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{{Rochester Subway route diagram}}
{{Rochester Subway route diagram}}
The '''Rochester Industrial and Rapid Transit Railway''' {{reporting mark|RSB}}, more commonly known as the '''Rochester subway''' was a [[light rail]] rapid transit line in the city of [[Rochester, New York]], from 1927 to 1956. The subway was constructed in the bed of the old Erie Canal, which allowed the route to be [[Grade separation|grade-separated]] for its entire length. {{convert|2|mi|km|spell=In}} of the route through downtown were constructed in a cut-and-cover tunnel that became Broad Street, and the only underground portion of the subway. The Rochester Subway was designed to reduce [[interurban]] traffic on city streets, and to facilitate freight interchange between the railroads. The line was operated on a contract basis by [[New York State Railways]] until [[Rochester Transit Corporation]] (RTC) took over in 1938. The last day of passenger service was June 30, 1956. Portions of the right-of-way were used for expressway construction, while the rest was abandoned and filled in over the years. The largest remaining section is a stretch of tunnel under Broad Street from Exchange Street to the intersection of Court Street and South Avenue.
The '''Rochester Industrial and Rapid Transit Railway''' {{reporting mark|RSB}}, more commonly known as the '''Rochester subway''', was a [[light rail]] rapid transit line in the city of [[Rochester, New York]] that operated from 1927 to 1956. The subway was constructed in the bed of the old Erie Canal, which allowed the route to be [[Grade separation|grade-separated]] for its entire length. {{convert|2|mi|km|spell=In}} of the route through downtown were constructed in a cut-and-cover tunnel that became Broad Street, and the only underground portion of the subway.
The railroad was designed to reduce [[interurban]] traffic on city streets and to facilitate freight interchange between the railroads. The line was operated on a contract basis by [[New York State Railways]] from 1927 to 1938, and by the [[Rochester Transit Corporation]] (RTC) from 1938 until its closure.
The last day of passenger service was June 30, 1956. Portions of the right-of-way were used for expressway construction, while the rest was abandoned and filled in over the years. The largest remaining section is a stretch of tunnel under Broad Street from Exchange Street to the intersection of Court Street and South Avenue.


==History==
==History==
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In 1918, the [[Erie Canal]] was re-routed to bypass downtown Rochester, and in 1919 the abandoned portion of the canal was bought to serve as the route of the subway. The subway was built below, and Broad Street above. Only {{convert|2|mi}} were in the tunnel, the rest of the route in open cut. The term "subway" did not refer to the tunnel, but to the route being grade-separated and operated as rapid transit. Interurban lines were also run through the subway and off city streets, easing growing congestion. The segment over the [[Genesee River]] utilized the former [[Erie Canal: Second Genesee Aqueduct]].<ref name="nrhpinv_ny">{{cite web|url=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=4165|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Erie Canal: Second Genesee Aqueduct|date=May 1975|access-date=2009-11-01|author=Cornelia E. Brooke|publisher=[[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]}} ''See also:'' {{cite web|url=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=4164|title=Accompanying three photos}}</ref>


=== Construction ===
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==New York State Railways (1927&ndash;1938)==
Planning for the construction of a subway in Rochester began around 1910 as the [[Erie Canal]] was re-routed from downtown Rochester to pass south of the city. The plans were supported by a feasibility study from engineer [[George F. Swain]] and promoted by Mayor [[Hiram Edgerton]] and other civic leaders. In 1918, the new canal route was completed, and in 1919 the abandoned portion of the canal was bought by the city to serve as the route of the subway.<ref name="Lipman">{{Cite journal |last=Lipman |first=Andrew David |date=April 1974 |title=The Rochester Subway: Experiment in Municipal Rapid Transit |url=https://www.libraryweb.org/~rochhist/v36_1974/v36i2.pdf |journal=Rochester History |volume=XXXVI |issue=2}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=1–3}} It was believed the subway would provide several benefits to the city. In addition to providing a cross-town commute to residents in the northwest and southeast of the city, the railroad would double as a belt line connecting the five freight railroads that then ran through Rochester, which were previously disconnected. [[Interurban]] trolleys would also be routed into the subway to reduce traffic congestion on the surface streets.<ref name="Lipman" />{{Rp|page=7}} Construction was approved by the city council on November 22, 1921, and began in May 1922.<ref name="Amberger">{{Cite book |last1=Amberger |first1=Ron |title=Canal Boats, Interurbans & Trolleys |last2=Barrett |first2=Dick |last3=Marling |first3=Greg |publisher=[[National Railway Historical Society]] |year=1985 |isbn=0-9605296-1-6 |location=[[Rochester, New York|Rochester]]}}</ref>{{Rp|page=11}} The project had universal approval from Rochester's newspapers, chamber of commerce, and labor unions.<ref name="Lipman" />{{Rp|page=11}}
[[File:Rochester Subway construction.png|left|thumb|Excavation of the subway bed in 1925]]
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In the city center, a tunnel was dug with a new street, Broad Street, located above. Only {{convert|2|mi}} were in the tunnel, with the rest of the route in open cut. The term "subway" did not refer to the tunnel, but to the route being grade-separated and operated as rapid transit. The segment over the [[Genesee River]] utilized the former [[Erie Canal: Second Genesee Aqueduct|Second Genesee Aqueduct]].<ref name="nrhpinv_ny">{{cite web|url=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=4165|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Erie Canal: Second Genesee Aqueduct|date=May 1975|access-date=2009-11-01|author=Cornelia E. Brooke|publisher=[[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]}} ''See also:'' {{cite web|url=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=4164|title=Accompanying three photos}}</ref> The canal bed was widened and deepened {{Convert|5|ft|m}} in all directions, which required the removal of {{Convert|1000000|cuyd|m3}} of earth and [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]].<ref name="CEGRoch" /> More excavation was required to accommodate the rails than anticipated, causing delays in the construction until 1927. The construction bonds would not be paid off until 1960, after the subway had closed, at a cost of over $19 million to the city.<ref name="Lipman" />{{Rp|page=12}}

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=== New York State Railways (1927&ndash;1938) ===
[[File:Rochester subway entrance postcard.jpg|left|thumb|Rochester subway entrance Court Street postcard]]
[[File:Rochester subway entrance postcard.jpg|left|thumb|Rochester subway entrance Court Street postcard]]
Construction was completed and operations began in 1927, under contract with [[New York State Railways]].<ref name="CEGRoch"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Metropolitan Railways: Rapid Transit in America |isbn=0-253-34179-5 |last=Middleton |first=William |year=2003 |pages=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foSEPTUE7NMC&pg=PA90 |access-date=2008-12-08}}</ref> Ten former [[Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway]] 2000-series cars were transferred from the Utica Lines to provide dedicated service in the Rochester subway. New York State Railways entered receivership in 1929, but continued to operate the subway on a contract basis with the city of Rochester. Interurban railways began using the new subway almost immediately. Starting in 1927, the [[Rochester and Eastern Rapid Railway]] connected at Rowlands and terminated at City Hall station. The [[Rochester and Syracuse Railroad (interurban)|Rochester and Syracuse Railroad]] began using the subway in 1928, using a new connection established just east of Winton Road station. The [[Rochester, Lockport and Buffalo Railroad]] entered from the west side starting in 1928 using a ramp constructed at Lyell Avenue.
Operations began on December 1, 1927 under contract with [[New York State Railways]].<ref name="Amberger" />{{Rp|page=40}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Metropolitan Railways: Rapid Transit in America |isbn=0-253-34179-5 |last=Middleton |first=William |year=2003 |pages=90 |publisher=Indiana University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foSEPTUE7NMC&pg=PA90 |access-date=2008-12-08}}</ref> Ten former [[Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway]] 2000-series cars were transferred from the Utica Lines to provide dedicated service in the Rochester subway. Freight service was provided by an electric locomotive purchased from [[General Electric]].<ref name="Amberger" />{{Rp|page=90}}


Interurban railways began using the new subway almost immediately, and were later joined by freight railroads. Starting on the first day of operations in 1927, the [[Rochester and Eastern Rapid Railway]] connected at Rowlands and terminated at City Hall station. The [[Rochester and Syracuse Railroad (interurban)|Rochester and Syracuse Railroad]] began using the subway in 1928, using a new connection established just east of Winton Road station. The [[Rochester, Lockport and Buffalo Railroad]] entered from the west side starting in 1928 using a ramp constructed at Lyell Avenue.<ref name="Amberger" />{{Rp|page=|pages=41–44}} These latter two ramps were also used by the [[New York Central Railroad]] for freight traffic. The [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] connected to the subway with a ramp along Broad Street, and the [[Lehigh Valley Railroad]] connected at the Court Street Station.<ref name="Amberger" />{{Rp|page=89}}
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In 1929, a special subway–surface operation began using a ramp at [[Emerson (RIRTR station)|Emerson station]] to connect with the Dewey Avenue line to provide rush-hour service to [[Kodak Park]], a major employer in the city. On June 1, 1929, local service on the Rochester subway was extended from Winton Road to Rowlands loop.


⚫
In 1929, a special [[semi-metro|subway–surface operation]] began using a ramp at [[Emerson (RIRTR station)|Emerson station]] to connect with the Dewey Avenue line to provide rush-hour service to [[Kodak Park]], a major employer in the city.<ref name="ER17">{{cite journal |last1=Klos |first1=Lloyd |title=Rochester Subway |journal=Electric Railroads |date=1951 |issue=17 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygo9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2 |access-date=24 July 2024 |publisher=Electric Railroaders' Association. |language=en}}</ref> On June 1, 1929, local service on the Rochester subway was extended from Winton Road to Rowlands loop.<ref name="Amberger" />{{Rp|page=45}}
When the remainder of the Utica & Mohawk Valley Railway was abandoned, New York State Railways transferred the relatively new and faster steel cars to Rochester to replace the older 2000-series center-door cars that had been in service since the opening of the subway. They were brought to Rochester and reconditioned in 1937.


In the aftermath of the [[Great Depression]], New York State Railways fell into [[bankruptcy]] along with other railroads that operated interurban lines in the area. By 1931, all of the connecting interurban railways had ceased operation leaving the subway as an east–west line with no rail connections outside the line.
In the aftermath of the [[Great Depression]], New York State Railways fell into [[bankruptcy]] along with other railroads that operated interurban lines in the area. By 1931, all of the connecting interurban railways had ceased operation leaving the subway as an east–west line with no rail connections outside the line.<ref name="Lipman" />{{Rp|page=15}} While the company was in receivership, New York State Railways continued to operate the subway on a contract basis with the city of Rochester. Public opinion of the subway turned negative due to low ridership.<ref name="Lipman" />{{Rp|page=15}}


==Rochester Transit Corp. (1938&ndash;1956)==
=== Rochester Transit Corp. (1938&ndash;1956) ===
The former Rochester Lines of New York State Railways were reorganized as the [[Rochester Transit Corporation]] on August 2, 1938, and operation of the subway was transferred to the new company. In an effort to cut costs, weekday service was reduced and Sunday service was eliminated in 1952. The service contract was awarded on a month-to-month basis until the city council voted in 1955 to end all subway service on June 30, 1956. Freight service was operated by RTC until 1957, when the remaining rail operations were turned over to the connecting [[New York Central]] (NYC) and [[Baltimore and Ohio]] (B&O) railroads.
The former Rochester Lines of New York State Railways were reorganized as the [[Rochester Transit Corporation]] on August 2, 1938, and operation of the subway was transferred to the new company. On the same day, the 2000-series cars were replaced with newer and faster 46-series steel cars acquired from the abandoned Utica & Mohawk Valley Railway in 1937.<ref name="Amberger" />{{Rp|pages=47–50}} Harold S. W. MacFarlin, the city commerce commissioner, believed that the subway could be saved by faster and expanded service and promoted plans to extend the subway line.<ref name="Amberger" />{{Rp|pages=48,61}}


During [[World War II]], wartime rationing made the subway popular once again, and annual ridership peaked at over 5 million in 1946 and 1947. Proposals to extend the line were briefly considered in the press, but ridership began declining again in 1948, and the city council made plans to abandon the subway and use its route for a connecting highway to the [[New York State Thruway]] instead.<ref name="Lipman" />{{Rp|pages=18–20}}
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==Expressways and freight (1956&ndash;1996)==
The former Utica cars ran until the end of passenger service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vintageviews.org/vv-tl/Photos/pages/last_run.html |title=Rochester's History: An Illustrated Timeline |access-date=2008-12-07}}</ref> Car 60 was set aside for preservation in 1956, and was donated to the Rochester Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society. The trolley car was loaned to other organizations and returned to the [[Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum]] in 1998 where it is undergoing an evaluation for restoration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rochestersubway.com/topics/2014/06/campaign-to-restore-rochester-subway-car-60-kicks-off/|title=RochesterSubway.com : Campaign to Restore Rochester Subway Car 60 Kicks Off Sunday|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Locomotive L-2 was rescued from a Rochester scrap yard in the 1970s, and has been set aside for a potential future restoration by the [[New York Museum of Transportation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nymtmuseum.org/NYMTPict1.php?Reqst=LocomotiveL2.jpg;Gasoline_Locomotive_L2|title=NYMT Archive Pictures|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref>


In an effort to cut costs, weekday service was reduced and Sunday service was eliminated in 1952.<ref name="Amberger" />{{Rp|page=76}} The service contract was awarded on a month-to-month basis until the city council voted in 1955 to end all subway service on June 30, 1956.<ref name="Amberger" />{{Rp|pages=83–87}} Freight service was operated by RTC until September 1, 1957, when the remaining rail operations were turned over to the connecting [[New York Central]] (NYC) and [[Baltimore and Ohio]] (B&O) railroads.<ref name="Amberger" />{{Rp|page=94}}
⚫
The subway bed from Court Street to Winton Road was used for the construction of a portion of the Eastern Expressway ([[Interstate 490 (New York)|I-490]]) in 1959, with the section from Winton Road to Rowlands used for [[Interstate 590|I-590]]. Limited freight service operated by connecting railroads lasted on the western portion of the subway route from Court Street to [[General Motors]] until 1976, when the city of Rochester elected to fill the cut to eliminate maintenance on the numerous bridges. Rail freight deliveries in the subway tunnel continued until 1996, when [[Gannett Newspapers]] moved its printing operations from the [[Gannett Building]] which the subway ran under to another location. [[Marina Auto Stadium|Capelli Sport Stadium]] was constructed on a portion of the filled-in cut in 2006.


⚫
=== Expressways and freight (1956&ndash;1996) ===
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==Salvage and preservation==
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The subway bed from Court Street to Winton Road was used for the construction of a portion of the Eastern Expressway ([[Interstate 490 (New York)|I-490]]) in 1959, with the section from Winton Road to Rowlands used for [[Interstate 590|I-590]]. Limited freight service operated by connecting railroads lasted on the western portion of the subway route from Court Street to [[General Motors]] until 1976, when the city of Rochester elected to fill the cut to eliminate maintenance on the numerous bridges. Rail freight deliveries in the subway tunnel continued until 1997, when [[Gannett Newspapers]] moved its printing operations from the [[Gannett Building]] which the subway ran under to the town of [[Greece, New York|Greece]].<ref name="Freile">{{cite news |last1=Freile |first1=Victoria |title=Take a peek inside the stunning, abandoned Rochester subway tunnels |url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/in-depth/lifestyle/2021/07/12/rochester-subway-beckons-people-underground-65-years-after-last-train/7540544002/ |access-date=23 January 2024 |work=[[Democrat and Chronicle]] |date=12 July 2021}}</ref>
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[[File:Rochester Subway Genesee River aqueduct October 2015.jpg|thumb|The aqueduct in 2015]]
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In 1976, after the announcement of the fill, the City of Rochester allowed the New York Museum of Transportation to collect the rail from the portion of the line being filled. The former rail is still in use by the museum. In 2010, when the city decided to fill the portion of the tunnel between Brown and the B&O ramp, the museum was allowed to collect the remaining rail, surviving switches and other railroad fixtures from the tunnel.

Rochester subway car 60 is at the [[Rochester and Genesee Valley Railroad Museum]], where it is undergoing a formal evaluation for cosmetic restoration. Built in 1916 for Utica Railways and moved to Rochester in 1936, car 60 is the only surviving example from the 12-car fleet that served the subway.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rgvrrm.org/about/railroad/rsb60/ |title=Rochester Transit Corp. No. 60 }}</ref>


==Rolling stock==
==Rolling stock==
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[[File:Rochester Subway Genesee River aqueduct October 2015.jpg|thumb|The aqueduct in 2015]]


===Revenue equipment===
===Revenue equipment===
*L-1 locomotive 1200V [[General Electric]] electric locomotive &ndash; 1928
*L-1 locomotive 1200V [[General Electric]] electric locomotive &ndash; 1928
*L-2 locomotive &ndash; Plymouth Locomotive Works of [[Plymouth, Ohio]] &ndash; 1937
*L-2 locomotive &ndash; [[Plymouth Locomotive Works]] of [[Plymouth, Ohio]] &ndash; 1937
*46–70* [[Cincinnati Car Company]] SE Interurban Cars 1916 &ndash; all steel cars; acquired 1937
*46–70* [[Cincinnati Car Company]] SE Interurban Cars 1916 &ndash; all steel cars; acquired 1937
*2000–2018* [[J.G. Brill]] SE Interurban Cars 1902 &ndash; wood cars built as trailers and converted to motors; acquired 1927
*2000–2018* [[J.G. Brill]] SE Interurban Cars 1902 &ndash; wood cars built as trailers and converted to motors; acquired 1927
*Even numbers only.
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Even numbers only.


===Work fleet===
===Work fleet===
Line 82: Line 87:
*General Motors Carbarn (built 1941)
*General Motors Carbarn (built 1941)


==Legacy==
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==Future of the tunnel==
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[[File:Rochester NY Broad Street Bridge 2002.jpeg|thumb|Rochester NY Broad Street Bridge 2002]]
While the subway was abandoned, the property belongs to the city of Rochester. There is much controversy over what should be done with it. In the words of Laurie Mercer, "It’s either a giant hole waiting to be filled with dirt or an impressive asset in a city that needs to revitalize its downtown."<ref name="CEGRoch">{{cite news |first=Laurie |last=Mercer |url=http://www.cegltd.com/story.asp?story=9527&headline=Rochester%20Ponders%20Future%20of%20Once%20Vibrant%20Subway |title=Rochester Ponders Future of Once Vibrant Subway |publisher=Construction Equipment Guide |date=October 31, 2007 |access-date=January 8, 2008}}</ref>


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===Salvage and preservation===
Rochester officials want to do something with the tunnels, because it cost an estimated $1.2 million in repairs and shoring up every year to maintain them.<ref name="CEGRoch"/> There were proposals to use some of the tunnels in a new rapid transit system. Another proposal was to transform the Broad Street Aqueduct into an underground walkway connecting the [[Rochester Riverside Convention Center]] with the [[Blue Cross Arena]]. A component of this walkway would include a Rochester Transportation Museum. Some suggested filling the remaining subway tunnel with water, re-routing the Erie Canal and restoring the aqueduct to its original purpose.
⚫
In 1976, after the announcement of the fill, the City of Rochester allowed the [[New York Museum of Transportation]] to collect the rail from the portion of the line being filled. The former rail is still in use by the museum. In 2010, when the city decided to fill the portion of the tunnel between Brown and the B&O ramp, the museum was allowed to collect the remaining rail, surviving switches and other railroad fixtures from the tunnel.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}


Rochester subway car 60 is at the [[Rochester and Genesee Valley Railroad Museum]], where it has been undergoing restoration since 2016. Built in 1916 for Utica Railways and moved to Rochester in 1936, it is the only surviving example from the 12-car fleet that served the subway.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fuss |first=Breanna |date=2016-07-30 |title=Restoration Underway For Rochester's Sole Surviving Subway Car |work=Spectrum Local News |url=https://spectrumlocalnews.com/news/2016/07/30/rehab-underway-for-sole-surviving-rochester-subway-car-at-rochester-and-genesee-valley-railroad-museum- |access-date=2023-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-19 |title=Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum shows off phase one of subway car restoration |work=Rochester First |url=https://www.rochesterfirst.com/news/local-news/rochester-genesee-valley-railroad-museum-shows-off-phase-one-of-subway-car-restoration/486460008/ |access-date=2023-02-10}}</ref> Car 60 was set aside for preservation in 1956, and was donated to the Rochester Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society. The trolley car was loaned to other organizations and returned to the [[Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum]] in 1998, prior to restoration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rochester Transit Corp. No. 60 |url=http://www.rgvrrm.org/about/railroad/rsb60/ |website=[[Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum]]}}</ref> Locomotive L-2 was rescued from a Rochester scrap yard in the 1970s, and has been set aside for a potential future restoration by the New York Museum of Transportation.<ref>{{cite web |title=NYMT Archive Pictures |url=http://www.nymtmuseum.org/NYMTPict1.php?Reqst=LocomotiveL2.jpg;Gasoline_Locomotive_L2 |website=[[New York Museum of Transportation]] |access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=February 2023}}
In 2004, Rochester city officials decided to fill the remaining subway tunnel with earth. This decision caused public outcry, since residents regard the subway as part of their history.<ref name="CEGRoch"/>


⚫
===Future of the tunnel===
On June 15, 2006, the city promised to form a committee to investigate all possible options. In July 2008, the city voted to fill in a portion of the tunnel, citing safety concerns. The westernmost end of the tunnel was filled as part of the Broad Street Tunnel Improvement project. Work began in spring 2010 at a cost between $14 and $16 million. The city removed the Broad Street section from East Main to Brown Street and filled that section of the subway tunnel, but rebuilt the former [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad|B&O]] ramp into what remains of the subway, making that ramp the western access point into the subway.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rochestersubway.com/topics/2009/10/rochester_takes_bids_to_fill_subway_tunnel/ |title= Subway Tunnel To Be Filled. This time they mean it. Probably. |date=2009-10-10 |publisher=RochesterSubway.com |access-date=2010-01-24}}</ref> The remains of the Rochester Subway run from the B&O ramp just east of East Main Street to Court Street.
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[[File:Rochester NY Broad Street Bridge 2002.jpeg|thumb|The Broad Street Bridge in 2002]]
The property of the abandoned subway tunnel belongs to the city of Rochester. In recent decades, city officials have considered several plans to fill or renovate the tunnel. While it remains abandoned, the tunnel has become a refuge for the homeless, a destination for [[Urban exploration|urban explorers]], and a canvas for local [[graffiti]] artists.<ref name="Freile" />


