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{{Short description|Species of fly}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Lipoptena cervi 1.jpg
| image = Lipoptena cervi 1.jpg
| image_caption = ''Lipoptena cervi'', with wings
| image_caption = ''Lipoptena cervi'', with wings
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| genus = Lipoptena
⚫
| species = cervi
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| display_parents = 3
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref name="Linnaeus1758">{{cite book |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |title=Systema naturae... Ed. 10, Vol. 1 |date=1758 |publisher=L. Salvii|location=Holmiae [= Stockholm] |pages=824 pp |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277#page/2/mode/1up |access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref>
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| synonyms = *''Haemobora pallipes'' <small>[[John Curtis (entomologist)|Curtis]], 1824</small><ref name="Curtis1824b">{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=J. |title=British entomology |volume= 1 |date=1824 |publisher=Privately published |location=London |pages=11-14}}</ref><!-- Junior Synonym-->
| familia = [[Hippoboscidae]]
*''Hippobosca cervi'' <small>[[Guillaume-Antoine Olivier|Olivier]], 1792</small><ref name="Olivier1792">{{cite book |last1=Olivier |first1=G.A. |title=Insectes [(i.e., Arthropoda) Pt. 5]. Vol. 7, pp. 1-368 (=livr. 54) [1793.05.13]. In Société de Gens de Lettres, de Savants et d'Artistes Encyclopedie methodique |date=1792 |publisher=Histoire naturelle |location=Paris}}</ref>
| genus = ''[[Lipoptena]]''
*''Hippobosca cervina'' <small>[[Christian Ludwig Nitzsch|Nitzsch]], 1818</small><ref name="Nitzsch1818">{{cite journal |last1=Nitzsch |first1=C.L. |title=Die Familien und Gattungen der Thierinsekten (Insecta epizoica) als Prodromus einer Naturgeschichte derselben. |journal=Mag. Ent. (Germar) |date=1818 |volume=3 |pages=261–316 |url=https://diptera.myspecies.info/sites/diptera.myspecies.info/files/Nitzsch_1818.pdf |access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref>
⚫
| species = '''''L. cervi'''''
*''Hippobosca moschi'' <small>[[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1779</small><ref name="Pallas1779">{{cite journal |last1=Pallas |first1=P.S. |title=Moschi historia naturalis |journal=Spicilegia Zoologica, Berolini [=Berlin] |date=1779 |volume=2 |issue=13 |pages=1-28}}</ref>
| binomial = ''Lipoptena cervi''
*''Lipoptena alcis'' <small>[[Johann Andreas Schnabl|Schnabl]], 1881</small><ref name="Schnabl1881">{{cite journal |last1=Schnabl |first1=J. |title=''Lipoptena cervi'', var. ''alcis'' [female sex symbol] |journal=Dtsch. Entomol. Z. |date=1881 |volume=26 |pages=12}}</ref>
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
*''Lipoptena subulata'' <small>[[Daniel William Coquillett|Coquillett]], 1907</small><ref name="Coquillett1907b">{{cite journal |last1=Coquillett |first1=D.W. |title=Notes and descriptions of Hippoboscidae and Streblidae |journal=Entomological News |date=1907 |volume=18 |pages=290-292 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84871#page/326/mode/1up |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref>
| synonyms = *''L. pallida'' <small>([[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1830)</small>
*''Melophaga moschi'' <small>[[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|Wiedemann]], 1830</small><ref name="Wiedemann1830">{{cite book |last1=Wiedemann |first1=Christian Rudolph Wilhelm |title=Aussereuropäische Zweiflügelige Insekten |date=1830 |volume=2 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88495#page/7/mode/1up |access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref>
*''L. pallipes'' <small>([[John Curtis (entomologist)|Curtis]], 1824)</small>
*''Melophagus trifasciata'' <small>[[Ignaz von Olfers|von Olfers]], 1816</small><ref name="Olfers1816">{{cite book |last1=Olfers |first1=I.F.M. von |title=De vegetativis et animatis corporibus in corporibus animatis reperiundis commentarius. Pars I. |date=1816 |publisher=Maureriana |location=Berolini [=Berlin] |pages=vi + 112 + [1] pp., 1 pl}}</ref>
*''Haemobora pallipes'' <small>[[John Curtis (entomologist)|Curtis]], 1824</small>
