by the river Greta.<ref name=Magic_Parish/>
The village is divided between Rokeby parish and Brignall parish – by the river Greta.


==History==
==Roman road (Watling Street)==
===Roman===
{{See also|Roman roads in Britannia}}
Greta Bridge is on the route of the [[North Pennines|trans-Pennine]] ([[Stainmore]]) section of [[Watling Street]] (North) Roman road – now largely followed by the [[A66 road|A66 trunk road]]. Archaeological excavations during the 1970's found part of the original road.{{efn|[[Historic England]]<br>..."Immediately to the north of the fort there are the buried remains of the Roman road and the vicus. These remains were identified and partially excavated in the 1970s in advance of the A66 road re-alignment at Greta Bridge...<ref name=List_1019074>{{National Heritage List for England |num= 1019074 |desc= Greta Bridge Roman fort, vicus and section of Roman road |accessdate= 3 June 2024}}</ref>}}


Greta Bridge is on the route of the [[North Pennines|trans-Pennine]] ([[Stainmore]]) section of [[Watling Street]] (North) Roman road – now largely followed by the [[A66 road|A66 trunk road]]. Archaeological excavations during the 1970's found part of the original road.{{efn|[[Historic England]]<br>..."Immediately to the north of the fort there are the buried remains of the Roman road and the vicus. These remains were identified and partially excavated in the 1970s in advance of the A66 road re-alignment at Greta Bridge...<ref name=List_1019074/>}}

==Roman fort (''Maglona'')==
{{See also|Roman Britain|Romano-British culture}}
[[File:Greta Bridge ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|''Maglona'' [[Rampart (fortification)|ramparts]].]]
[[File:Greta Bridge ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|''Maglona'' [[Rampart (fortification)|ramparts]].]]
Greta Bridge is the location of a roman fort, or [[Castra|castrum]], ''Maglona''. An inscription found near the north gate suggests that the fort was built during the early third century AD, although it is possible that a fort existed on the site as early as the first century AD.{{efn|[[Historic England]]<br>..."The exact date for the construction of the fort is uncertain; some evidence suggests it was constructed during the first century AD, but it may be as late as the late second century or the early third century.<ref name=List_1019074/>}}{{efn|Tynedale Hadrian's Wall Group<br>..."Greta Bridge Roman Fort was probably built about 80AD about the same time as the first road...

<ref>{{cite web |title= Greta Bridge Roman Fort Maglona |url= https://www.u3ahadrianswall.co.uk/greta-bridge-roman-fort-maglona/ |publisher= Tynedale Hadrian's Wall Group |access-date= 3 July 2024}}</ref>}} It was built to protect the Watling Street crossing of the [[River Greta, Durham|River Greta]] –
===Overview===
An inscription found near the north gate suggests that the [[Castra|castrum]] (fort) was built during the early third century AD, although it is possible that a fort existed on the site as early as the first century AD.{{efn|[[Historic England]]<br>..."The exact date for the construction of the fort is uncertain; some evidence suggests it was constructed during the first century AD, but it may be as late as the late second century or the early third century.<ref name=List_1019074/>}}{{efn|Tynedale Hadrian's Wall Group<br>..."Greta Bridge Roman Fort was probably built about 80AD about the same time as the first road...
<ref >*{{cite web |title= Greta Bridge Roman Fort Maglona |url= https://www.u3ahadrianswall.co.uk/greta-bridge-roman-fort-maglona/ |publisher= Tynedale Hadrian's Wall Group |access-date= 3 July 2024}}</ref>}} The castrum was built to protect the Watling Street crossing of the [[River Greta, Durham|River Greta]] –
river crossings were particularly vulnerable to attack from the local [[Brigantes]] or from [[Iron Age tribes in Britain|other local tribes]].
river crossings were particularly vulnerable to attack from the local [[Brigantes]] or from [[Iron Age tribes in Britain|other local tribes]].


The Tutta Beck–Greta [[confluence]] and the Greta–[[River Tees|Tees]] confluences are both in close proximity to the fort. River confluences had a special significance for the [[Gaul]]ish [[Roman legion|legions]] and [[Auxilia|auxiliaries]] who were stationed in [[North Britain#Historic use|North Britain]] during the [[Roman Britain|Roman occupation]]. Roman altars with inscriptions to ''Mars Condatis'' [[Condatis#Archaeological evidence|have been found]] in the Tees and Wear valleys.{{efn| MacKillop – ''...Celtic Mythology''<br>[[Condatis]]..."A god worshipped in Roman occupied Britain, much associated with the confluence of rivers..."His shrines have been found between the Tyne and Tees rivers..."His name is commemorated in many place names...{{sfn|MacKillop|2004|pp=100}} }} Similar altars are normally found at the confluence of rivers – for example, the [[Cong Burn]]–[[River Wear|Wear]] confluence near Chester-le-Street – however others may have been disturbed or removed, especially by antiquarians and collectors. The inscription ''Mars Condatis'' is a [[Conflation#Congruent conflations|conflation]] (joining together) of deities [[List of Roman deities#M|Mars]] and [[Condatis]]. The name ''Tutta'' may derive from the Gaulish deity [[Toutatis]] (or ''Tūtatus'') – [[Toutatis#Name and nature|god of the tribe]].
Many of the [[Roman legion|legions]] and [[Auxilia|auxiliaries]] who were stationed in [[North Britain#Historic use|North Britain]] during the [[Roman Britain|Roman occupation]] originated from Roman [[Gaul]] (France) and [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Hispania]] (Spain).{{efn| For an example see – [[Vacomagi]]
* History
** Mons Graupius AD c.83
*** [[Vacomagi#Legio XX Valeria Victrix|Legio XX Valeria Victrix]] }} The name ''Tutta'' (from Tutta Beck) may derive from the Gaulish deity [[Toutatis]] (or ''Tūtatus'') – [[Toutatis#Name and nature|god of the tribe]].

