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Aeration (also called aerification or aeriation) is the process by which air is circulated through, mixed with or dissolved in a liquid or other substances that act as a fluid (such as soil). Aeration processes create additional surface area in the mixture, allowing greater chemical or suspension reactions.

Aeration of liquids

Methods

Aeration of liquids (usually water) is achieved by:

passing air through the liquid by means of the Venturi tube, aeration turbines or compressed air which can be combined with diffuser(s) air stone(s), as well as fine bubble diffusers, coarse bubble diffusers or linear aeration tubing. Ceramics are suitable for this purpose, often involving dispersion of fine air or gas bubbles through the porous ceramic into a liquid. The smaller the bubbles, the more gas is exposed to the liquid increasing the gas transfer efficiency. Diffusers or spargers can also be designed into the system to cause turbulence or mixing if desired.

Porous ceramic diffusers are made by fusing aluminum oxide grains using porcelain bonds to form a strong, uniformly porous and homogeneous structure. The naturally hydrophilic material is easily wetted resulting in the production of fine, uniform bubbles.^[1]

On a given volume of air or liquid, the surface area changes proportionally with drop or bubble size, the very surface area where exchange can occur. Utilizing extremely small bubbles or drops increases the rate of gas transfer (aeration) due to the higher contact surface area. The pores which these bubbles pass through are generally micrometre-size.

Uses of aeration of liquids

To smooth (laminate) the flow of tap water at the faucet.
Production of aerated water or cola for drinking purposes.
Secondary treatment of sewage or industrial wastewater through use of aerating mixers/diffusers.^[2]^[3]
To increase the oxygen content of water used to house animals, such as aquarium fish or fish farm
To increase oxygen content of wort (unfermented beer) or must (unfermented wine) to allow yeast to propagate and begin fermentation.
To dispel other dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide or chlorine.^[4]
In chemistry, to oxidise a compound dissolved or suspended in water.
To induce mixing of a body of otherwise still water.
Pond aeration.

Aeration of liquid solids

Aeration of soil

Aeration in food

Refers to the process in which air is absorbed into the food item. It refers to the lightness of cakes and bread, as measured by the type of pores they contain, and the color and texture of some sauces which have incorporated air bubbles.

In wine tasting, a variety of methods are used to aerate the wine and bring out the aromas, including swirling wine in the glass, using a decanter to increase exposure to air, or using a specialized wine aerator.

Cider from Asturias is poured into the glass from a height of about 1 metre (el escanciado) to increase aeration.

References

^ Porous Ceramic Diffusers Archived September 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Aeration". Archived from the original on 2014-02-25. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
^ "Aeration Device". Fortrans. Archived from the original on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
^ Swistock, Bryan. "Methane Gas and Its Removal from Wells in Pennsylvania". PSU. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.

[1] Porous Ceramic Diffusers Archived September 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine

[2] "Aeration". Archived from the original on 2014-02-25. Retrieved 18 June 2014.

[3] "Aeration Device". Fortrans. Archived from the original on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.