*''Ornithobia pallida'' <small>[[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1830</small><ref name="Meigen1830">{{cite book | last1=Meigen|first1=J. W.| title = Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. (Volume 6) | publisher = Schulz-Wundermann | year = 1830 | language = de | url = https://dlib.stanford.edu:6521/text1/dd-ill/insekten6.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120209085519/https://dlib.stanford.edu:6521/text1/dd-ill/insekten6.pdf | archive-date = 2012-02-09 }}</ref><!-- Junior Synonym-->
*''Ornithobia pallida'' <small>[[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1830</small>
*''Pediculus cervi'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small><ref name="Dick06">{{Cite journal| author = Dick, C. W.| year = 2006| title = Checklist of World Hippoboscidae (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea)| journal = | place = Chicago| publisher = Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History| volume = | issue = | pages = 1–7| issn =}}</ref>
*''Ornithomyia nigrirostris'' <small>[[Karl Ludwig Friedrich von Roser|Roser]], 1840</small><ref name="Roser1840">{{cite journal |last1=Roser |first1=K.L.F. von |title=Erster Nachtrag zu dem im Jahre 1834 bekannt gemachten Verzeichnisse in Wurttemberg vorkommender zweiflugliger Insekten. |journal=Correspondenzbl. K. Wurttemb. Landw. Ver., Stuttgart |date=1840 |volume=37 [=N.S. 17] |issue=1 |pages=49-64}}</ref>
*''Pediculus capreoli'' <small>[[Ignaz von Olfers|von Olfers]], 1816</small><ref name="Olfers1816"/>
⚫
*''Pediculus cervi'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small><ref name="Linnaeus1758"/>
}}
}}
'''''Lipoptena cervi''''', the '''deer ked''' or '''deer fly''', is a species of biting [[fly]] in the family of louse flies, [[Hippoboscidae]]. These flies are commonly encountered in [[temperate|temperate areas]] of [[Europe]], [[Siberia]], and [[Northern and southern China|northern China]]. They have been introduced to North America.<ref>Fact Sheets. [http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/deer-keds Deer Keds]. Department of Entomology, [[Pennsylvania State University]]. Retrieved 2015-09-26.</ref> They are parasites of [[Moose|elk]], [[deer]], and other deer family members, burrowing through the fur and sucking the blood of the host animals. Adults are only {{convert|5|-|7|mm|abbr=on}} in length and brownish in colour. Their bodies are flat and elastic, making their removal difficult. ''L.&nbsp;cervi'' is a poor flier and can only fly for short distances. Once the insect reaches its target, it sheds its wings and starts burrowing through the fur.
'''''Lipoptena cervi''''', the '''deer ked''' or '''deer fly''', is a species of biting [[fly]] in the family of louse flies, [[Hippoboscidae]]. These flies are commonly encountered in [[temperate|temperate areas]] of [[Europe]], [[Siberia]], and [[Northern and southern China|northern China]]. They have been introduced to North America.<ref>Fact Sheets. [http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/deer-keds Deer Keds]. Department of Entomology, [[Pennsylvania State University]]. Retrieved 2015-09-26.</ref> They are parasites of [[Moose|elk]], [[deer]], and other deer family members, burrowing through the fur and sucking the blood of the host animals. Adults are only {{convert|5|-|7|mm|abbr=on}} in length and brownish in colour. Their bodies are flat and elastic, making their removal difficult. ''L.&nbsp;cervi'' is a poor flier and can only fly for short distances. Once the insect reaches its target, it sheds its wings and starts burrowing through the fur.
Line 25: Line 28:
''[[Anaplasma phagocytophilum]]'', a Gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacterium that causes [[anaplasmosis]], has been detected in ''L. cervi'', as has ''[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]'', the causative agent of [[Lyme disease]],<ref>Buss B, Kearnery C.B., Coleman, C., Henning, J.D. (December 2016). "Detection of Lyme disease and anaplasmosis pathogens via PCR in Pennsylvania deer ked." Journal of Vector Ecology 41 (2): 292-294.</ref> but whether the insect can serve as a vector is as yet unknown.
''[[Anaplasma phagocytophilum]]'', a Gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacterium that causes [[anaplasmosis]], has been detected in ''L. cervi'', as has ''[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]'', the causative agent of [[Lyme disease]],<ref>Buss B, Kearnery C.B., Coleman, C., Henning, J.D. (December 2016). "Detection of Lyme disease and anaplasmosis pathogens via PCR in Pennsylvania deer ked." Journal of Vector Ecology 41 (2): 292-294.</ref> but whether the insect can serve as a vector is as yet unknown.