===Tutta Beck===
The Tutta Beck–[[River Greta, Durham|Greta]] [[confluence]] and the Greta–[[River Tees|Tees]] confluence are both in close proximity to ''Maglona'' Roman fort.
<ref name=Magic_Tutta_Greta/><ref name=Magic_Greta_Tees/> River confluences had a special significance for the [[Gaul|Gaulish]] [[Roman legion|legions]] and [[Auxilia|auxiliaries]] who were stationed in [[North Britain#Historic use|North Britain]] during the [[Roman Britain|Roman occupation]].

Roman altars with inscriptions to ''Mars Condatis'' [[Condatis#Archaeological evidence|have been found]] in the Tees and Wear valleys.{{efn| MacKillop – ''...Celtic Mythology''<br>[[Condatis]]..."A god worshipped in Roman occupied Britain, much associated with the confluence of rivers..."His shrines have been found between the Tyne and Tees rivers..."His name is commemorated in many place names...{{sfn|MacKillop|2004|pp=100}} }} Similar altars are normally found at the confluence of rivers – for example, the [[Cong Burn]]–[[River Wear|Wear]] confluence near Chester-le-Street – however others may have been disturbed or removed, especially by antiquarians and collectors.

The inscription ''Mars Condatis'' is a [[Conflation#Congruent conflations|conflation]] (joining together) of deities:{{efn|name="Oliver_Twinning"| [[Neil Oliver]] – ''Ancient Britain''<br>..."Twinning of gods and goddesses was a tactic the Romans employed all across the Empire...{{sfn|Oliver|2012|pp=347}} }}:
# Roman god [[List of Roman deities#M|Mars]] – god of war and father of Romulus, the founder of Rome.
# [[Gaul|Gaulish]] [[deity]] [[Condatis]] – god of river [[confluence]]s.

The name ''Tutta'' may derive from the Gaulish deity [[Toutatis]] (or ''Tūtatus'') – [[Toutatis#Name and nature|god of the tribe]].{{efn|See also – [[Vacomagi]]
* [[Vacomagi#Ptolemy's map|Ptolemy's map]]
** [[Vacomagi#Tuesis|Tuesis]]}}

The two main source [[tributary|tributaries]] for Tutta Beck rise near [[Boldron]] and [[Kilmond Scar]] and meet at its source [[confluence]] near the
[[A66 road]] junction known as ''Cross Lanes''.<ref name=Magic_Tutta_Street/> The beck flows from west to east parallel to Watling Street (A66 road) until its confluence with the [[River Greta, Durham|River Greta]] north of ''Maglona'' Roman fort.<ref name=Magic_Tutta_Greta/> Archaeological excavations in the 1970's found remains of a [[vicus]] on the west bank of the beck.{{efn|name="List_Tutta"| [[Historic England]]<br>..."Two areas of the [[vicus]] were uncovered and partially excavated in the 1970's. The first lies 200m north west of the fort on the west bank of the Tutta Beck.<ref name=List_1019074/>}}

==Local history==
{{Table to prose}}
===Timeline===
Timeline for Greta Bridge and the surrounding area:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
!style="text-align:left"|Date
!style="text-align:left"|Event

|-
|1069-70
|[[Harrying of the North]]

|-
|1086
|[[Domesday Book]]<br>Mortham and Brignall ..."Possibly waste...when acquired by current owner..."

|-
|c.1166
|Original Mortham Tower built by the Rokeby's.{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=49}}

|-
|c.1195
|[[Egglestone Abbey]] founded as a daughter house of [[Easby Abbey]].<ref name=List_1322741/>

|-
|c.1314
|Mortham Tower destroyed by raiding Scots following the [[Battle of Bannockburn]].<ref name=List_1160832/>

|-
|c.1540
|[[Egglestone Abbey]] granted to [[Robert Strelley]] following the [[Dissolution of the monasteries]].

|-
|1725-31
|[[Rokeby Park]] built for [[Sir Thomas Robinson, 1st Baronet|Sir Thomas Robinson]].<ref name=List_1121680/>

|-
|1769
|Rokeby Park sold to the Morritt family.

|-
|1771
|The great flood of 1771. Greta bridge destroyed. Old Brignall church destroyed.{{efn|Rudd – ''The Discovery of Teesdale''<br>
..."[[John Bacon Sawrey Morritt|J B S Morritt]] ...related the damage done by the River Greta in 1771.{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=104-106}} The river
{{quote|..."''rose in the most extraordinary manner during what is still known as the great flood''"}} }}

|-
|1773
|Greta bridge replaced with current one designed by [[John Carr (architect)|John Carr]].<ref name= List_1160430/><ref name=List_1002319/>

|-
|1799
|The [[Lake Poets]] [[William Wordsworth|Wordsworth]] and [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge|Coleridge]] explored the area around Greta Bridge.{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=104}}

|-
|1802
|Wordsworth married Mary Hutchinson.

|-
|1805
|The artist [[John Sell Cotman]] sketched the area around Greta Bridge.

|-
|1806
|Cotman's [[John Sell Cotman#Gallery|''Greta Bridge'']] (1805) and other work exhibited.

|-
|1813
|The romantic poem [[Rokeby (poem)|''Rokeby'']] by [[Walter Scott]] published.

|-
|1813
|The famous painting the ''[[Rokeby Venus]]'' by Spanish painter [[Diego Velázquez]]<br>purchased and brought to England to hang in Rokeby Park.

|-
|1816
|[[J. M. W. Turner]] sketched ''Junction of the Greta and Tees at Rokeby''.

|-
|1829-31
|[[Whorlton, County Durham|Whorlton Bridge]] – part of the [[Staindrop]] to Greta Bridge [[Turnpike trust|turnpike]].<ref >*{{cite web |title= Whorlton Bridge background and history |url= https://www.durham.gov.uk/article/25169/Whorlton-Bridge-background-and-history |publisher= [[Durham County Council]] |access-date= 3 July 2024}}</ref>

|-
|1834
|Greta Bridge was an important staging post – with three inns.{{efn|name="Rudd_1834"}}

|-
|1839
|''[[Nicholas Nickleby]]'' by [[Charles Dickens]] published.

|-
|1868
|Bowes railway station opened on the Stockton to Liverpool railway.{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=112}}

|-
|1974
|Greta Bridge transferred from [[North Riding of Yorkshire]] to [[County Durham]].

|}

===Domesday Book===
[[File:Honour of Richmond.jpg|thumb|240px|right|The composition of the Honour of Richmond in 1071.]]

