Transport in Mauritania: Difference between revisions

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Citizens of Mauritania have limited access to transportation. The single-line railroad serves mining interests with very occasional ad hoc passenger services. Apart from two infrastructural road developments there are few paved roads.

Railways

717 km total of single track 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) (standard gauge), owned and operated by a government mining company, Société Nationale Industrielle et Minière (National Mining and Industrial Company, SNIM). The railway goes from the mines at Zouérat and El Rhein, passes another mine at Fderik, and ends at the port of Nouadhibou/Cansado.
One of the world's longest trains (up to 2.5 km long) runs here, with more than 200 wagons mainly transporting iron ore, and some carriages for passengers; alternatively, people sit on top of the iron piles.^[1]^[2]^[3]

There are no rail links with adjacent countries.

In 2008, a railway was proposed that would link Nouakchott with Tiguint, Mederdra, R'Kiz, Leguatt, Leeleibatt, Menjem Boffal, Kaedi, and Bofal.

Maps

"Map of Sahara Occidental". sahara-occidental.com (in French).
"General Map of Mauritania". Central Intelligence Agency. 1 Jan 1995.

Timeline

2007

Sunday, August 5, 2007 - Sudan, China to Build $630 Mln Mauritania Railway.

Sudan's Danfodio Holding and China's Transtech Engineering have signed an agreement to build a 460-million-euro ($634 million) railway linking Mauritania's capital Nouakchott with southern phosphate deposits at Bofal.^[4] The 430 km (270 mi) line would run close to the southern frontier with Senegal. It is hoped that the new line would link with existing lines just across the border in Senegal, Mali.^[5] There is no through link to Burkina Faso. There are problems of choice of gauge.

2008

May - 8 new EMD locomotives.^[6]

2013

Proposed line for phosphate traffic - 430 km long railway line, Nouakchott and Kaedi, Mauritania's third city, through Tiguint, Mederdra, R'Kiz, Leguatt, Leeleibatt and Menjem Boffal, is to be constructed in three years' time.

2014

Glencore Xstrata proposes branch lines to new mines at Askaf and Guelb El Aouj sharing infrastructure of SNIM.^[7]

Motorway

There are 450 km of Motorway in Mauritania (in 2010), connecting Nouakchott to Nouadhibou along a coastal route. A motorway linking Nouakchott to Rosso is under construction (due for completion in 2012).

Highways

Mauritania has only about 3,000 km (1,900 mi) of surfaced roads, 710 km (440 mi) of unsurfaced roads, and 5,140 km (3,190 mi) of unimproved tracks.^[8]

The country's size and harsh climate make road maintenance and repair especially problematic.^[8] Overland travel is difficult and roadside assistance is almost nonexistent.^[8] Public transportation is not safe and road conditions in Mauritania are poor, particularly in the interior.^[8] Driving in Mauritania can be treacherous, and many Mauritanians drive without regard to traffic signs or rules.^[8] Roadway obstructions and hazards caused by drifting sand, animals, and poor roads often plague motorists.^[8]

International highways

The Cairo-Dakar Highway in the Trans-African Highway network passes through Mauritania, linking Nouakchott to Rabat, Tangiers, Algiers, and Tripoli. The section between the capital Nouakchott and the port of Nouadhibou was paved by 2018; only a few kilometers remain unpaved at the Moroccan border fr:Transport en Mauritanie. From Dakar there are links throughout western Africa.

The north-western end of the Trans–West African Coastal Highway is considered by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to originate in Nouakchott.

Waterways

Mostly ferry traffic on the Senegal River.

Ports and harbors

Atlantic Ocean

(from north to south)

Senegal River

Merchant marine

None as of 2002.

Airports (paved)

See Airports in Mauritania

9 in total (2002)
3 are of length 2,438 to 3,047 m
6 are of length 1,524 to 2,437 m

By city:

Airports (unpaved)

See Airports in Mauritania

17 in total (2002)
2 are of length 2,438 to 3,047 m
5 are of length 1,524 to 2,437 m
7 are of length 915 to 1,523 m
3 are of length under 914 m

References

^ "SNIM - Societe Nationale Industrielle et Miniere - from the mining center to the harbor". Archived from the original on 2004-04-05. Retrieved 2004-04-30.
^ "Adventures of Mauritania: World's longest train". Archived from the original on 2005-11-04. Retrieved 2004-04-28.
^ "Adventures of Mauritania: Zouerate". Archived from the original on 2004-06-04. Retrieved 2004-05-25.
^ "Nouakchott". Al-Hakawati. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
^ "Investing | Africa - Reuters.com". Archived from the original on 2007-06-21. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
^ "New Locos For Mauritania". Railways Africa. Archived from the original on 2008-05-22.
^ "Mauritania - Railpage Australia Forums (Africa)". Archived from the original on 2007-09-19.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Mauritania country-specific information Archived 2013-10-23 at travel.state.gov (Error: unknown archive URL). U.S. Department of State.