Horses can develop colic after a bite.<ref name="Malmsten">{{Cite conference| author = Jonas Malmsten in Sauli Härkönen (Editor)| year = 2007| title = The Scandinavian deer ked situation from a veterinary medical perspective| conference = 1st Nordic Workshop on Biology, Applied Importance and Current Research on the Deer Ked, Workshop Schedule and Abstracts | place = Finland| publisher = Finnish Forest Research Institute| volume = | issue = | pages = 22}}</ref> Dogs that are bitten may develop a moderate to severe dermatitis.<ref name="Malmsten"/> And ''L.&nbsp;cervi'' can carry and spread ''[[Bartonella schoenbuchensis]]'' in deer.<ref name="Dehio"/> Much, however, remains unknown about the ked's potential to pose a medical or veterinary threat.
Horses can develop [[horse colic|colic]] after a bite.<ref name="Malmsten">{{Cite conference| editor = Jonas Malmsten in Sauli Härkönen | year = 2007| title = The Scandinavian deer ked situation from a veterinary medical perspective| conference = 1st Nordic Workshop on Biology, Applied Importance and Current Research on the Deer Ked, Workshop Schedule and Abstracts | place = Finland| publisher = Finnish Forest Research Institute| pages = 22}}</ref> Dogs that are bitten may develop a moderate to severe dermatitis.<ref name="Malmsten"/> And ''L.&nbsp;cervi'' can attain ''[[Bartonella schoenbuchensis]]'' from biting deer.<ref name="Dehio"/> Much, however, remains unknown about the ked's potential to pose a medical or veterinary threat.