The local area was badly affected by the [[harrying of the North]] – due to its close proximity to the [[Great North Road (Great Britain)|Great North Road]].
The [[Domesday Book|Domesday]] entry for Mortham [Tower]<ref >*{{cite web |title= Mortham [Tower] |publisher=Open Domesday |url= https://opendomesday.org/place/NZ0814/mortham-tower/ |access-date= 3 July 2024}}</ref> and Brignall ("''Bringhenale''")<ref >*{{cite web |title= Brignall |publisher=Open Domesday |url= https://opendomesday.org/place/NZ0712/brignall/ |access-date= 3 July 2024}}</ref> show:{{quote| ..."Possibly waste...when acquired by [[Alan Rufus|current owner]]..." }}

At that time the land south of the Tees – including Mortham and Brignall – was part of the [[Honour of Richmond#Gilling|Gilling]] [[wapentake]], and part of the [[Honour of Richmond]].

{{clear right}}


===The bridge===
===The bridge===
The current bridge was built in 1773 to replace the one destroyed by the great flood of 1771.<ref name= List_1160430/><ref name=List_1002319/> It was designed by [[John Carr (architect)|John Carr]] for John Sawry Morritt, father of [[John Bacon Sawrey Morritt|J B S Morritt]].
The current bridge was built in 1773 to replace the one destroyed by the great flood of 1771.<ref name= List_1160430>{{National Heritage List for England |num= 1160430 |desc= GRETA BRIDGE – Listed building |accessdate= 3 June 2024}}</ref><ref name=List_1002319>{{National Heritage List for England |num= 1002319 |desc= Greta Bridge – Scheduled Monument |accessdate= 3 June 2024}}</ref> It was designed by [[John Carr (architect)|John Carr]] for John Sawry Morritt, father of [[John Bacon Sawrey Morritt]]. Morritt also paid for the Abbey Bridge to be built in the same year.<ref name=List_1310824>{{National Heritage List for England |num= 1310824
|desc= ABBEY BRIDGE |accessdate= 3 June 2024}}</ref>
Morritt also paid for the Abbey Bridge to be built in the same year.<ref name=List_1310824/>


===Mail coach===
===Mail coach===
Prior to the arrival of the railways in the 1850's, Greta Bridge had been an important overnight stop for the London to Carlisle coach. Overnight passengers and visitors would stay at one of the three coaching inns in the village.{{efn| The Morritt Hotel – ''Days of the Mail Coach''<br>..."Through the 17th Century
Before the arrival of the railways in the 1850s, Greta Bridge had been an important overnight stop for the London to Carlisle coach. Overnight passengers and visitors would stay at one of the three coaching inns in the village.{{efn| The Morritt Hotel – ''Days of the Mail Coach''<br>..."Through the 17th Century
...Greta Bridge was the second overnight stop for the London-Carlisle mail coach, bringing with it a considerable number of visitors.<br>..."There were three inns at Greta Bridge, including The George, and the New Inn, which is now Thorpe Farm...<ref name=Morritt_Mail_Coach>*{{cite web |title= The 17th Century Days of the Mail Coach |url= https://themorritt.co.uk/history/ |publisher= The Morritt Hotel |access-date= 3 June 2024}}</ref> }}
...Greta Bridge was the second overnight stop for the London-Carlisle mail coach, bringing with it a considerable number of visitors.<br>..."There were three inns at Greta Bridge, including The George, and the New Inn, which is now Thorpe Farm...<ref name=Morritt_Mail_Coach>*{{cite web |title= The 17th Century Days of the Mail Coach |url= https://themorritt.co.uk/history/ |publisher= The Morritt Hotel |access-date= 3 June 2024}}</ref> }}
# The Morritt Arms.<ref name= List_1121699/>
# The Morritt Arms.<ref name=List_1121699>{{National Heritage List for England |num= 1121699 |desc= THE MORRITT ARMS HOTEL |accessdate= 3 June 2024}}</ref>
# The George.
# The George.
# George and New Inn (now Thorpe Grange Farmhouse).{{efn|name="Rudd_1834"| Rudd – ''The Discovery of Teesdale''<br>..."Greta Bridge was an important staging post...in 1804 there were two inns...but by 1834 a third had been built a few hundred yards to the south-east{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=89}} }}{{efn|name="List_Dickens"}}
# George and New Inn (now Thorpe Grange Farmhouse).{{efn|name="Rudd_1834"| Rudd – ''The Discovery of Teesdale''<br>..."Greta Bridge was an important staging post...in 1804 there were two inns...but by 1834 a third had been built a few hundred yards to the south-east{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=89}} }}{{efn|name="List_Dickens"| [[Historic England]]<br>..."house is claimed to be the former George and New Inn, at which [[Charles Dickens]] stayed while researching ''[[Nicholas Nickleby]]''.<ref name=List_1161229>{{National Heritage List for England |num= 1161229 |desc= THORPE GRANGE FARMHOUSE, A66 |accessdate= 3 June 2024}}</ref>}}