[4] Swistock, Bryan. "Methane Gas and Its Removal from Wells in Pennsylvania". PSU. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Process of circulating or mixing air with water}}
-{{see also|Water aeration}}
-'''Aeration''' (also called '''aerification''' or '''aeriation''') is the [[Systems engineering process|process]] by which [[air]] is circulated through, mixed with or [[solvation|dissolved]] in a [[liquid]]
+'''Aeration''' (also called '''aerification''' or '''aeriation''') is the [[Systems engineering process|process]] by which [[air]] is circulated through, mixed with or [[solvation|dissolved]] in a [[liquid]] or other substances that act as a [[fluid]] (such as soil). Aeration processes create additional surface area in the mixture, allowing greater chemical or suspension reactions.
 ==Aeration of liquids==
+{{see main|Water aeration}}
 ===Methods===
 Aeration of liquids (usually water) is achieved by:
+* passing air through the liquid by means of the [[Venturi tube]], [[Aeration Turbine|aeration turbines]] or [[compressed air]] which can be combined with diffuser(s) air stone(s), as well as [[fine bubble diffusers]], [[coarse bubble diffusers]] or linear aeration tubing. Ceramics are suitable for this purpose, often involving dispersion of fine air or gas bubbles through the porous ceramic into a liquid. The smaller the bubbles, the more gas is exposed to the liquid increasing the gas transfer efficiency. Diffusers or [[sparger]]s can also be designed into the system to cause turbulence or mixing if desired.
-* passing the liquid through air by means of [[fountain]]s, [[Waterfall|cascades]], paddle-wheels or cones.
-* passing air through the liquid by means of the [[Venturi tube]], [[Aeration Turbine|aeration turbines]] or [[compressed air]] which can be combined with diffuser(s) air stone(s), as well as [[fine bubble diffusers]], [[coarse bubble diffusers]] or linear aeration tubing. Ceramics are suitable for this purpose, often involving dispersion of fine air or gas bubbles through the porous ceramic into a liquid. The smaller the bubbles, the more gas is exposed to the liquid increasing the gas transfer efficiency. Diffusers or [[sparger]]s can also be designed into the system to cause turbulence or mixing if desired.
 Porous ceramic diffusers are made by fusing aluminum oxide grains using porcelain bonds to form a strong, uniformly porous and homogeneous structure. The naturally hydrophilic material is easily wetted resulting in the production of fine, uniform bubbles.<ref>[http://www.refractron.com/diffusion_sparging_aeration.asp Porous Ceramic Diffusers] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930054204/http://www.refractron.com/diffusion_sparging_aeration.asp |date=September 30, 2011 }}</ref>
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 * To smooth ([[Laminar flow|laminate]]) the flow of tap water at the faucet.
 * Production of [[aerated water]] or [[cola]] for drinking purposes.
-* Secondary treatment of [[sewage]] or industrial [[wastewater]] through use of aerating mixers/[[Diffuser (sewage)|diffusers]].<ref>{{cite web|title=AERATION|url=http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/AERATION/aeration.htm|accessdate=18 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225024355/http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/AERATION/aeration.htm|archive-date=2014-02-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Aeration Device|url=http://fortransaeration.com/new-aeration-device-works-better/|publisher=Fortrans|accessdate=18 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617064955/http://fortransaeration.com/new-aeration-device-works-better/|archive-date=17 June 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+* Secondary treatment of [[sewage]] or [[industrial wastewater treatment|industrial wastewater]] through use of aerating mixers/[[Diffuser (sewage)|diffusers]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Aeration|url=http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/AERATION/aeration.htm|access-date=18 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225024355/http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/AERATION/aeration.htm|archive-date=2014-02-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Aeration Device|url=http://fortransaeration.com/new-aeration-device-works-better/|publisher=Fortrans|access-date=18 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617064955/http://fortransaeration.com/new-aeration-device-works-better/|archive-date=17 June 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 * To increase the [[oxygen]] content of water used to house animals, such as [[fishkeeping|aquarium fish]] or [[fish farm]]
 * To increase oxygen content of [[wort]] (unfermented beer) or [[must]] (unfermented wine) to allow yeast to propagate and begin [[Fermentation (food)|fermentation]].
-* To dispel other dissolved gases such as [[carbon dioxide]] or [[chlorine]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Swistock|first1=Bryan|title=Methane Gas and Its Removal from Wells in Pennsylvania|url=http://extension.psu.edu/natural-resources/water/drinking-water/water-testing/pollutants/methane-gas-and-its-removal-from-wells-in-pennsylvania|publisher=PSU|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref>
+* To dispel other dissolved gases such as [[carbon dioxide]] or [[chlorine]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Swistock|first1=Bryan|title=Methane Gas and Its Removal from Wells in Pennsylvania|url=http://extension.psu.edu/natural-resources/water/drinking-water/water-testing/pollutants/methane-gas-and-its-removal-from-wells-in-pennsylvania|publisher=PSU|access-date=18 June 2014|archive-date=2 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702173814/http://extension.psu.edu/natural-resources/water/drinking-water/water-testing/pollutants/methane-gas-and-its-removal-from-wells-in-pennsylvania|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 * In chemistry, to oxidise a compound dissolved or suspended in water.
 * To induce mixing of a body of otherwise still water.
 * [[Water aeration|Pond aeration]].
-==Aeration of soil ==
+== Aeration of liquid solids ==
-<!--[[File:Plug Aerator.jpg|thumb|[[Lawn aerator|Plug/core lawn aerator]]]]-->
-{{multiple image
- | align             = right
- | direction         = horizontal
- | background color  =
- | width       = 200
- | image1            = Cunningham Ballfields td (2018-11-12) 09 - Aerated Grass.jpg
- | caption1          = Aerated grass on a baseball field in [[New York City]].
- | image2            = Plug Aerator.jpg
- | caption2          = [[Lawn aerator|Plug/core lawn aerator]].
- | image3            =
- | caption3          =
- | width2            = <!-- displayed width of image; overridden by "width" above -->
- | footer_align      = left
- | footer            =
-}}
-In soil, aeration refers to the extent of [[Porosity#Porosity of soil|air gaps]].
+=== Aeration of soil ===
-Soil aeration is the process of using mechanized or manual equipment to either puncture the soil with spikes (spike aeration) or remove approximately 1" x 2" cores of soil from the ground (core aeration). Aeration may be overlooked when trying to restore a [[lawn]] but is vital to bring it back to health. {{citation needed|date=May 2016}} It improves drainage and reduces puddles formation. {{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
+{{main article|Soil aeration}}
-Spike aeration involves the use of an [[Lawn aerator|aeration machine]] with spikes up to a foot or more in length. It is sometimes used to address drainage issues in areas with [[turf]]. Core aeration is done on turf areas as a means of reducing [[turf compaction]], reducing thatch buildup, improving the infiltration of water/nutrients, encouraging deeper roots, and creating an environment where grass seed can have direct contact with the soil. {{citation needed|date=May 2016}}
-There are many types of [[lawn aerator]]s including walk behind models, ride on versions and tractor pulled versions, as well as spiked shoes.
 ==Aeration in food==
 Refers to the process in which air is absorbed into the food item. It refers to the lightness of cakes and bread, as measured by the type of [[Pores (bread)|pores]] they contain, and the color and texture of some sauces which have incorporated air bubbles.
-In [[wine tasting]], a variety of methods are used to aerate wine and bring out the aromas including [[wine swirling|swirl]] wine in the glass, use of a [[decanter]] to increase exposure to air, or a specialized [[wine aerator]].
+In [[wine tasting]], a variety of methods are used to aerate the wine and bring out the aromas, including swirling wine in the glass, using a [[decanter]] to increase exposure to air, or using a specialized [[wine aerator]].
 Cider from [[Asturias]] is poured into the glass from a height of about 1 metre (''el escanciado'') to increase aeration.
@@ Line 59: / Line 39: @@
 {{Wiktionarypar|aeration}}
 * [[Winkler test for dissolved oxygen]]
 == References ==
 {{reflist|2}}
 [[Category:Chemical processes]]