Remains of ''L. cervi'' have been found on [[Ötzi the Iceman|Ötzi]], the Stone Age mummy from the [[Schnalstal]] [[glacier]] in [[South Tyrol]].<ref name="Gothe">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gothe R, Schöl H | year = 1996| title = Stone age deerfly (''Lipoptena cervi'') found with a mummy in a glacier| journal = Tierärztliche Praxis | place = | publisher = | volume = 24| issue = 6| language=German| pages = 549–551}}</ref>
Remains of ''L. cervi'' have been found on [[Ötzi the Iceman|Ötzi]], the Stone Age mummy from the [[Schnalstal]] [[glacier]] in [[South Tyrol]].<ref name="Gothe">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gothe R, Schöl H | year = 1996| title = Stone age deerfly (''Lipoptena cervi'') found with a mummy in a glacier| journal = Tierärztliche Praxis | volume = 24| issue = 6| language=de| pages = 549–551| pmid = 9139418}}</ref>


==Life history==
==Life history==
[[File:Lipoptena_cervi_f.png|thumb|left|Female]]
Both males and females of ''L. cervi'' consume blood from their hosts. Feeding lasts 15 to 25 minutes.<ref name="Dehio"/> The female produces one [[larva]] at a time and retains the developing larva in her body until it is ready to [[Pupa|pupate]]. The larva feeds on the secretions of a "milk gland" in the uterus of its mother. The female gives birth to a fully mature white prepupa. She may produce larvae for as long as 10 months. A newborn prepupa immediately darkens, forms the puparium, and begins to pupate on the forest floor, or where the deer are bedded. After pupation, the winged adult emerges and flies in search of a host. Upon finding a host, the adult fly breaks off its wings and it is permanently associated with its host.<ref name="Kaitala">{{Cite conference| author = Arja Kaitala |author2=Sauli Härkönen |author3=Sauli Laaksonen |author4=Pekka Niemelä |author5=Petteri Nieminen |author6=Hannu Ylönen | editor=Sauli Härkönen| year = 2007| title = Deer Ked Project – a broadly-based interdisciplinary research project in Finland| conference = 1st Nordic Workshop on Biology, Applied Importance and Current Research on the Deer Ked, Workshop Schedule and Abstracts | place = Finland| publisher = Finnish Forest Research Institute| volume = | issue = | pages = 22}}</ref>
Both males and females of ''L. cervi'' consume blood from their hosts. Feeding lasts 15 to 25 minutes.<ref name="Dehio"/> The female produces one [[larva]] at a time and retains the developing larva in her body until it is ready to [[pupa]]te. The larva feeds on the secretions of a "milk gland" in the uterus of its mother. The female gives birth to a fully mature white [[prepupa]]. She may produce larvae for as long as 10 months. A newborn prepupa immediately darkens, forms the puparium, and begins to pupate on the forest floor, or where the deer are bedded. After pupation, the winged adult emerges and flies in search of a host. Upon finding a host, the adult fly breaks off its wings and it is permanently associated with its host.<ref name="Kaitala">{{Cite conference| author = Arja Kaitala |author2=Sauli Härkönen |author3=Sauli Laaksonen |author4=Pekka Niemelä |author5=Petteri Nieminen |author6=Hannu Ylönen | editor=Sauli Härkönen| year = 2007| title = Deer Ked Project – a broadly-based interdisciplinary research project in Finland| conference = 1st Nordic Workshop on Biology, Applied Importance and Current Research on the Deer Ked, Workshop Schedule and Abstracts | place = Finland| publisher = Finnish Forest Research Institute| pages = 22}}</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
This species is found in most of Europe, including [[Great Britain]] (but not [[Ireland]]), as well as [[Algeria]], eastern [[Siberia]], and northern [[China]]. It was introduced to and is established in the Eastern [[United States]] ([[New Hampshire]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Idaho]], and [[New York (state)|New York]]).<ref name="Maa69">{{Cite journal| author = Maa, T. C.| year = 1969| title = A Revised Checklist and Concise Host Index of Hippoboscidae (Diptera)| journal = [[Pacific Insects Monograph]] | place = Honolulu| publisher = Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii| volume = 20| issue =| pages = 261–299| issn =}}</ref> It also spread to Finland from Russia in the early 1960s, where it primarily feeds on [[moose]], though it is spreading to [[reindeer]].<ref name="Kaitala"/><ref name="Laaksonen">{{Cite conference| author = Sauli Laaksonen |author2=Tommi Paakkonen |author3=Raine Kortet |author4=Anne-Mari Mustonen |author5=Petteri Nieminen |author6=Laura Härkönen |author7=Milla Solismaa |author8=Arja Kaitala |author9=Hannu Ylönen |author10=Jari Aho |author11=Sauli Härkönen | editor=Sauli Härkönen | year = 2007| title = Deer ked – a threat to reindeer welfare?| conference = 1st Nordic Workshop on Biology, Applied Importance and Current Research on the Deer Ked, Workshop Schedule and Abstracts | place = Finland| publisher = Finnish Forest Research Institute| volume = | issue = | pages = 22| issn =}}</ref><ref name="Hutson">{{cite book|author=Hutson, A.M|year=1984|title=Diptera: Keds, flat-flies & bat-flies (Hippoboscidae & Nycteribiidae)|pages=84 pp|publisher= [[Royal Entomological Society of London]] | series = [[R.E.S Handbooks|Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects]]|issn=| volume = 10 |issue=7 }}</ref>
This species is found in most of Europe (including [[British Isles|Great Britain and Ireland]]), as well as [[Algeria]], eastern [[Siberia]], and northern [[China]]. It was introduced to and is established in the Eastern [[United States]] ([[New Hampshire]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Idaho]], and [[New York (state)|New York]]).<ref name="Maa69">{{Cite journal| author = Maa, T. C.| year = 1969| title = A Revised Checklist and Concise Host Index of Hippoboscidae (Diptera)| journal = [[Pacific Insects Monograph]] | place = Honolulu| publisher = Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii| volume = 20| pages = 261–299}}</ref> It also spread to Finland from Russia in the early 1960s, where it primarily feeds on [[moose]], though it is spreading to [[reindeer]].<ref name="Kaitala"/><ref name="Laaksonen">{{Cite conference| author = Sauli Laaksonen |author2=Tommi Paakkonen |author3=Raine Kortet |author4=Anne-Mari Mustonen |author5=Petteri Nieminen |author6=Laura Härkönen |author7=Milla Solismaa |author8=Arja Kaitala |author9=Hannu Ylönen |author10=Jari Aho |author11=Sauli Härkönen | editor=Sauli Härkönen | year = 2007| title = Deer ked – a threat to reindeer welfare?| conference = 1st Nordic Workshop on Biology, Applied Importance and Current Research on the Deer Ked, Workshop Schedule and Abstracts | place = Finland| publisher = Finnish Forest Research Institute| pages = 22}}</ref><ref name="Hutson">{{cite book|author=Hutson, A.M|year=1984|title=Diptera: Keds, flat-flies & bat-flies (Hippoboscidae & Nycteribiidae)|pages=84 pp|publisher= [[Royal Entomological Society of London]] | series = [[R.E.S Handbooks|Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects]]| volume = 10 |issue=7 }}</ref>