[1] "SNIM - Societe Nationale Industrielle et Miniere - from the mining center to the harbor". Archived from the original on 2004-04-05. Retrieved 2004-04-30.

[2] "Adventures of Mauritania: World's longest train". Archived from the original on 2005-11-04. Retrieved 2004-04-28.

[3] "Adventures of Mauritania: Zouerate". Archived from the original on 2004-06-04. Retrieved 2004-05-25.

[4] "Nouakchott". Al-Hakawati. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2008-08-08.

[5] "Investing | Africa - Reuters.com". Archived from the original on 2007-06-21. Retrieved 2007-08-05.

[6] "New Locos For Mauritania". Railways Africa. Archived from the original on 2008-05-22.

[7] "Mauritania - Railpage Australia Forums (Africa)". Archived from the original on 2007-09-19.

[us-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Mauritania country-specific information Archived 2013-10-23 at travel.state.gov (Error: unknown archive URL). U.S. Department of State.

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[3]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
 [[File:Coastal TransSaharan Highway in Mauritania.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the [[Trans-Sahara Highway|Trans-Saharan highway]] taken near [[Nouadhibou]]]]
-Citizens of [[Mauritania]] have various transportation methods. Railways and highways connect major cities in the country. Mauritania is a coastal country so there are many ports along its coast and there are a few big rivers that run through the country. Lastly, there are 26 airports spread out throughout the country.{{CIA}}
+Citizens of [[Mauritania]] have limited access to transportation. The single-line railroad serves mining interests with very occasional ad hoc passenger services. Apart from two infrastructural road developments there are few paved roads.{{CIA}}
 == Railways ==
-[[File:Railways in Mauritania.svg|thumb|Railways in Mauritania]]
+[[File:Railways in Mauritania.svg|thumb|Railways in Mauritania.]]
 {{Main|Mauritania Railway}}
-*717&nbsp;km total of [[Single track (rail)|single track]] {{RailGauge|1435mm}} ([[standard gauge]]), owned and operated by a government mining company, [[Mauritania Railway|Société Nationale Industrielle et Minière]] (National Mining and Industrial Company, SNIM). The railway goes from the mines at [[Zouerat]] and [[El Rhein]], passes another mine at [[Fderik]], and ends at the port of [[Nouadhibou]]/[[Cansado]].
+*717 km total of [[Single-track railway|single track]] {{RailGauge|1435mm}} ([[Standard-gauge railway|standard gauge]]), owned and operated by a government mining company, [[Mauritania Railway|Société Nationale Industrielle et Minière]] (National Mining and Industrial Company, SNIM). The railway goes from the mines at [[Zouérat]] and [[El Rhein]], passes another mine at [[Fderîck|Fderik]], and ends at the port of [[Nouadhibou]]/[[Cansado]].
-*One of the world's longest trains (up to 2.5&nbsp;km long) runs here, with more than 200 [[Railroad car#Freight cars|wagons]] mainly transporting [[iron ore]], and some [[Railroad car#Passenger cars|carriages for passengers]]; alternatively, people sit on top of the iron piles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.snim.com/mine-port2.html |title=SNIM - Societe Nationale Industrielle et Miniere - from the mining center to the harbor |access-date=2004-04-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040405034716/http://www.snim.com/mine-port2.html |archive-date=2004-04-05 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lexicorient.com/mauritania/matrain.htm |title=Adventures of Mauritania: World's longest train |access-date=2004-04-28 |archive-date=2005-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104054941/http://lexicorient.com/mauritania/matrain.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lexicorient.com/mauritania/zouerat.htm |title=Adventures of Mauritania: Zouerate |access-date=2004-05-25 |archive-date=2004-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604042914/http://lexicorient.com/mauritania/zouerat.