[[Wordsworth]] and his wife Mary were regular users of the mail coach in order to travel over from the Lakes to visit Mary's parents at [[Stockton-on-Tees]].
[[Wordsworth]] and his wife Mary were regular users of the mail coach in order to travel over from the Lakes to visit Mary's parents at [[Stockton-on-Tees]].
Line 199: Line 61:
stop on the journey to see the Hutchinsons, then living at [[Stockton-on-Tees]] ...{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=104-106}} }}{{efn| Mary's parents had moved to [[Stockton-on-Tees]] from their farm on the [[Sockburn|Sockburn Peninsula]] – near the Tees.}}
stop on the journey to see the Hutchinsons, then living at [[Stockton-on-Tees]] ...{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=104-106}} }}{{efn| Mary's parents had moved to [[Stockton-on-Tees]] from their farm on the [[Sockburn|Sockburn Peninsula]] – near the Tees.}}


===Charles Dickens===
===Romantic arts and tourism===
During the eighteenth century [[Teesdale]] became a popular destination for [[romantic art]]ists, poets and writers, who inspired others to follow. In 1799 [[William Wordsworth]] and [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]] explored the area around Greta Bridge, after visiting Mary Hutchinson at [[Sockburn]].{{efn| Rudd – ''The Discovery of Teesdale''<br>..."Having stayed overnight at [[Piercebridge]], Wordsworth, Coleridge and Cottle explored the area around Greta Bridge...{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=104-106}} }} Mary lived on her parents farm on the [[Sockburn|Sockburn Peninsula]] – the [[peninsula]] created by a tight [[meander]] of the River Tees. Wordsworth married Mary in 1802, and the couple often travelled over from the Lakes to visit Mary's parents, using the mail coach to Greta Bridge, and stopping over at Rokeby.{{efn|name="Rudd_Dora"}}
[[Charles Dickens]] wrote his famous book ''[[Nicholas Nickleby]]'' in order to expose the truth about the boarding schools for young boys in North Yorkshire.
He deplored what he considered to be the exploitation and harsh treatment of boys who stayed at those schools – many were expected to do hard labour on the land, such as hay making and mucking out – in addition to their school work. Sanitary arrangements were often poor, resulting in ill health if not actual death.
{{efn| Rabbitts – ''Cotherstone...''<br>..."Alan Lee, writing in his ''Short guide to Romaldkirk'' lists the burials of five pupils from the school run by Adam Thwaite in Cotherstone between 1805 and 1812...One of these pupils came from Kent and another from London...{{sfn|Rabbitts|Rabbitts|2022|pp=43-46}} }} Diet was also generally poor, and boys often went hungry.{{efn| Rabbitts – ''Cotherstone...''<br>..."A prospectus for John Smith's Academy of 1830 and associated letter:{{sfn|Rabbitts|Rabbitts|2022|pp=43-46}}{{quote| ..."this one of Smith's at Cotherstone was very badly conducted and the boys half starved. My uncle has seen them taking turnips from a field...}} }}


[[File:John Sell Cotman 002.jpg|right|thumb|''Greta Bridge'' (1805), [[British Museum]].]]
There was a cluster of these schools around the Greta Bridge area – due to its convenient location for travel from London using the London to Carlisle mail coach. Most of the boys were from wealthy parents who lived in London or the South.{{efn| Rabbitts – ''Cotherstone...''<br>..."Baines directory of 1832 describes Cotherstone:{{sfn|Rabbitts|Rabbitts|2022|pp=43-46}}{{quote| ..."Pleasantly situated on the banks of the Tees...likewise two boarding schools, chiefly occupied by boarders from London.}} }}{{efn|name="Rabbitts_Simpson"| Rabbitts – ''Cotherstone...''<br>..."When Edward Simpson opened a dale boarding school for boys it was not long before he attracted the sons of affluent families living in the South...{{sfn|Rabbitts|Rabbitts|2022|pp=43-46}} }}


The romantic painter [[John Sell Cotman]] (1782 – 1842) first explored the Greta Bridge area in 1805 when 23 years old. He had been invited by the Cholmeley family to stay with them at Rokeby Hall.{{efn| Rudd – ''The Discovery of Teesdale''<br>..."The owner of Rokeby, [[John Bacon Sawrey Morritt|J B S Morritt]], had readily agreed to the 22-year-old Francis Cholmeley's request that Cotman accompany him on a visit to his estate...{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=78}} }} Cotman's best known work from his early period is the watercolour [[John Sell Cotman#Gallery|''Greta Bridge'']] (1805), now in the British Museum, which he painted from sketches made during his visit to Rokeby Park.{{efn| Rudd – ''The Discovery of Teesdale''<br>..."The best known Greta watercolours are two versions of ''Greta Bridge'' made from a pencil sketch that has survived...In the two watercolours, made in 1805 and 1810...{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=78}} }} The view is from the south of the bridge looking north, the Morritt Arms is shown on the left side of the bridge. The profile shown at the top of the bridge is noticeably different from that of the actual bridge – it shows a higher more pronounced summit – whereas the actual bridge has a gentle curved profile. It has been suggested that this was influenced by the geometry of the earlier bridge that had been destroyed in the great flood of 1771.{{efn| Rudd – ''The Discovery of Teesdale''<br>..."Interestingly, although Cotman's sketch shows the curved parapet of the bridge, for both watercolours he returns to the pre-1771 triangular shape depicted in a 18th century painting hanging in Rokeby Hall...{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=78}} }} The foreground is dominated by huge boulders – possibly swept down during the great flood.
The book was hugely successful, in terms of sales, reception and reform of the system.{{efn|name="Rudd_800_20"| Rudd – ''The Discovery of Teesdale''<br>
..."So great was the effect of the novel that of the 800 boys in the four schools in Bowes when its serialisation started only 20 were left when it was completed.{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=109}} }}