==Hosts==
==Hosts==
Red deer, moose, [[roe deer]], [[fallow deer]], and [[Siberian musk deer]] are this fly's native host. In the United States, it has acquired [[Host (biology)|host]]s such as [[elk]], [[white-tailed deer]], and reindeer.<ref name="Kaitala"/><ref name="Maa69"/> There are stray records of bites on humans, dogs<ref name="Hermosilla">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1136/vr.159.9.286| author = Hermosilla, C.| year = 2006| title =''Lipoptena cervi'' (deer ked) in two naturally infested dogs| journal = Veterinary Record | place = Great Britain| publisher = British Veterinary Association| volume = 159| issue = 9| pages = 286–287| issn =0042-4900| pmid = 16946313| last2 = Pantchev| first2 = N| last3 = Bachmann| first3 = R| last4 = Bauer| first4 = C}}</ref> and [[badger]], and it will occasionally commit to the wrong host.<ref name="Hutson"/>
Red deer, elk (moose), [[roe deer]], [[fallow deer]], and [[Siberian musk deer]] are this fly's native hosts. In the United States, it has acquired [[Host (biology)|host]]s such as Canadian deer, [[white-tailed deer]], and reindeer.<ref name="Kaitala"/><ref name="Maa69"/> There are stray records of bites on humans, dogs<ref name="Hermosilla">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1136/vr.159.9.286| author = Hermosilla, C.| year = 2006| title =''Lipoptena cervi'' (deer ked) in two naturally infested dogs| journal = Veterinary Record | place = Great Britain| publisher = British Veterinary Association| volume = 159| issue = 9| pages = 286–287| issn =0042-4900| pmid = 16946313| last2 = Pantchev| first2 = N| last3 = Bachmann| first3 = R| last4 = Bauer| first4 = C| s2cid = 10013843}}</ref> and [[badger]], and it will occasionally commit to the wrong host.<ref name="Hutson"/>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 50: Line 54:
deer ked ((Lipoptena cervi, 1758))infestation on the red deer in Hanság Region. Literature review and
deer ked ((Lipoptena cervi, 1758))infestation on the red deer in Hanság Region. Literature review and
own examinations. Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja, 136.2.:
own examinations. Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja, 136.2.:
115–122.
115-122.


== External links ==
== External links ==
*{{commonscat-inline|Lipoptena cervi|''Liptoptena cervi''}}
*{{commons category-inline|Lipoptena cervi|''Liptoptena cervi''}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q1620507}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1620507}}
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[[Category:Parasitic flies]]
[[Category:Parasitic flies]]
[[Category:Parasitic arthropods of mammals]]
[[Category:Parasitic arthropods of mammals]]
[[Category:Muscomorph flies of Europe]]
[[Category:Diptera of Europe]]
[[Category:Diptera of Asia]]
[[Category:Diptera of Asia]]
[[Category:Hippoboscidae]]
[[Category:Hippoboscidae]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1758]]
[[Category:Flies described in 1758]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Ötzi]]

Latest revision as of 18:27, 1 October 2024

Lipoptena cervi
Lipoptena cervi, with wings
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Hippoboscidae
Subfamily: Lipopteninae
Genus: Lipoptena
Species:
L. cervi
Binomial name
Lipoptena cervi
Synonyms

Lipoptena cervi, the deer ked or deer fly, is a species of biting fly in the family of louse flies, Hippoboscidae. These flies are commonly encountered in temperate areas of Europe, Siberia, and northern China. They have been introduced to North America.[12] They are parasites of elk, deer, and other deer family members, burrowing through the fur and sucking the blood of the host animals. Adults are only 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) in length and brownish in colour. Their bodies are flat and elastic, making their removal difficult. L. cervi is a poor flier and can only fly for short distances. Once the insect reaches its target, it sheds its wings and starts burrowing through the fur.