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+*One of the world's longest trains (up to 2.5 km long) runs here, with more than 200 [[Railroad car#Freight cars|wagons]] mainly transporting [[iron ore]], and some [[Railroad car#Passenger cars|carriages for passengers]]; alternatively, people sit on top of the iron piles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.snim.com/mine-port2.html |title=SNIM - Societe Nationale Industrielle et Miniere - from the mining center to the harbor |access-date=2004-04-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040405034716/http://www.snim.com/mine-port2.html |archive-date=2004-04-05 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lexicorient.com/mauritania/matrain.htm |title=Adventures of Mauritania: World's longest train |access-date=2004-04-28 |archive-date=2005-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104054941/http://lexicorient.com/mauritania/matrain.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lexicorient.com/mauritania/zouerat.htm |title=Adventures of Mauritania: Zouerate |access-date=2004-05-25 |archive-date=2004-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604042914/http://lexicorient.com/mauritania/zouerat.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 There are no rail links with adjacent countries.
-In 2008, a railway was proposed that would link [[Nouakchott]] with [[Tiguent|Tiguint]], [[Mederdra]], [[R'Kiz]], [[Legat|Leguatt]], [[Leeleibatt]], [[Bofal|Menjem Boffal]], [[Kaedi]], and [[Bofal]].
+In 2008, a railway was proposed that would link [[Nouakchott]] with [[Tiguent|Tiguint]], [[Mederdra]], [[R' Kiz|R'Kiz]], [[Legat|Leguatt]], [[Leeleibatt]], [[Bofal|Menjem Boffal]], [[Kaédi|Kaedi]], and [[Bofal]].
 === Maps ===
@@ Line 19: / Line 20: @@
 ==== 2007 ====
-* Sunday, August 5, 2007 - Sudan, China To Build $630 Mln Mauritania Railway.
+* Sunday, August 5, 2007 - Sudan, China to Build $630 Mln Mauritania Railway.
-Sudan's Danfodio Holding and China's Transtech Engineering have signed an agreement to build a 460 million euro ($634 million) railway linking Mauritania's capital [[Nouakchott]] with southern phosphate deposits at [[Bofal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://al-hakawati.net/english/Cities/city26.asp |title=Nouakchott |work=Al-Hakawati |access-date=2008-08-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205055045/http://www.al-hakawati.net/english/Cities/city26.asp |archive-date=2008-12-05 }}</ref>  The {{convert|430|km|mi|abbr=on}} line would run close to the southern frontier with [[Senegal]].  It is hoped that the new line would link with existing lines just across the border in [[Senegal]], [[Mali]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://africa.reuters.com/business/news/usnBAN529925.html |title=Investing {{!}} Africa - Reuters.com<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2007-08-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070621081243/http://africa.reuters.com/business/news/usnBAN529925.html |archive-date=2007-06-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There is no through link to [[Transport in Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]].  There are problems of choice of gauge.
+Sudan's Danfodio Holding and China's Transtech Engineering have signed an agreement to build a 460-million-euro ($634 million) railway linking Mauritania's capital [[Nouakchott]] with southern phosphate deposits at [[Bofal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://al-hakawati.net/english/Cities/city26.asp |title=Nouakchott |work=Al-Hakawati |access-date=2008-08-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205055045/http://www.al-hakawati.net/english/Cities/city26.asp |archive-date=2008-12-05 }}</ref>  The {{convert|430|km|mi|abbr=on}} line would run close to the southern frontier with [[Senegal]].  It is hoped that the new line would link with existing lines just across the border in [[Senegal]], [[Mali]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://africa.reuters.com/business/news/usnBAN529925.html |title=Investing {{!}} Africa - Reuters.com<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2007-08-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070621081243/http://africa.reuters.com/business/news/usnBAN529925.html |archive-date=2007-06-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There is no through link to [[Transport in Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]]. There are problems of choice of gauge.
 ==== 2008 ====
-* May - 8 new [[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]] locomotives<ref>{{cite news |url=http://railwaysafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2671&Itemid=35 |title=New Locos For Mauritania |work=Railways Africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522020220/http://railwaysafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2671&Itemid=35 |archive-date=2008-05-22}}</ref>