[[Walter Scott]]'s poem [[The Lady of the Lake (poem)|''The Lady of the Lake'']], published 1810, had been hugely successful and placed the [[Loch Katrine]] in the [[Trossachs]] area firmly on the tourist map, boosting the economy of local towns. When Scott announced to [[John Bacon Sawrey Morritt]] that he was planning to write a similar poem based around [[Teesdale]], Morritt offered his services as a guide, possibly anticipating how it might spark a wealthy tourist trade, and boost the local economy.{{efn| Rudd – ''The Discovery of Teesdale''<br>..."Morritt reminds [[Walter Scott|Scott]] of their rides up Deepdale and along the Tees to Cotherstone...[[John Bacon Sawrey Morritt|Rokeby's owner]] offers his services as a guide, and hints at the tourist trade Scott's poem is likely to bring:{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=84}}
===Woden Croft===
Woden Croft is now a [[Listed building#Categories of listed buildings|Grade II]] listed building,<ref name=List_1323058>{{National Heritage List for England |num= 1323058 |desc= WODEN CROFT |accessdate= 3 June 2024}}</ref> located just north of [[Cotherstone]] in [[Teesdale]], near the
[[River Balder|Balder]]–[[River Tees|Tees]] river confluence.<ref name=Magic_Woden_Croft>{{cite web |title= MAGiC MaP : Woden Croft near Cotherstone.
|url=http://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?chosenLayers=lbuildIndex&xygridref=400801,520764&startScale=5000 |publisher= [[Natural England]] }}</ref>
During the 19th century Woden Croft had been a private academy run by Edward Simpson, and typical of the Yorkshire schools satirized by Dickens.
{{efn|name="List_Woden"| [[Historic England]]<br>..."Woden Croft II House, formerly a private academy run by Edward Simpson. Dated 1792 (on front door lintel)...<ref name=List_1323058/>}}{{efn|name="Rabbitts_Simpson"}}

[[Image:Gosforth Cross Víðarr detail.jpg|upright=1.2|right|thumb|[[Fenrir]], [[Gosforth Cross]], Cumbria.<br>Fenrir (enemy of Odin) and Baldr feature in the
poem [[Eiríksmál]], written after the death of [[Eric Bloodaxe#Death|Eric Bloodaxe]] on [[Stainmore]].]]

The name ''Woden'' is a play on the [[Norse mythology]] of [[Baldersdale]] – [[Woden]] is the English name for the Norse god [[Odin|Óðinn]] – father of the Norse god [[Baldr]].{{efn| See also [[Family trees of the Norse gods]].}}
<blockquote><poem>
Then, [[River Balder|Balder]], one bleak [[wikt:garth#English|garth]] was thine,
And one sweet brooklet's silver line,
And Woden's Croft did title gain
From the stern [[Odin|Father]] of the [[Valhalla|Slain]];{{efn|See also – Contents
* Romantic arts and tourism
** [[#Rokeby (poem)|Rokeby (poem)]].}}
– [[Walter Scott]] (1771 – 1832)
</poem></blockquote>

See also Wiktionary:
# English [[wikt: croft #English|''croft'']]
## "An enclosed piece of land... used for small-scale food production..."

==Romantic arts and tourism==
{{See also|Romantic art|Romantic poetry|Romanticism|Romanticism in Scotland}}

During the eighteenth century [[Teesdale]] became a popular destination for [[Romantic art|romantic artists]], poets and writers, who inspired others to follow.

<blockquote><poem>
..."The Greta and Tees, two most beautiful and rapid rivers, join their currents in the [[demesne]].
The banks of the Tees resemble, from the heights of the rocks, the [[Roslin Glen Country Park|glen of Roslin]], so much and justly admired.<br>
— [[Walter Scott|Sir Walter Scott]] (1771 – 1832).{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=82}}
</poem></blockquote>

===Rokeby Park===
{{main|Rokeby Park}}

The main building is a [[Listed building#Categories of listed buildings|Grade I]] listed [[English country house|country house]], built 1725-31 in the [[Palladian architecture|Palladian]] style for [[Sir Thomas Robinson, 1st Baronet|Sir Thomas Robinson]].<ref name=List_1121680/> The house was sold to the Morritt family in 1769.{{efn| Warwick – ''River Tees...''<br>..."The house is a fine Palladian villa...sold to the Morritt family in 1769...{{sfn| Warwick|Parker|2016|pp=1-128}} }} In 1773 John Sawry Morritt (father of [[John Bacon Sawrey Morritt|J B S Morritt]]) paid for the rebuilding of the [[#The bridge|Greta bridge]] and for the building of the Abbey Bridge.<ref name=List_1310824/>

John Bacon Sawrey Morritt was a patron of the arts, who nurtured young painters (for example [[John Sell Cotman]]), poets and writers, guided and advised them about the local area, its history and geography.{{efn| Warwick – ''River Tees...''<br>..."Painters, poets and writers were frequent visitors to Rokeby in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries...{{sfn|Warwick|Parker|2016|pp=1-128}} }} Morritt was also a business man who hoped that the influx of painters, poets and writers to the region would spark a vigorous tourist trade, and boost the local economy.{{efn| Warwick – ''River Tees...''<br>..."Rokeby Park...featured strongly in the conversion of [[Teesdale]] into a tourist hot spot...{{sfn| Warwick|Parker|2016|pp=1-128}} }}

The famous painting the ''[[Rokeby Venus]]'' by Spanish painter [[Diego Velázquez]] was purchased c.1813 and brought to England to hang in Rokeby Park. In 1906 the painting was purchased for the [[National Gallery]] in London.

===Rokeby visitors===
{{Table to prose}}
{{See also|John Bacon Sawrey Morritt#Associations}}

[[File:RokebyVenus.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|''[[Rokeby Venus]]'', c. 1647–1651. [[National Gallery]], London.]]