Bite

[edit]
Lipoptena cervi without wings.

Although their life cycle depends on deer, they may on rare occasions bite humans, producing responses ranging from unnoticeable to highly allergic. Initially, the bite may be barely noticeable and leaves little or no trace. Within 3 days, the site may develop into a hard, reddened welt. The accompanying itch is intense and typically lasts 14 to 20 days. Occasionally, an itch papule may persist for up to a year.[13] The main annoyance in humans is the inconvenience and unpleasantness of removing keds from hair and clothes.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a Gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacterium that causes anaplasmosis, has been detected in L. cervi, as has Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease,[14] but whether the insect can serve as a vector is as yet unknown.

Horses can develop colic after a bite.[15] Dogs that are bitten may develop a moderate to severe dermatitis.[15] And L. cervi can attain Bartonella schoenbuchensis from biting deer.[13] Much, however, remains unknown about the ked's potential to pose a medical or veterinary threat.

Remains of L. cervi have been found on Ötzi, the Stone Age mummy from the Schnalstal glacier in South Tyrol.[16]

Life history

[edit]
Female

Both males and females of L. cervi consume blood from their hosts. Feeding lasts 15 to 25 minutes.[13] The female produces one larva at a time and retains the developing larva in her body until it is ready to pupate. The larva feeds on the secretions of a "milk gland" in the uterus of its mother. The female gives birth to a fully mature white prepupa. She may produce larvae for as long as 10 months. A newborn prepupa immediately darkens, forms the puparium, and begins to pupate on the forest floor, or where the deer are bedded. After pupation, the winged adult emerges and flies in search of a host. Upon finding a host, the adult fly breaks off its wings and it is permanently associated with its host.[17]

Distribution

[edit]

This species is found in most of Europe (including Great Britain and Ireland), as well as Algeria, eastern Siberia, and northern China. It was introduced to and is established in the Eastern United States (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Idaho, and New York).[18] It also spread to Finland from Russia in the early 1960s, where it primarily feeds on moose, though it is spreading to reindeer.[17][19][20]

Hosts

[edit]