In 2004, Rochester city officials decided to fill the remaining subway tunnel with earth, as maintenance of the tunnel was costing the city {{Currency|1.2 million|USD}} annually. This decision caused public outcry, since residents regard the subway as part of their history.<ref name="CEGRoch">{{cite news |first=Laurie |last=Mercer |url=https://www.constructionequipmentguide.com/redirect/9527?story=9527&headline=Rochester%20Ponders%20Future%20of%20Once%20Vibrant%20Subway |title=Rochester Ponders Future of Once Vibrant Subway |publisher=Construction Equipment Guide |date=30 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622164343/https://www.constructionequipmentguide.com/redirect/9527?story=9527&headline=Rochester%20Ponders%20Future%20of%20Once%20Vibrant%20Subway |archive-date=22 June 2021 |access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref> The Subway-Erie Canal Revitalization Group was formed in opposition to the city's plans, and advocated for constructing a new trolley line in the city using the tunnel.<ref name="Lowell">{{cite news |last1=Lowell |first1=Bud |title=Share Rochester Wants to Fill Part of Erie Canal Bed |url=http://www.publicbroadcasting.net/wxxi/news.newsmain?action=article&ARTICLE_ID=1297310&sectionID=1 |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=WXXI |date=11 June 2008}}</ref>
In 2009, The City released a comprehensive community based study entitled “Masterplan for the Broad Street Corridor and the Historic Erie Canal Aqueduct. The $1.2M Federally sponsored study was the result extensive meetings with the community, business, planners, advocacy groups and downtown developers. At the heart of the study was a desire to develop the Aqueduct and surrounding district in such a manner that supports downtown development and serves as a source of community pride. After over a hundred meetings, the consensus was to re-water the Aqueduct and create Rochester’s Historic Canal District.


Other proposals were made for repurposing the tunnel instead of filling it in, such as removing Broad Street and restoring the old canal or constructing an underground retail center.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharp |first1=Brian |last2=Orr |first2=Steve |title=Visions of retail in downtown aqueduct |url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2014/12/14/retail-broad-street-squeduct/20413283/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[Democrat and Chronicle]] |date=14 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2015/10/03/inside-erie-canal-aqueduct/73163610/|title=Visitors go below to see unused tunnel|last=McDermott|first=Meaghan M.|date=October 3, 2015|website=[[Democrat and Chronicle]]|language=en|access-date=March 5, 2020|archive-date=August 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807004816/https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2015/10/03/inside-erie-canal-aqueduct/73163610/|url-status=live}}</ref> One includes converting the Broad Street bridge tunnel—the former canal aqueduct—into an enhanced pedestrian corridor, which would also include a Rochester Transportation Museum, and a tram system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tylin.com/en/projects/historic_erie_canal_aqueductbroad_street_corridor|title=T.Y. Lin International Group {{!}} Projects {{!}} Historic Erie Canal Aqueduct/Broad Street Corridor|website=T.Y. Lin International Group|access-date=March 5, 2020|archive-date=September 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922210041/https://www.tylin.com/en/projects/historic_erie_canal_aqueductbroad_street_corridor|url-status=live}}</ref>
The plan was endorsed by elected officials, a majority of rochester citizens (73%), and numerous business leaders. The plan received the highest award (platinum)by the American Planning Association along with numerous distinguished accolades from AIA, ACEC and was voted “Rochester’s Best Idea” by the readers of City Newspaper.


In 2008, the city decided to fill in the western end off the tunnel under Broad Street. Construction took place in 2010 at a cost of {{Currency|17.5 million|USD}}. The city rebuilt the former [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad|B&O]] ramp into what remains of the subway, making that ramp the western access point into the subway.<ref name="Lowell" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharp |first1=Brian |title=West Broad Street work proceeds silently below |url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/article/20100708/NEWS01/7080344/1003 |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[Democrat and Chronicle]] |date=8 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921051541/https://www.democratandchronicle.com/article/20100708/NEWS01/7080344/1003 |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>
In 2017, the site of Court Street station was demolished to make way for a mixed-use commercial and luxury residential highrise eliminating the Court Street tunnel entrance. The city maintains a maintenance doorway underneath the [[Gannett Building]]. This entrance is not open to the public.


In 2009, The city released a proposal for the remaining section of the tunnel under Broad Street. The plan involved removing the street surface and refilling the canal bed with water.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORIC ERIE CANAL AQUEDUCT & BROAD STREET CORRIDOR |url=https://www.roctheaqueduct.com/_files/ugd/86b242_eafe0ed354c44faf880200d335683a2e.pdf |website=roctheaqueduct.com |access-date=10 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109081035/https://www.roctheaqueduct.com/_files/ugd/86b242_eafe0ed354c44faf880200d335683a2e.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2023}}</ref> It was endorsed by the Canal Society of New York<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharp |first1=Brian |title=Sides weigh in on plans for Broad St. aqueduct |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/democrat-and-chronicle-dc04apr2010p2/40329904/ |access-date=10 February 2024 |work=[[Democrat and Chronicle]] |date=4 April 2010}}</ref> and remained under consideration through 2011,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fanelli |first1=Gino |title=City of Rochester seeks public input on Broad St. aqueduct plans |url=https://www.roccitymag.com/news-opinion/city-to-seek-public-input-on-plans-for-broad-st-aqueduct-14496232 |access-date=10 February 2024 |work=City Magazine}}</ref> although it did not attract the necessary funds.
In 2018, a plan dubbed ''ROC the Riverway'' was unveiled that proposes removing the Broad Street level of the aqueduct and partially re-flooding the former canal and subway bed on the aqueduct with water similar to what was done with the historic canals at [[Canalside]] in [[Buffalo, NY]] and incorporate walkways to connect the nearby [[Blue Cross Arena]] with the nearby convention center.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/picture-gallery/news/2018/01/03/roc-the-riverway/109133050/|title=ROC the Riverway|work=Rochester Democrat and Chronicle|access-date=2018-04-02|language=en}}</ref> The project moved to the planning and construction phase in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WHAM |date=2022-04-12 |title="Aqueduct Reimagined" project underway in downtown Rochester |url=https://13wham.com/news/local/aqueduct-reimagined-project-underway-in-downtown-rochester |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=WHAM |language=en}}</ref>


Also in 2018, the city solicited bids to turn a remaining segment of tunnel between Main Street and Exchange Street into underground parking. There were no interested buyers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2018/06/29/city-eyes-parking-rochesters-old-subway-tunnel/745517002/|title=City eyes parking in Rochester's old subway tunnel|work=Rochester Democrat and Chronicle|access-date=2018-06-30|language=en}}</ref>
In 2018, a plan dubbed ''ROC the Riverway'' was unveiled that proposes removing the Broad Street level of the aqueduct and partially re-flooding the former canal and subway bed on the aqueduct with water similar to what was done with the historic canals at [[Canalside]] in [[Buffalo, NY]] and incorporate walkways to connect the nearby [[Blue Cross Arena]] with the nearby convention center.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/picture-gallery/news/2018/01/03/roc-the-riverway/109133050/|title=ROC the Riverway|work=Rochester Democrat and Chronicle|access-date=2018-04-02|language=en}}</ref> The project moved to the planning and construction phase in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WHAM |date=2022-04-12 |title="Aqueduct Reimagined" project underway in downtown Rochester |url=https://13wham.com/news/local/aqueduct-reimagined-project-underway-in-downtown-rochester |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=WHAM |language=en}}</ref> Also in 2018, the city solicited bids to turn a remaining segment of tunnel between Main Street and Exchange Street into underground parking. There were no interested buyers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2018/06/29/city-eyes-parking-rochesters-old-subway-tunnel/745517002/|title=City eyes parking in Rochester's old subway tunnel|work=Rochester Democrat and Chronicle|access-date=2018-06-30|language=en}}</ref>


<gallery mode="packed">
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Rochester Subway Court St. station.JPG|Court Street station, 2007
File:Rochester Subway Court St. station.JPG|Court Street station, 2007
File:Court Street Station 2013.jpg|View of the Court Street Station, 2013
File:Court Street Station 2013.jpg|View of the Court Street station, 2013
File:Rochester Subway east end filled in, graffiti covered with mud 04.jpg|East end being filled in, January 2017
File:Rochester Subway east end filled in, graffiti covered with mud 04.jpg|East end being filled in, January 2017
File:The Nathaniel.jpg|mixed-use commercial and luxury residential low-rise erected on the site, July 2018
File:The Nathaniel.jpg|mixed-use commercial and luxury residential low-rise erected on the site, July 2018
Line 115: Line 121:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

⚫
*{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=William Reed |title=Ninety Four Years of Rochester Railways: Volume Two |year=1975 |publisher=William Reed Gordon |location=Rochester, NY |pages=336}}
== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last1=Amberger |first1=Ron |last2=Barrett |first2=Dick |last3=Marling |first3=Greg |title=Canal Boats, Interurbans & Trolleys: The Story of the Rochester Subway |year=1985 |publisher=Rochester Chapter, [[National Railway Historical Society]] |location=Rochester, NY |isbn=0-9605296-1-6 |pages=128}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=William Reed |title=Ninety Four Years of Rochester Railways: Volume Two |year=1975 |publisher=William Reed Gordon |location=Rochester, NY |pages=|isbn=9780910662123}}


==External links==
==External links==

Latest revision as of 19:05, 30 September 2024

Rochester Industrial and Rapid Transit Railway (Rochester subway)
Former subway bed under Broad Street
Overview
HeadquartersRochester, New York
Reporting markRSB
LocaleCity of Rochester and Brighton, New York
Dates of operationDecember 1, 1927; 97 years ago (1927-12-01)[1]–June 30, 1956; 68 years ago (1956-06-30)[1]
PredecessorErie Canal
SuccessorInterstate 490
Interstate 590
Technical
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Electrification600v DC
LengthAbout 7 miles (11 km)
Rochester subway
Legend
 General Motors
shops
 
 Driving Park
B&O to Charlotte
NYC to Charlotte
 Lexington
Glenwood
Emerson
Kodak Park
Dewey Ave surface connection
Edgerton Park
originally Felix Street
 Lyell Avenue
NYC / RL&B connection
tunnel portal
 Oak Street Loop
B&O connection
 Main & Oak
storage tracks
 City Hall
Broad Street Bridge
over Genesee River
tunnel portal
 Court Street
LV connection │
South Ave
Loop
Clinton
(proposed)
 Meigs–Goodman
Monroe
Culver
Colby
Winton
former shops
 East Avenue
R&S connection
 Halfway
Highland
Rochester
Brighton
 Ashbourne
NYC connection
 Elmwood
Sunset
Rowlands
R&E connection

The Rochester Industrial and Rapid Transit Railway (reporting mark RSB), more commonly known as the Rochester subway, was a light rail rapid transit line in the city of Rochester, New York that operated from 1927 to 1956. The subway was constructed in the bed of the old Erie Canal, which allowed the route to be grade-separated for its entire length. Two miles (3.2 km) of the route through downtown were constructed in a cut-and-cover tunnel that became Broad Street, and the only underground portion of the subway.

The railroad was designed to reduce interurban traffic on city streets and to facilitate freight interchange between the railroads. The line was operated on a contract basis by New York State Railways from 1927 to 1938, and by the Rochester Transit Corporation (RTC) from 1938 until its closure.

The last day of passenger service was June 30, 1956. Portions of the right-of-way were used for expressway construction, while the rest was abandoned and filled in over the years. The largest remaining section is a stretch of tunnel under Broad Street from Exchange Street to the intersection of Court Street and South Avenue.

History

[edit]

Construction

[edit]

Planning for the construction of a subway in Rochester began around 1910 as the Erie Canal was re-routed from downtown Rochester to pass south of the city. The plans were supported by a feasibility study from engineer George F. Swain and promoted by Mayor Hiram Edgerton and other civic leaders. In 1918, the new canal route was completed, and in 1919 the abandoned portion of the canal was bought by the city to serve as the route of the subway.[2]: 1–3  It was believed the subway would provide several benefits to the city. In addition to providing a cross-town commute to residents in the northwest and southeast of the city, the railroad would double as a belt line connecting the five freight railroads that then ran through Rochester, which were previously disconnected. Interurban trolleys would also be routed into the subway to reduce traffic congestion on the surface streets.[2]: 7  Construction was approved by the city council on November 22, 1921, and began in May 1922.[3]: 11  The project had universal approval from Rochester's newspapers, chamber of commerce, and labor unions.[2]: 11 

Excavation of the subway bed in 1925

In the city center, a tunnel was dug with a new street, Broad Street, located above. Only 2 miles (3.2 km) were in the tunnel, with the rest of the route in open cut. The term "subway" did not refer to the tunnel, but to the route being grade-separated and operated as rapid transit. The segment over the Genesee River utilized the former Second Genesee Aqueduct.[4] The canal bed was widened and deepened 5 feet (1.5 m) in all directions, which required the removal of 1,000,000 cubic yards (760,000 m3) of earth and dolomite.[5] More excavation was required to accommodate the rails than anticipated, causing delays in the construction until 1927. The construction bonds would not be paid off until 1960, after the subway had closed, at a cost of over $19 million to the city.[2]: 12 

New York State Railways (1927–1938)

[edit]
Rochester subway entrance Court Street postcard

Operations began on December 1, 1927 under contract with New York State Railways.[3]: 40 [6] Ten former Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway 2000-series cars were transferred from the Utica Lines to provide dedicated service in the Rochester subway. Freight service was provided by an electric locomotive purchased from General Electric.[3]: 90 

Interurban railways began using the new subway almost immediately, and were later joined by freight railroads. Starting on the first day of operations in 1927, the Rochester and Eastern Rapid Railway connected at Rowlands and terminated at City Hall station. The Rochester and Syracuse Railroad began using the subway in 1928, using a new connection established just east of Winton Road station. The Rochester, Lockport and Buffalo Railroad entered from the west side starting in 1928 using a ramp constructed at Lyell Avenue.[3]: 41–44  These latter two ramps were also used by the New York Central Railroad for freight traffic. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad connected to the subway with a ramp along Broad Street, and the Lehigh Valley Railroad connected at the Court Street Station.[3]: 89 

In 1929, a special subway–surface operation began using a ramp at Emerson station to connect with the Dewey Avenue line to provide rush-hour service to Kodak Park, a major employer in the city.[7] On June 1, 1929, local service on the Rochester subway was extended from Winton Road to Rowlands loop.[3]: 45 

In the aftermath of the Great Depression, New York State Railways fell into bankruptcy along with other railroads that operated interurban lines in the area. By 1931, all of the connecting interurban railways had ceased operation leaving the subway as an east–west line with no rail connections outside the line.[2]: 15  While the company was in receivership, New York State Railways continued to operate the subway on a contract basis with the city of Rochester. Public opinion of the subway turned negative due to low ridership.[2]: 15 

Rochester Transit Corp. (1938–1956)

[edit]

The former Rochester Lines of New York State Railways were reorganized as the Rochester Transit Corporation on August 2, 1938, and operation of the subway was transferred to the new company. On the same day, the 2000-series cars were replaced with newer and faster 46-series steel cars acquired from the abandoned Utica & Mohawk Valley Railway in 1937.[3]: 47–50  Harold S. W. MacFarlin, the city commerce commissioner, believed that the subway could be saved by faster and expanded service and promoted plans to extend the subway line.[3]: 48, 61 

During World War II, wartime rationing made the subway popular once again, and annual ridership peaked at over 5 million in 1946 and 1947. Proposals to extend the line were briefly considered in the press, but ridership began declining again in 1948, and the city council made plans to abandon the subway and use its route for a connecting highway to the New York State Thruway instead.[2]: 18–20 

In an effort to cut costs, weekday service was reduced and Sunday service was eliminated in 1952.[3]: 76  The service contract was awarded on a month-to-month basis until the city council voted in 1955 to end all subway service on June 30, 1956.[3]: 83–87  Freight service was operated by RTC until September 1, 1957, when the remaining rail operations were turned over to the connecting New York Central (NYC) and Baltimore and Ohio (B&O) railroads.[3]: 94 

Expressways and freight (1956–1996)

[edit]

The subway bed from Court Street to Winton Road was used for the construction of a portion of the Eastern Expressway (I-490) in 1959, with the section from Winton Road to Rowlands used for I-590. Limited freight service operated by connecting railroads lasted on the western portion of the subway route from Court Street to General Motors until 1976, when the city of Rochester elected to fill the cut to eliminate maintenance on the numerous bridges. Rail freight deliveries in the subway tunnel continued until 1997, when Gannett Newspapers moved its printing operations from the Gannett Building which the subway ran under to the town of Greece.[8]

Rolling stock

[edit]
The aqueduct in 2015

Revenue equipment

[edit]

* Even numbers only.

Work fleet

[edit]
  • 014 Single-truck rotary plow
  • 0105 Jackson & Sharp Line car
  • 0200 Single-cab motor Differential flat-car
  • 0205 locomotive – Jewett Car Company of Newark, Ohio – 1903
  • 0214 Single-cab flat motor car
  • 0220 Single-cab Differential dump car
  • 0330 Differential dump car trailer
  • 0331 Differential dump car trailer
  • 0343 Work and tool car
  • 2002 Flatcar trailer
  • 2006 Flatcar trailer

Facilities

[edit]
  • Main Street Shops (until 1941)
  • General Motors Carbarn (built 1941)

Legacy

[edit]

Salvage and preservation

[edit]

In 1976, after the announcement of the fill, the City of Rochester allowed the New York Museum of Transportation to collect the rail from the portion of the line being filled. The former rail is still in use by the museum. In 2010, when the city decided to fill the portion of the tunnel between Brown and the B&O ramp, the museum was allowed to collect the remaining rail, surviving switches and other railroad fixtures from the tunnel.[citation needed]

Rochester subway car 60 is at the Rochester and Genesee Valley Railroad Museum, where it has been undergoing restoration since 2016. Built in 1916 for Utica Railways and moved to Rochester in 1936, it is the only surviving example from the 12-car fleet that served the subway.[9][10] Car 60 was set aside for preservation in 1956, and was donated to the Rochester Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society. The trolley car was loaned to other organizations and returned to the Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum in 1998, prior to restoration.[11] Locomotive L-2 was rescued from a Rochester scrap yard in the 1970s, and has been set aside for a potential future restoration by the New York Museum of Transportation.[12][better source needed]

Future of the tunnel

[edit]
The Broad Street Bridge in 2002

The property of the abandoned subway tunnel belongs to the city of Rochester. In recent decades, city officials have considered several plans to fill or renovate the tunnel. While it remains abandoned, the tunnel has become a refuge for the homeless, a destination for urban explorers, and a canvas for local graffiti artists.[8]

In 2004, Rochester city officials decided to fill the remaining subway tunnel with earth, as maintenance of the tunnel was costing the city US$1,200,000 annually. This decision caused public outcry, since residents regard the subway as part of their history.[5] The Subway-Erie Canal Revitalization Group was formed in opposition to the city's plans, and advocated for constructing a new trolley line in the city using the tunnel.[13]

Other proposals were made for repurposing the tunnel instead of filling it in, such as removing Broad Street and restoring the old canal or constructing an underground retail center.[14][15] One includes converting the Broad Street bridge tunnel—the former canal aqueduct—into an enhanced pedestrian corridor, which would also include a Rochester Transportation Museum, and a tram system.[16]

In 2008, the city decided to fill in the western end off the tunnel under Broad Street. Construction took place in 2010 at a cost of US$17,500,000. The city rebuilt the former B&O ramp into what remains of the subway, making that ramp the western access point into the subway.[13][17]

In 2009, The city released a proposal for the remaining section of the tunnel under Broad Street. The plan involved removing the street surface and refilling the canal bed with water.[18] It was endorsed by the Canal Society of New York[19] and remained under consideration through 2011,[20] although it did not attract the necessary funds.

In 2018, a plan dubbed ROC the Riverway was unveiled that proposes removing the Broad Street level of the aqueduct and partially re-flooding the former canal and subway bed on the aqueduct with water similar to what was done with the historic canals at Canalside in Buffalo, NY and incorporate walkways to connect the nearby Blue Cross Arena with the nearby convention center.[21] The project moved to the planning and construction phase in 2022.[22] Also in 2018, the city solicited bids to turn a remaining segment of tunnel between Main Street and Exchange Street into underground parking. There were no interested buyers.[23]

  • Court Street station, 2007
    Court Street station, 2007
  • View of the Court Street station, 2013
    View of the Court Street station, 2013
  • East end being filled in, January 2017
    East end being filled in, January 2017
  • mixed-use commercial and luxury residential low-rise erected on the site, July 2018
    mixed-use commercial and luxury residential low-rise erected on the site, July 2018

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Passenger Runs End on Subway After 29 Years". The Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. July 1, 1956. p. 5. Retrieved August 3, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Lipman, Andrew David (April 1974). "The Rochester Subway: Experiment in Municipal Rapid Transit" (PDF). Rochester History. XXXVI (2).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Amberger, Ron; Barrett, Dick; Marling, Greg (1985). Canal Boats, Interurbans & Trolleys. Rochester: National Railway Historical Society. ISBN 0-9605296-1-6.
  4. ^ Cornelia E. Brooke (May 1975). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Erie Canal: Second Genesee Aqueduct". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2009-11-01. See also: "Accompanying three photos".
  5. ^ a b Mercer, Laurie (30 October 2007). "Rochester Ponders Future of Once Vibrant Subway". Construction Equipment Guide. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  6. ^ Middleton, William (2003). Metropolitan Railways: Rapid Transit in America. Indiana University Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-253-34179-5. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  7. ^ Klos, Lloyd (1951). "Rochester Subway". Electric Railroads (17). Electric Railroaders' Association.: 2. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  8. ^ a b Freile, Victoria (12 July 2021). "Take a peek inside the stunning, abandoned Rochester subway tunnels". Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  9. ^ Fuss, Breanna (2016-07-30). "Restoration Underway For Rochester's Sole Surviving Subway Car". Spectrum Local News. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
  10. ^ "Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum shows off phase one of subway car restoration". Rochester First. 2016-06-19. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
  11. ^ "Rochester Transit Corp. No. 60". Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum.
  12. ^ "NYMT Archive Pictures". New York Museum of Transportation. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  13. ^ a b Lowell, Bud (11 June 2008). "Share Rochester Wants to Fill Part of Erie Canal Bed". WXXI. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  14. ^ Sharp, Brian; Orr, Steve (14 December 2014). "Visions of retail in downtown aqueduct". Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  15. ^ McDermott, Meaghan M. (October 3, 2015). "Visitors go below to see unused tunnel". Democrat and Chronicle. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
  16. ^ "T.Y. Lin International Group | Projects | Historic Erie Canal Aqueduct/Broad Street Corridor". T.Y. Lin International Group. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
  17. ^ Sharp, Brian (8 July 2010). "West Broad Street work proceeds silently below". Democrat and Chronicle. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  18. ^ "HISTORIC ERIE CANAL AQUEDUCT & BROAD STREET CORRIDOR" (PDF). roctheaqueduct.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  19. ^ Sharp, Brian (4 April 2010). "Sides weigh in on plans for Broad St. aqueduct". Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  20. ^ Fanelli, Gino. "City of Rochester seeks public input on Broad St. aqueduct plans". City Magazine. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  21. ^ "ROC the Riverway". Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
  22. ^ WHAM (2022-04-12). ""Aqueduct Reimagined" project underway in downtown Rochester". WHAM. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  23. ^ "City eyes parking in Rochester's old subway tunnel". Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved 2018-06-30.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Gordon, William Reed (1975). Ninety Four Years of Rochester Railways: Volume Two. Rochester, NY: William Reed Gordon. ISBN 9780910662123.
[edit]
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