Notable visitors to Rokeby Park included:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
!style="text-align:left"|Year
!style="text-align:left"|Visits
!style="text-align:left"|Name
!style="text-align:left"|Profession

|-
|1767, 1769.{{sfn|Warwick|Parker|2016|pp=1-128}}
|? 2
|[[Thomas Gray]]
|Poet, scholar.

|-
|1796 – 1831.{{sfn|Warwick|Parker|2016|pp=1-128}}
|? 4
|[[J. M. W. Turner]]
|Romantic painter.

|-
|1799 – ?
|?
|[[Wordsworth]]{{efn|name="Rudd_Dora"}}
|[[Lake Poets|Lake Poet]].

|-
|1805{{sfn|Warwick|Parker|2016|pp=1-128}}
|? 1
|[[John Sell Cotman]]
|Romantic painter.

|-
|1809 – 1831.
|? 6
|[[Walter Scott]]
|Romantic poet.

|-
|1812 – 1829.
|? 2
|[[Robert Southey]]
|Lake Poet.

|}

===Lake Poets===
{{See also|Sockburn#Lake poets ( Wordsworth, Coleridge )}}

In 1799 [[William Wordsworth|Wordsworth]] and [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge|Coleridge]] explored the area around Greta Bridge, after visiting Mary Hutchinson at [[Sockburn]].{{efn| Rudd – ''The Discovery of Teesdale''<br>..."Having stayed overnight at [[Piercebridge]], Wordsworth, Coleridge and Cottle explored the area around Greta Bridge...{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=104-106}} }} Mary lived on her parents farm on the [[Sockburn|Sockburn Peninsula]] – the [[peninsula]] created by a tight [[meander]] of the River Tees. Wordsworth married Mary in 1802, and the couple often travelled over from the Lakes to visit Mary's parents, using the mail coach to Greta Bridge, and stopping over at Rokeby.{{efn|name="Rudd_Dora"}}

===John Sell Cotman===
[[File:John Sell Cotman 002.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.4|''Greta Bridge'' (1805), [[British Museum]].]]

The [[Romantic art|romantic]] painter [[John Sell Cotman]] (1782 – 1842) first explored the Greta Bridge area in 1805 when 23 years old. He had been invited by the Cholmeley family to stay with them at Rokeby Hall.{{efn| Rudd – ''The Discovery of Teesdale''<br>..."The owner of Rokeby, [[John Bacon Sawrey Morritt|J B S Morritt]], had readily agreed to the 22-year-old Francis Cholmeley's request that Cotman accompany him on a visit to his estate...{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=78}} }}

====''Greta Bridge'' (1805)====
Cotman's best known work from his early period is the watercolour [[John Sell Cotman#Gallery|''Greta Bridge'']] (1805), now in the British Museum, which he painted from sketches made during his visit to Rokeby Park.{{efn| Rudd – ''The Discovery of Teesdale''<br>..."The best known Greta watercolours are two versions of ''Greta Bridge'' made from a pencil sketch that has survived...In the two watercolours, made in 1805 and 1810...{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=78}} }} The view is from the south of the bridge looking north, the Morritt Arms is shown on the left side of the bridge. The profile shown at the top of the bridge is noticeably different from that of the actual bridge – it shows a higher more pronounced summit – whereas the actual bridge has a gentle curved profile. It has been suggested that this was influenced by the geometry of the earlier bridge that had been destroyed in the great flood of 1771.{{efn| Rudd – ''The Discovery of Teesdale''<br>..."Interestingly, although Cotman's sketch shows the curved parapet of the bridge, for both watercolours he returns to the pre-1771 triangular shape depicted in a 18th century painting hanging in Rokeby Hall...{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=78}} }} The foreground is dominated by huge boulders – possibly swept down during the great flood.
{{clear right}}

===Walter Scott===
{{main|Walter Scott}}

Walter Scott's poem [[The Lady of the Lake (poem)|''The Lady of the Lake'']], published 1810, had been hugely successful and was well received by the general public. The poem – set around [[Loch Katrine]] in the [[Trossachs]] – placed that part of Scotland firmly on the tourist map, boosting the economy of local towns, for example [[Callander]]. When Scott announced to [[John Bacon Sawrey Morritt|J B S Morritt]] that he was planning to write a similar poem based around [[Teesdale]], Morritt offered his services as a guide, possibly anticipating how it might spark a wealthy tourist trade, and boost the local economy.{{efn| Rudd – ''The Discovery of Teesdale''<br>..."Morritt reminds [[Walter Scott|Scott]] of their rides up Deepdale and along the Tees to Cotherstone...[[John Bacon Sawrey Morritt|Rokeby's owner]] offers his services as a guide, and hints at the tourist trade Scott's poem is likely to bring:{{sfn|Rudd|2007|pp=84}}
{{quote| ..."I shall raise the rent of my inn at Greta Bridge...I hear that the people of Callander have made a fortune by you...}} }} Scott's poem [[Rokeby (poem)|''Rokeby'']], published 1813, was also hugely successful and did attract many new visitors to [[Teesdale]].{{efn| Warwick – ''River Tees...''<br>
{{quote| ..."I shall raise the rent of my inn at Greta Bridge...I hear that the people of Callander have made a fortune by you...}} }} Scott's poem [[Rokeby (poem)|''Rokeby'']], published 1813, was also hugely successful and did attract many new visitors to [[Teesdale]].{{efn| Warwick – ''River Tees...''<br>
..."The literary work that did most to popularise the natural beauties of Teesdale...was by Walter Scott ...{{sfn|Warwick|Parker|2016|pp=1-128}} }}
..."The literary work that did most to popularise the natural beauties of Teesdale...was by Walter Scott ...{{sfn|Warwick|Parker|2016|pp=1-128}} }}

===Rokeby (poem)===
{{main|Rokeby (poem)}}

Scott's poem [[Rokeby (poem)|''Rokeby'']] was largely based on local information provided by Morritt (or from books recommended by him), for example the [[Norse mythology]] behind many place names in Teesdale.

[[File:Roseberry topping north side.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Roseberry Topping]] (''Othenesberg'' 1119)<br>("Othin's Peak" or "[[Odin|Odin's]] Peak").]]

Extract from ''Rokeby'' – [[Canto]] Fourth:<ref >*{{cite web |title= ROKEBY: CANTO IV. |url= https://poetandpoem.com/Sir-Walter-Scott/Rokeby-Canto-IV |publisher= poetandpoem.com |access-date= 3 July 2024}}</ref>

<blockquote><poem>
When [[Raven banner|Denmark's raven]] soar'd on high,
Triumphant through Northumbrian sky,
Till, hovering near, her fatal croak
Bade [[Rheged|Reged's]] [[Celtic Britons|Britons]] dread the [[wikt:under the yoke#English|yoke]],
And the broad shadow of her wing
Blacken'd each [[wikt:cataract#English|cataract]] and spring,
Where [[River Tees|Tees]] in tumult leaves his source,
Thundering o'er [[Cauldron Snout|Caldron]] and [[High Force|High-Force]];
Beneath the shade the [[Norsemen|Northmen]] came,
Fix'd on each [[Dale (landform)|vale]] a [[Old Norse|Runic]] name,
Rear'd high their altar's rugged stone,
And gave [[Family trees of the Norse gods|their Gods]] the land they won.
Then, [[River Balder|Balder]], one bleak [[wikt:garth#English|garth]] was thine,
And one sweet brooklet's silver line,
And [[#Woden Croft|Woden's Croft]] did title gain
From the stern [[Odin|Father]] of the [[Valhalla|Slain]];
<br> – [[Walter Scott]] (1771 – 1832)
</poem></blockquote>


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 18:28, 30 September 2024

Greta Bridge
Greta Bridge, John Sell Cotman, c. 1806
Greta Bridge is located in County Durham
Greta Bridge
Greta Bridge
Location within County Durham
OS grid referenceNZ086131
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
PoliceDurham
FireCounty Durham and Darlington
AmbulanceNorth East
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
County Durham
54°30′48″N 1°52′02″W / 54.51336°N 1.86715°W / 54.51336; -1.86715

Greta Bridge is a hamlet on the River Greta in the parishes of Rokeby and Brignall in County Durham, England. The bridge (now bypassed by the A66 trunk road) is over the River Greta, just south of its confluence with the River Tees. The North Pennines, Teesdale and the Greta Bridge area – including the Meeting of the Waters – became a source of inspiration for romantic artists, poets and writers during the eighteenth century.

Name

[edit]

The name derives from the River Greta, recorded earlier as Gretha (1279) and Gretay (1341).[1]

The etymology is a hybrid of Old Norse and Old English. The Old Norse grjót means "coarse stones" or "rubble". The Old English ēa means "river", "running water" or "stream".

Governance

[edit]

Greta Bridge is part of County Durham district and is governed by Durham County Council. The neighbouring village of Newsham – to the south-east – is part of North Yorkshire district.

Historically, Greta Bridge was in the North Riding of Yorkshire, but along with the rest of the former Startforth Rural District, Greta Bridge was transferred to County Durham for administrative and ceremonial purposes in 1974.

Geography

[edit]

The village lies on the eastern flanks of the North Pennines – about 6 miles (9.7 km) east of the North Pennines area of outstanding natural beauty. The nearest town – Barnard Castle – is the market town for Teesdale.

The village is divided between Rokeby parish and Brignall parish – by the river Greta.

History

[edit]

Roman

[edit]

Greta Bridge is on the route of the trans-Pennine (Stainmore) section of Watling Street (North) Roman road – now largely followed by the A66 trunk road. Archaeological excavations during the 1970's found part of the original road.[a]

Maglona ramparts.

Greta Bridge is the location of a roman fort, or castrum, Maglona. An inscription found near the north gate suggests that the fort was built during the early third century AD, although it is possible that a fort existed on the site as early as the first century AD.[b][c] It was built to protect the Watling Street crossing of the River Greta – river crossings were particularly vulnerable to attack from the local Brigantes or from other local tribes.

The Tutta Beck–Greta confluence and the Greta–Tees confluences are both in close proximity to the fort. River confluences had a special significance for the Gaulish legions and auxiliaries who were stationed in North Britain during the Roman occupation. Roman altars with inscriptions to Mars Condatis have been found in the Tees and Wear valleys.[d] Similar altars are normally found at the confluence of rivers – for example, the Cong Burn–Wear confluence near Chester-le-Street – however others may have been disturbed or removed, especially by antiquarians and collectors. The inscription Mars Condatis is a conflation (joining together) of deities Mars and Condatis. The name Tutta may derive from the Gaulish deity Toutatis (or Tūtatus) – god of the tribe.

The bridge

[edit]

The current bridge was built in 1773 to replace the one destroyed by the great flood of 1771.[5][6] It was designed by John Carr for John Sawry Morritt, father of John Bacon Sawrey Morritt. Morritt also paid for the Abbey Bridge to be built in the same year.[7]

Mail coach

[edit]

Before the arrival of the railways in the 1850s, Greta Bridge had been an important overnight stop for the London to Carlisle coach. Overnight passengers and visitors would stay at one of the three coaching inns in the village.[e]

  1. The Morritt Arms.[9]
  2. The George.
  3. George and New Inn (now Thorpe Grange Farmhouse).[f][g]

Wordsworth and his wife Mary were regular users of the mail coach in order to travel over from the Lakes to visit Mary's parents at Stockton-on-Tees. [h][i]

Romantic arts and tourism

[edit]

During the eighteenth century Teesdale became a popular destination for romantic artists, poets and writers, who inspired others to follow. In 1799 William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge explored the area around Greta Bridge, after visiting Mary Hutchinson at Sockburn.[j] Mary lived on her parents farm on the Sockburn Peninsula – the peninsula created by a tight meander of the River Tees. Wordsworth married Mary in 1802, and the couple often travelled over from the Lakes to visit Mary's parents, using the mail coach to Greta Bridge, and stopping over at Rokeby.[h]

Greta Bridge (1805), British Museum.