Red deer, elk (moose), roe deer, fallow deer, and Siberian musk deer are this fly's native hosts. In the United States, it has acquired hosts such as Canadian deer, white-tailed deer, and reindeer.[17][18] There are stray records of bites on humans, dogs[21] and badger, and it will occasionally commit to the wrong host.[20]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturae... Ed. 10, Vol. 1. Holmiae [= Stockholm]: L. Salvii. pp. 824 pp. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  2. ^ Curtis, J. (1824). British entomology. Vol. 1. London: Privately published. pp. 11–14.
  3. ^ Olivier, G.A. (1792). Insectes [(i.e., Arthropoda) Pt. 5]. Vol. 7, pp. 1-368 (=livr. 54) [1793.05.13]. In Société de Gens de Lettres, de Savants et d'Artistes Encyclopedie methodique. Paris: Histoire naturelle.
  4. ^ Nitzsch, C.L. (1818). "Die Familien und Gattungen der Thierinsekten (Insecta epizoica) als Prodromus einer Naturgeschichte derselben" (PDF). Mag. Ent. (Germar). 3: 261–316. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  5. ^ Pallas, P.S. (1779). "Moschi historia naturalis". Spicilegia Zoologica, Berolini [=Berlin]. 2 (13): 1–28.
  6. ^ Schnabl, J. (1881). "Lipoptena cervi, var. alcis [female sex symbol]". Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 26: 12.
  7. ^ Coquillett, D.W. (1907). "Notes and descriptions of Hippoboscidae and Streblidae". Entomological News. 18: 290–292. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  8. ^ Wiedemann, Christian Rudolph Wilhelm (1830). Aussereuropäische Zweiflügelige Insekten. Vol. 2. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  9. ^ a b Olfers, I.F.M. von (1816). De vegetativis et animatis corporibus in corporibus animatis reperiundis commentarius. Pars I. Berolini [=Berlin]: Maureriana. pp. vi + 112 + [1] pp., 1 pl.
  10. ^ Meigen, J. W. (1830). Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. (Volume 6) (PDF) (in German). Schulz-Wundermann. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-09.
  11. ^ Roser, K.L.F. von (1840). "Erster Nachtrag zu dem im Jahre 1834 bekannt gemachten Verzeichnisse in Wurttemberg vorkommender zweiflugliger Insekten". Correspondenzbl. K. Wurttemb. Landw. Ver., Stuttgart. 37 [=N.S. 17] (1): 49–64.
  12. ^ Fact Sheets. Deer Keds. Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
  13. ^ a b c Christoph Dehio; Ursula Sauder; and Rosemarie Hiestand (2004). "Isolation of Bartonella schoenbuchensis from Lipoptena cervi, a Blood-Sucking Arthropod Causing Deer Ked Dermatitis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 42 (11). US: American Society for Microbiology: 5320–5323. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.11.5320-5323.2004. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 525279. PMID 15528732.
  14. ^ Buss B, Kearnery C.B., Coleman, C., Henning, J.D. (December 2016). "Detection of Lyme disease and anaplasmosis pathogens via PCR in Pennsylvania deer ked." Journal of Vector Ecology 41 (2): 292-294.
  15. ^ a b Jonas Malmsten in Sauli Härkönen, ed. (2007). The Scandinavian deer ked situation from a veterinary medical perspective. 1st Nordic Workshop on Biology, Applied Importance and Current Research on the Deer Ked, Workshop Schedule and Abstracts. Finland: Finnish Forest Research Institute. p. 22.
  16. ^ Gothe R, Schöl H (1996). "Stone age deerfly (Lipoptena cervi) found with a mummy in a glacier". Tierärztliche Praxis (in German). 24 (6): 549–551. PMID 9139418.
  17. ^ a b c Arja Kaitala; Sauli Härkönen; Sauli Laaksonen; Pekka Niemelä; Petteri Nieminen; Hannu Ylönen (2007). Sauli Härkönen (ed.). Deer Ked Project – a broadly-based interdisciplinary research project in Finland. 1st Nordic Workshop on Biology, Applied Importance and Current Research on the Deer Ked, Workshop Schedule and Abstracts. Finland: Finnish Forest Research Institute. p. 22.
  18. ^ a b Maa, T. C. (1969). "A Revised Checklist and Concise Host Index of Hippoboscidae (Diptera)". Pacific Insects Monograph. 20. Honolulu: Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii: 261–299.
  19. ^ Sauli Laaksonen; Tommi Paakkonen; Raine Kortet; Anne-Mari Mustonen; Petteri Nieminen; Laura Härkönen; Milla Solismaa; Arja Kaitala; Hannu Ylönen; Jari Aho; Sauli Härkönen (2007). Sauli Härkönen (ed.). Deer ked – a threat to reindeer welfare?. 1st Nordic Workshop on Biology, Applied Importance and Current Research on the Deer Ked, Workshop Schedule and Abstracts. Finland: Finnish Forest Research Institute. p. 22.
  20. ^ a b Hutson, A.M (1984). Diptera: Keds, flat-flies & bat-flies (Hippoboscidae & Nycteribiidae). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vol. 10. Royal Entomological Society of London. pp. 84 pp.
  21. ^ Hermosilla, C.; Pantchev, N; Bachmann, R; Bauer, C (2006). "Lipoptena cervi (deer ked) in two naturally infested dogs". Veterinary Record. 159 (9). Great Britain: British Veterinary Association: 286–287. doi:10.1136/vr.159.9.286. ISSN 0042-4900. PMID 16946313. S2CID 10013843.

Notes

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11. Egri, B., Rigó, E.(2014): A Hanság gímszarvasainak Lipoptena cervi (Linnaeus, 1758) fertőzöttségéről (Irodalmi összefoglaló és saját megfigyelések)(About the deer ked ((Lipoptena cervi, 1758))infestation on the red deer in Hanság Region. Literature review and own examinations. Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja, 136.2.: 115–122.

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