+* May - 8 new [[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]] locomotives.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://railwaysafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2671&Itemid=35 |title=New Locos For Mauritania |work=Railways Africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522020220/http://railwaysafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2671&Itemid=35 |archive-date=2008-05-22}}</ref>
 ==== 2013 ====
-* Proposed line for phosphate traffic - 430&nbsp;km long railway line, [[Nouakchott]] and [[Kaedi]], Mauritania's third city, through [[Tiguint]], [[Mederdra]], [[R'Kiz]], [[Leguatt]], [[Leeleibatt]] and [[Menjem Boffal]], is to be constructed in three years time.
+* Proposed line for phosphate traffic - 430&nbsp;km long railway line, [[Nouakchott]] and [[Kaédi|Kaedi]], Mauritania's third city, through [[Tiguent|Tiguint]], [[Mederdra]], [[R' Kiz|R'Kiz]], [[Legat|Leguatt]], [[Leeleibatt]] and [[Menjem Boffal]], is to be constructed in three years' time.
 ==== 2014 ====
-* Glencore Xstrata proposes branch lines to new mines at [[Askaf]] and [[Guelb El Aouj]] sharing infrastructure of [[SNIM]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.railpage.com.au/f-t11332401.htm| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070919232526/http://www.railpage.com.au/f-t11332401.htm| archive-date = 2007-09-19| title = Mauritania - Railpage Australia Forums (Africa)}}</ref>
+* Glencore Xstrata proposes branch lines to new mines at [[Askaf]] and [[Guelb El Aouj]] sharing infrastructure of [[Mauritania Railway|SNIM]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.railpage.com.au/f-t11332401.htm| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070919232526/http://www.railpage.com.au/f-t11332401.htm| archive-date = 2007-09-19| title = Mauritania - Railpage Australia Forums (Africa)}}</ref>
 == Motorway ==
@@ Line 36: / Line 37: @@
 == Highways ==
 [[File:Road of Hope 02.jpg|The {{ill|Road of Hope|fr|Route de l'Espoir}} in Mauritania|right|thumb|250px]]
-Mauritania has only about {{convert|3000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of surfaced roads, {{convert|710|km|mi|abbr=on}} of unsurfaced roads, and {{convert|5,140|km|mi|abbr=on}} of unimproved tracks.<ref name=us>{{citation-attribution|1=[https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_966.html Mauritania country-specific information] {{Webarchive|url=http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_966.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023010148/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_966.html |archive-date=2013-10-23  |date=2013-10-23 }}. U.S. Department of State. }}</ref> The country's size and harsh climate make road maintenance and repair especially problematic.<ref name=us/> Overland travel is difficult and roadside assistance is almost nonexistent.<ref name=us/> Public transportation is not safe and road conditions in Mauritania are poor, particularly in the interior.<ref name=us/> Driving in Mauritania can be treacherous, and many Mauritanians drive without regard to traffic signs or rules.<ref name=us/> Roadway obstructions and hazards caused by drifting sand, animals, and poor roads often plague motorists.<ref name=us/>
+Mauritania has only about {{convert|3000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of surfaced roads, {{convert|710|km|mi|abbr=on}} of unsurfaced roads, and {{convert|5,140|km|mi|abbr=on}} of unimproved tracks.<ref name=us>{{citation-attribution|1=[https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_966.html Mauritania country-specific information] {{Webarchive|url=http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_966.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023010148/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_966.html |archive-date=2013-10-23  |date=2013-10-23 }}. U.S. Department of State. }}</ref>
+The country's size and harsh climate make road maintenance and repair especially problematic.<ref name="us" /> Overland travel is difficult and roadside assistance is almost nonexistent.<ref name="us" /> Public transportation is not safe and road conditions in Mauritania are poor, particularly in the interior.<ref name="us" /> Driving in Mauritania can be treacherous, and many Mauritanians drive without regard to traffic signs or rules.<ref name="us" /> Roadway obstructions and hazards caused by drifting sand, animals, and poor roads often plague motorists.<ref name="us" />