The romantic painter John Sell Cotman (1782 – 1842) first explored the Greta Bridge area in 1805 when 23 years old. He had been invited by the Cholmeley family to stay with them at Rokeby Hall.[k] Cotman's best known work from his early period is the watercolour Greta Bridge (1805), now in the British Museum, which he painted from sketches made during his visit to Rokeby Park.[l] The view is from the south of the bridge looking north, the Morritt Arms is shown on the left side of the bridge. The profile shown at the top of the bridge is noticeably different from that of the actual bridge – it shows a higher more pronounced summit – whereas the actual bridge has a gentle curved profile. It has been suggested that this was influenced by the geometry of the earlier bridge that had been destroyed in the great flood of 1771.[m] The foreground is dominated by huge boulders – possibly swept down during the great flood.

Walter Scott's poem The Lady of the Lake, published 1810, had been hugely successful and placed the Loch Katrine in the Trossachs area firmly on the tourist map, boosting the economy of local towns. When Scott announced to John Bacon Sawrey Morritt that he was planning to write a similar poem based around Teesdale, Morritt offered his services as a guide, possibly anticipating how it might spark a wealthy tourist trade, and boost the local economy.[n] Scott's poem Rokeby, published 1813, was also hugely successful and did attract many new visitors to Teesdale.[o]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Watts 2007, pp. 262.
  2. ^ a b Historic England. "Greta Bridge Roman fort, vicus and section of Roman road (1019074)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  3. ^ "Greta Bridge Roman Fort Maglona". Tynedale Hadrian's Wall Group. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  4. ^ MacKillop 2004, pp. 100.
  5. ^ Historic England. "GRETA BRIDGE – Listed building (1160430)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  6. ^ Historic England. "Greta Bridge – Scheduled Monument (1002319)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  7. ^ Historic England. "ABBEY BRIDGE (1310824)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  8. ^ *"The 17th Century Days of the Mail Coach". The Morritt Hotel. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  9. ^ Historic England. "THE MORRITT ARMS HOTEL (1121699)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  10. ^ Rudd 2007, pp. 89.
  11. ^ Historic England. "THORPE GRANGE FARMHOUSE, A66 (1161229)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  12. ^ a b Rudd 2007, pp. 104–106.
  13. ^ a b c Rudd 2007, pp. 78.
  14. ^ Rudd 2007, pp. 84.
  15. ^ Warwick & Parker 2016, pp. 1–128.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Historic England
    ..."Immediately to the north of the fort there are the buried remains of the Roman road and the vicus. These remains were identified and partially excavated in the 1970s in advance of the A66 road re-alignment at Greta Bridge...[2]
  2. ^ Historic England
    ..."The exact date for the construction of the fort is uncertain; some evidence suggests it was constructed during the first century AD, but it may be as late as the late second century or the early third century.[2]
  3. ^ Tynedale Hadrian's Wall Group
    ..."Greta Bridge Roman Fort was probably built about 80AD about the same time as the first road... [3]
  4. ^ MacKillop – ...Celtic Mythology
    Condatis..."A god worshipped in Roman occupied Britain, much associated with the confluence of rivers..."His shrines have been found between the Tyne and Tees rivers..."His name is commemorated in many place names...[4]
  5. ^ The Morritt Hotel – Days of the Mail Coach
    ..."Through the 17th Century ...Greta Bridge was the second overnight stop for the London-Carlisle mail coach, bringing with it a considerable number of visitors.
    ..."There were three inns at Greta Bridge, including The George, and the New Inn, which is now Thorpe Farm...[8]
  6. ^ Rudd – The Discovery of Teesdale
    ..."Greta Bridge was an important staging post...in 1804 there were two inns...but by 1834 a third had been built a few hundred yards to the south-east[10]
  7. ^ Historic England
    ..."house is claimed to be the former George and New Inn, at which Charles Dickens stayed while researching Nicholas Nickleby.[11]
  8. ^ a b Rudd – The Discovery of Teesdale
    ..."In a letter of 1833 William Wordsworth's daughter Dora suggests that Rokeby was a popular stop on the journey to see the Hutchinsons, then living at Stockton-on-Tees ...[12]
  9. ^ Mary's parents had moved to Stockton-on-Tees from their farm on the Sockburn Peninsula – near the Tees.
  10. ^ Rudd – The Discovery of Teesdale
    ..."Having stayed overnight at Piercebridge, Wordsworth, Coleridge and Cottle explored the area around Greta Bridge...[12]
  11. ^ Rudd – The Discovery of Teesdale
    ..."The owner of Rokeby, J B S Morritt, had readily agreed to the 22-year-old Francis Cholmeley's request that Cotman accompany him on a visit to his estate...[13]
  12. ^ Rudd – The Discovery of Teesdale
    ..."The best known Greta watercolours are two versions of Greta Bridge made from a pencil sketch that has survived...In the two watercolours, made in 1805 and 1810...[13]
  13. ^ Rudd – The Discovery of Teesdale
    ..."Interestingly, although Cotman's sketch shows the curved parapet of the bridge, for both watercolours he returns to the pre-1771 triangular shape depicted in a 18th century painting hanging in Rokeby Hall...[13]
  14. ^ Rudd – The Discovery of Teesdale
    ..."Morritt reminds Scott of their rides up Deepdale and along the Tees to Cotherstone...Rokeby's owner offers his services as a guide, and hints at the tourist trade Scott's poem is likely to bring:[14]

    ..."I shall raise the rent of my inn at Greta Bridge...I hear that the people of Callander have made a fortune by you...
  15. ^ Warwick – River Tees...
    ..."The literary work that did most to popularise the natural beauties of Teesdale...was by Walter Scott ...[15]

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Greta_Bridge&oldid=1248651254"