 ===International highways===
-The [[Cairo-Dakar Highway]] in the [[Trans-African Highway network]] passes through Mauritania, linking Nouakchott to Rabat, Tangiers, Algiers, and Tripoli.  The section between the capital [[Nouakchott]] and the port of [[Nouadhibou]] was paved by 2018; only a few kilometres remain unpaved at the [[Morocco|Moroccan]] border [[:fr:Transport en Mauritanie]]. From Dakar there are links throughout [[West Africa|western Africa]].
+The [[Cairo–Dakar Highway|Cairo-Dakar Highway]] in the [[Trans-African Highway network]] passes through Mauritania, linking Nouakchott to Rabat, Tangiers, Algiers, and Tripoli.  The section between the capital [[Nouakchott]] and the port of [[Nouadhibou]] was paved by 2018; only a few kilometers remain unpaved at the [[Morocco|Moroccan]] border [[:fr:Transport en Mauritanie]]. From Dakar there are links throughout [[West Africa|western Africa]].
-The north-western end of the [[Trans–West African Coastal Highway]] is considered by the [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS) to originate in Nouakchott.
+The north-western end of the [[Trans–West African Coastal Highway]] is considered by the [[ECOWAS|Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS) to originate in Nouakchott.
 == Waterways ==
-*Mostly [[ferry]] traffic on the [[Senegal River]]
+*Mostly [[ferry]] traffic on the [[Senegal River]].
-== Ports and harbours ==
+== Ports and harbors ==
 === Atlantic Ocean ===
 (from north to south)
 *[[Nouadhibou]]
 *[[Friendship Port of Nouakchott|Nouakchott]]
 === Senegal River ===
 *[[Rosso]]
-*[[Kaedi]]
+*[[Kaédi|Kaedi]]
-*[[Bogué, Mauritania|Bogue]]
+*[[Bogue, Mauritania|Bogue]]
 == Merchant marine ==
-*None as of 2002
+*None as of 2002.
 == Airports (paved) ==
 See [[List of airports in Mauritania|Airports in Mauritania]]
 *9 in total (2002)
@@ Line 70: / Line 73: @@
 By city:
 * [[Aioun el Atrouss Airport|Aioun el Atrouss]]
 * [[Akjoujt Airport|Akjoujt]]
 * [[Atar International Airport|Atar International]]
 * [[Bir Moghrein Airport|Bir Moghrein]]
 * [[Abbaye Airport|Abbaye]]
 * [[Boutilimit Airport|Boutilimit]]
 * [[Dahara Airport]]
 * [[Fderik Airport|Fderik]]
 * [[Kaédi Airport|Kaédi]]
 * [[Kiffa Airport|Kiffa]]
 * [[Letfotar Airport|Letfotar]]
 * [[Néma Airport|Néma]]
 * [[Nouadhibou International Airport|Nouadhibou International]]
-* [[Nouakchott International Airport|Nouakchott (former airport)]]
+* [[Nouakchott International Airport|Nouakchott (former airport) ]]
 * [[Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport|Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International]]
 * [[Sélibaby Airport|Sélibaby]]
 * [[Tamchakett Airport|Tamchakett]]
 * [[Tichitt Airport|Tichitt]]
 * [[Tidjikja Airport|Tidjikja]]
 * [[Timbedra Airport|Timbedra]]
-* [[Tazadit Airport|Tazadit]]
+* [[Tazadit Airport|Tazadit]].
 == Airports (unpaved) ==
@@ Line 98: / Line 101: @@
 *2 are of length 2,438 to 3,047 m
 *5 are of length 1,524 to 2,437 m
-*7 are of length 914 to 1,523 m
+*7 are of length 915 to 1,523 m
 *3 are of length under 914 m
 == See also ==
 *[[Mauritania]]
 *[[Longest trains]]
 *[[Enclave and exclave#National railway passing through another state's territory|National railway passing through foreign territory]]
 *[[Mauritania Airlines]]
 == References ==

v t e Economy of Mauritania
Currency: Mauritanian ouguiya
Banking	Banking Banque Arabe Africaine en Mauritanie Banque Arabe Liyenne Mauritaienne pour le Commerce Extérieur Banque Internationale pour la Mauritanie Banque Maurienienne Nationale Banque Mauritanienne pour le Commerce International Banque Mauritanienne pour le Développement et le Commerce Banque Mondiale en Mauritanie Caisse Centrale de Coopération Économique Chinguitty Bank Générale de Banques de Mauritanie pour l'Investissement et le Commerce Union de Banques de Développement
Communications	Communications History of Trade Transportation
Industries:	Agriculture Tourism

v t e Transport in Africa
Sovereign states	Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
States with limited recognition	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland
Dependencies and other territories	Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara