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The 14th century lasted from 1 January 1301 (represented by the Roman numerals MCCCI) to 31 December 1400 (MCD). It is estimated that the century witnessed the death of more than 45 million lives from political and natural disasters in both Europe and the Mongol Empire.^[1]^[2] West Africa experienced economic growth and prosperity.

In Europe, the Black Death claimed 25 million lives – wiping out one third of the European population^[3] – while the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France fought in the protracted Hundred Years' War after the death of King Charles IV of France led to a claim to the French throne by King Edward III of England. This period is considered the height of chivalry and marks the beginning of strong separate identities for both England and France as well as the foundation of the Italian Renaissance and the Ottoman Empire.

In Asia, Tamerlane (Timur), established the Timurid Empire, history's third largest empire to have been ever established by a single conqueror.^{[citation needed]} Scholars estimate that Timur's military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time. Synchronously, the Timurid Renaissance emerged. In the Arab world, historian and political scientist Ibn Khaldun and explorer Ibn Battuta made significant contributions. In India, the Bengal Sultanate separated from the Delhi Sultanate, a major trading nation in the world. The sultanate was described by the Europeans as the richest country to trade with.^[4] The Mongol court was driven out of China and retreated to Mongolia, the Ilkhanate collapsed, the Chaghatayid dissolved and broke into two parts, and the Golden Horde lost its position as a great power in Eastern Europe.

In Africa, the wealthy Mali Empire, a huge producer of gold, reached its territorial and economic height under the reign of Mansa Musa I of Mali, the wealthiest individual of medieval times, and perhaps the wealthiest ever.^[5]^[6]

In the Americas, the Mexica founded the city of Tenochtitlan, while the Mississippian mound city of Cahokia was abandoned.

1301–1309

The Little Ice Age was a period of widespread cooling which, while conventionally defined as extending from around the 16th to the 19th centuries, is dated by some experts to a timespan from about 1300 to about 1850, during which average global temperatures dropped by as much as 2 °C (3.6 °F), particularly in Europe and North America. This created conditions for a shortened growing season and reduced crop yields that led to the famines in those areas.
1305–1314: The Trials of the Knights Templar. The Knights Templar arrested and tried. Jacques de Molay, the last grand master of the Templars, is executed in 1314.
1309: King Jayanegara succeeds Kertarajasa Jayawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.^[7]
1309–1377: The Avignon papacy transfers the seat of the Popes from Italy to France.

1310s

The Great Famine of 1315–1317 kills millions of people in Europe.
1318–1330: An Italian Franciscan friar, Mattiussi, visited Sumatra, Java, and Banjarmasin in Borneo. In his record he described the kingdom of Majapahit.

1320s

1320: Władysław I the Elbow-high is crowned King of Poland which leads to its later unification.
1323: Malietoafaiga ordered cannibalism to be abolished in Tutuila (present-day American Samoa).
1325: Forced out of previous habitations, the Mexica found the city of Tenochtitlan.
1327: Tver Uprising against the Golden Horde.
1328: Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi succeeds Jayanegara as ruler of Majapahit.
1328–1333: Wang Dayuan, a traveller from Quanzhou, China during the Yuan dynasty, visited Luzon & Mindanao in the Philippines, many places in Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and India, and reached Dhofar and Aden.^[8]

1330s

1335: The death of the Ilkhan Abu Said causes the disintegration of the Mongol rule in Persia.
1336: The Vijayanagara Empire is founded in South India by Harihara I.
1337: The Hundred Years' War begins when Edward III of England lays claim to the French throne.

1340s

1343–1345: In Saint George's Night Uprising, pagan Estonians launch a last large-scale attempt to rid themselves of the non-indigenous Christian religion.
1345–1346: The French recruit troops and ships in Genoa, Monaco, and Nice.
1346: English forces led by Edward III defeat a French army led by Philip VI of France in The Battle of Crécy, a major point in the Hundred Years' War which marks the rise of the longbow as a dominant weapon in Western Europe.
1346: King Valdemar IV of Denmark sells the Duchy of Estonia to the Teutonic Order.
1347–1351: The Black Death kills around a third of the population of Europe.^[9]
1347: Adityawarman moved the capital of Dharmasraya and established the kingdom of Malayupura in Pagarruyung, West Sumatra.^[10]
1348: The 6.9-magnitude 1348 Friuli earthquake centered in Northern Italy was felt across Europe. Contemporaries linked the quake with the Black Death and Great Famine, fueling fears that the Biblical Apocalypse had arrived.

1350s

1350: Ramathibodi I establishes the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
1350: Hayam Wuruk, styled Sri Rajasanagara, succeeds Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi as ruler of Majapahit; his reign is considered the empire's 'Golden Age'.^[7] Under its military commander Gajah Mada, Majapahit stretches over much of modern-day Indonesia.
1353: Fa Ngum established the Lan Xang kingdom in Laos.
1356: The Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire headed by Emperor Charles IV issues the Golden Bull of 1356, establishing various constitutional aspects of the Empire, the most significant being the electoral college to elect future emperors.
1356: The Diet of the Hansa is held in Lübeck, formalising what up until then had only been a loose alliance of trading cities in northern Europe and officially founding the Hanseatic League.
1357: Scotland retains its independence with the signing of the Treaty of Berwick, thus ending the Wars of Scottish Independence.
1357: In the Battle of Bubat, the Sundanese royal family is massacred by the Majapahit army by the order of Gajah Mada; the death toll includes Sundanese king Lingga Buana and princess Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi, who committed suicide.^[11]

1360s

1363: The Battle of Lake Poyang, a naval conflict between Chinese rebel groups led by Chen Youliang and Zhu Yuanzhang, takes place from August to October, constituting one of the largest naval battles in history.
1365: The Old Javanese text Nagarakertagama is written.^[7]
1366: Tepanec Tlatoani Acolnahuácatl accepts Acamapichtli as the first tlatoani of Tenochtitlan for the Mexica Empire.
1368: The end of the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China and the beginning of the Ming dynasty.

1370s

1371: The Battle of Maritsa, the Serbs are defeated by the Ottomans, with most of Serb nobility being killed.
1377: Majapahit sends a punitive expedition against Palembang in Sumatra. Palembang's prince, Parameswara (later Iskandar Syah) flees, eventually finding his way to Malacca and establishing it as a major international port.^[7]
1378: The Great Schism of the West splits the Catholic Church, eventually leading to three simultaneous popes and not resolved until 1417.
1378: Battle of the Vozha River between Russians and Mongols.
1378–1382: Ciompi Revolt occurs in Florence.

1380s

1380: Russian principalities defeat the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo.
1381: John Wycliffe is dismissed from the University of Oxford for criticism of the Catholic Church, leading to the Lollardy movement in England.
1381: Peasants' Revolt in England.
1382: Khan Tokhtamysh captures Moscow.
1382: Barquq rise to power to start the Burji dynasty, the Circassian Mamuluk Dynasty in Egypt.
1385: Battle of Aljubarrota between Portugal and Castile. Portugal maintains independence.
1385: Union of Krewo between Poland and Lithuania.
1389: Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and Ottoman Turks; Prince Lazar, Sultan Murad I and Miloš Obilić are killed.
1389: Wikramawardhana succeeds Sri Rajasanagara as ruler of Majapahit.^[7]

1390–1400

1391: Anti-Jewish pogroms spread throughout Spain and Portugal, and many thousands of Jews are massacred.
1392: Taejo of Joseon establishes the Joseon Dynasty.
1396: The Battle of Nicopolis, in which the Ottoman Empire defeats a large Crusader army of knights and infantry from various Christian kingdoms including Hungary, France, the Holy Roman Empire, Burgundy and Wallachia.
1396: The Second Bulgarian Empire ends, with the capture of the last stronghold fortress of Vidin and its king Ivan Sratsimir by the Ottomans.
1397: The Kalmar Union is established, uniting Norway, Sweden and Denmark into one kingdom.
1397: Reign of Chimalpopoca begins as the third tlatoani of Tenochtitlan.

Undated

Transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age.
Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
The poet Petrarch coins the term Dark Ages to describe the preceding 900 years in Europe, beginning with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 through to the renewal embodied in the Renaissance.
Beginning of the Ottoman Empire, early expansion into the Balkans.
Iwan vault, Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran, is built.
Early 14th century: Kao Ninga paints Monk Sewing (attributed) in the Kamakura period (Cleveland Museum collection).
An account of Buddha's life, translated earlier into Greek by Saint John of Damascus and widely circulated to Christians as the story of Barlaam and Josaphat, became so popular that the two were venerated as saints.^[12]
Singapore emerges for the first time as an important fortified city and trading centre.
Islam reaches Terengganu, on the Malay Peninsula as evidence by the Terengganu Inscription Stone.
The Hausa found several city-states in the south of modern Niger.
Work begins on the Great Enclosure at Great Zimbabwe, built of non-cemented, dressed stone. Research suggests the city's population to be between less than 10,000 to 18,000 at its peak.^[13]^[14]

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Music of Ars nova
Foundation of the University of Kraków
Chinese text the Huolongjing by Jiao Yu describes fire lances, fire arrows, rocket launchers, land mines, naval mines, bombards, cannons, and hollow cast iron cannonballs filled with gunpowder, and their use to set ablaze enemy camps
First pound lock in Europe reportedly built in Vreeswijk, Netherlands in 1373^[15]

References

^ "History of Europe - Crisis, Recovery, Resilience | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-12-28.
^ "The Black Death in Asia, Europe, and Africa" (PDF). Oxford University Press. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
^ Black Death, Encyclopædia Britannica
^ Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. ISBN 978-81-8069-149-2. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.
^ ^a ^b Thad Morgan, "This 14th-Century African Emperor Remains the Richest Person in History" Archived 2019-05-01 at the Wayback Machine, History.com, March 19, 2018
^ ^a ^b Davidson, Jacob (July 30, 2015). "The 10 Richest People of All Time". Money.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ricklefs (1991), page 18
^ "Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE". Maritime Asia.
^ Howard, Jenny (2020-07-06). "Plague was one of history's deadliest diseases—then we found a cure". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
^ Kern, J.H.C., (1907), De wij-inscriptie op het Amoghapāça-beeld van Padang Candi(Batang Hari-districten); 1269 Çaka, Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde.
^ Drs. R. Soekmono; et al. (1988) [1973]. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed (5th reprint ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 72.
^ Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony (1900). " Sanskrit Literature and the West.". A History of Sanskrit Literature. New York: D. Appleton and Co. p. 420.
^ Chirikure, S.; et al. (2017). "What was the population of Great Zimbabwe (CE1000 – 1800)". PLOS ONE. 12 (6): e0178335. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1278335C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178335. PMC 5470674. PMID 28614397.
^ Kuklick, Henrika (1991). "Contested monuments: the politics of archaeology in southern Africa". In George W. Stocking (ed.). Colonial situations: essays on the contextualization of ethnographic knowledge. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 135–170. ISBN 978-0-299-13124-1.
^ "pound lock". August 15, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-08-15.

[1] "History of Europe - Crisis, Recovery, Resilience | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-12-28.

[2] "The Black Death in Asia, Europe, and Africa" (PDF). Oxford University Press. Retrieved December 28, 2023.

[3] Black Death, Encyclopædia Britannica

[4] Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. ISBN 978-81-8069-149-2. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.

[:0-5] Thad Morgan, "This 14th-Century African Emperor Remains the Richest Person in History" Archived 2019-05-01 at the Wayback Machine, History.com, March 19, 2018

[:1-6] Davidson, Jacob (July 30, 2015). "The 10 Richest People of All Time". Money.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2017.

[RICKLEFSp18-7] Ricklefs (1991), page 18

[8] "Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE". Maritime Asia.

[9] Howard, Jenny (2020-07-06). "Plague was one of history's deadliest diseases—then we found a cure". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved 2022-08-27.

[10] Kern, J.H.C., (1907), De wij-inscriptie op het Amoghapāça-beeld van Padang Candi(Batang Hari-districten); 1269 Çaka, Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde.

[11] Drs. R. Soekmono; et al. (1988) [1973]. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed (5th reprint ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 72.

[12] Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony (1900). " Sanskrit Literature and the West.". A History of Sanskrit Literature. New York: D. Appleton and Co. p. 420.

[13] Chirikure, S.; et al. (2017). "What was the population of Great Zimbabwe (CE1000 – 1800)". PLOS ONE. 12 (6): e0178335. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1278335C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178335. PMC 5470674. PMID 28614397.

[contested-14] Kuklick, Henrika (1991). "Contested monuments: the politics of archaeology in southern Africa". In George W. Stocking (ed.). Colonial situations: essays on the contextualization of ethnographic knowledge. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 135–170. ISBN 978-0-299-13124-1.

[15] "pound lock". August 15, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-08-15.

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+{{Short description|One hundred years, from 1301 to 1400}}
 {{Centurybox|14}}
-[[File:Timur reconstruction03.jpg|thumb|[[Tamerlane|Tamerlane The Conqueror]], the founder of the [[Timurid Empire]].]]
+[[File:Timur reconstruction03.jpg|thumb|[[Tamerlane|Tamerlane the Conqueror]], the founder of the [[Timurid Empire]].]]
+The '''14th century''' lasted from 1 January [[1301]] (represented by the [[Roman numerals]] MCCCI) to 31 December [[1400]] (MCD). It is estimated that the century witnessed the death of more than 45 million lives from political and natural disasters in both [[Europe]] and the [[Mongol Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Europe - Crisis, Recovery, Resilience {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Crisis-recovery-and-resilience-Did-the-Middle-Ages-end |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Oxford University Press |title=The Black Death in Asia, Europe, and Africa |url=https://www.oup.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/58110/Chapter-10-The-Black-Death.pdf |access-date=December 28, 2023 |website=Oxford University Press |language=en}}</ref> [[West Africa]] experienced economic growth and prosperity.
-[[File:Catalan Atlas BNF Sheet 6 Mansa Musa.jpg|thumb|[[Mansa (title)|Mansa]] [[Musa I of Mali]], described {{By whom|date=August 2020}} as the wealthiest individual in history]]
-[[File:Europe_in_1328.png|thumb|Europe in 1328]]
-[[File:Timur defeats the sultan of Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Timur]] defeats the [[Sultan of Delhi]], [[Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq]], in the winter of 1397–1398, painting dated 1595–1600.]]
-[[File:Asia in 1335.svg|thumb|The successor states of the Mongol Empire in 1335: the [[Ilkhanate]], [[Golden Horde]], [[Yuan dynasty]] and [[Chagatai Khanate]].]]
-As a means of recording the passage of [[time]], the '''14th century''' was a [[century]] lasting from 1 January 1301 ([[Roman numerals|MCCCI]]), to 31 December 1400 ([[Roman numerals|MCD]]). It is estimated that the century witnessed the death of more than 45 million lives from political and natural disasters in both [[Europe]] and the [[Mongol Empire]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} [[West Africa]] and the [[Indian Subcontinent]] experienced economic growth and prosperity.
-In '''[[History of Europe|Europe]]''', the [[Black Death]] claimed 25 million lives {{En dash}} wiping out one third of the European population<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death Black Death], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> {{En dash}} while the [[Kingdom of England]] and the [[Kingdom of France]] fought in the protracted [[Hundred Years' War]] after the death of [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV, King of France]] led to a claim to the French throne by [[Edward III of England|Edward III, King of England]]. This period is considered the height of [[chivalry]] and marks the beginning of strong separate identities for both England and France as well as the foundation of the [[Italian Renaissance]] and [[Ottoman Empire]].
+In [[History of Europe|Europe]], the [[Black Death]] claimed 25 million lives {{En dash}} wiping out one third of the European population<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death Black Death], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> {{En dash}} while the [[Kingdom of England]] and the [[Kingdom of France]] fought in the protracted [[Hundred Years' War]] after the death of King [[Charles IV of France]] led to a claim to the French throne by King [[Edward III of England]]. This period is considered the height of [[chivalry]] and marks the beginning of strong separate identities for both England and France as well as the foundation of the [[Italian Renaissance]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]].
-In '''[[History of Asia|Asia]]''', [[Tamerlane]] (Timur), established the [[Timurid Empire]], history's third largest empire to have been ever established by a single conqueror.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} Scholars estimate that Timur's military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time. Synchronously, the [[Timurid Renaissance]] emerged. In the [[Arab world]], historian and political scientist [[Ibn Khaldun]] and explorer [[Ibn Battuta]] made significant contributions.
+In [[History of Asia|Asia]], [[Tamerlane]] (Timur), established the [[Timurid Empire]], history's third largest empire to have been ever established by a single conqueror.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} Scholars estimate that Timur's military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time. Synchronously, the [[Timurid Renaissance]] emerged. In the [[Arab world]], historian and political scientist [[Ibn Khaldun]] and explorer [[Ibn Battuta]] made significant contributions. In India, the [[Bengal Sultanate]] separated from the [[Delhi Sultanate]], a major [[trading nation]] in the world. The sultanate was described by the Europeans as the richest country to trade with.<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). {{cite book |year=2005 | title=Bengal: the unique state | publisher=Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. | isbn=978-81-8069-149-2 | quote=Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.}}</ref> The [[Empire of the Great Khan|Mongol court]] was driven out of [[Ming dynasty|China]] and [[Northern Yuan dynasty|retreated]] to Mongolia, the [[Ilkhanate]] collapsed, the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chaghatayid]] dissolved and broke into two parts, and the [[Golden Horde]] lost its position as a [[great power]] in [[Eastern Europe]].
-In ''[[India]]'', the [[Bengal Sultanate]] got divided from the [[Delhi Sultanate]], a major [[trading nation]] in the world. The sultanate was described by the Europeans as the richest country to trade with.<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). {{cite book |year=2005 | title=Bengal: the unique state | publisher=Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. | isbn=978-81-8069-149-2 | quote=Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.}}</ref> The [[Empire of the Great Khan|Mongol court]] was driven out of [[China]] and [[Northern Yuan dynasty|retreated]] to Mongolia, the [[Ilkhanate]] collapsed, the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chaghatayid]] dissolved and broke into two parts, and the [[Golden Horde]] lost its position as a [[great power]] in [[Eastern Europe]].
-In '''[[History of Africa|Africa]]''', the wealthy [[Mali Empire]], a global leader of gold production, reached its territorial and economic height under the reign of [[Mansa (title)|Mansa]] [[Musa I of Mali]], the wealthiest individual of the medieval times, and according to various sources as history's ever.<ref>Thad Morgan, [https://www.history.com/news/who-was-the-richest-man-in-history-mansa-musa "This 14th-Century African Emperor Remains the Richest Person in History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501152955/https://www.history.com/news/who-was-the-richest-man-in-history-mansa-musa |date=2019-05-01 }}, ''History.com,'' March 19, 2018</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/money/3977798/the-10-richest-people-of-all-time/|title=The 10 Richest People of All Time|author=Davidson|first=Jacob|date=July 30, 2015|work=Time|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824185817/http://time.com/money/3977798/the-10-richest-people-of-all-time/|archive-date=August 24, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+In [[Africa]], the wealthy [[Mali Empire]], a huge producer of gold, reached its territorial and economic height under the reign of [[Mansa (title)|Mansa]] [[Musa I of Mali]], the wealthiest individual of medieval times, and perhaps the wealthiest ever.<ref name=":0">Thad Morgan, [https://www.history.com/news/who-was-the-richest-man-in-history-mansa-musa "This 14th-Century African Emperor Remains the Richest Person in History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501152955/https://www.history.com/news/who-was-the-richest-man-in-history-mansa-musa |date=2019-05-01 }}, ''History.com,'' March 19, 2018</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |author=Davidson |first=Jacob |date=July 30, 2015 |title=The 10 Richest People of All Time |work=[[Money.com]] |url=https://money.com/the-10-richest-people-of-all-time-2/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609132212/https://money.com/the-10-richest-people-of-all-time-2/ |archive-date=June 9, 2022}}</ref>
+In the [[History of the Americas|Americas]], the [[Mexica]] founded the city of [[Tenochtitlan]], while the [[Mississippian culture|Mississippian]] mound city of [[Cahokia]] was abandoned.
-==Events==
-[[File:تخطيط كلمة ابن تيمية.png|thumb|200px|[[Sheikh]] [[Ibn Taymiyyah]]'s script]]
-[[File:Silver Coin of Jalaluddin.jpg|thumb|Silver [[taka]] with a [[lion]] symbol]]
-[[Image:Shiva and Uma 14th century.jpg|thumb|200px|This 14th-century statue from [[Tamil Nadu]], present day [[India]] depicts the gods [[Shiva]] (on the left) and [[Parvati|Uma]] (on the right). It is housed in the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
-* The transition from the [[Medieval Warm Period]] to the [[Little Ice Age]].
-* Beginning of the [[Ottoman Empire]], early expansion into the [[Balkans]].
-* Early 14th century: Attributed to Kao Ninga ''Monk Sewing'' is made. [[Kamakura period]]. It is now kept at the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]].
-* An account of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s life, translated earlier into Greek by [[Saint John of Damascus]] and widely circulated to [[Christianity|Christians]] as the story of [[Barlaam and Josaphat]], became so popular that the two were venerated as [[saints]].<ref>Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony (1900). " Sanskrit Literature and the West.". A History of Sanskrit Literature. New York: D. Appleton and Co. p. 420.</ref>
-* [[Singapore]] emerges for the first time as a fortified city and trading centre of some importance.
-* [[Islam]] reaches [[Terengganu]], on the [[Malay Peninsula]].
-* The [[Hausa people|Hausa]] found several [[city-state]]s in the south of modern [[Niger]].
-* The poet [[Petrarch]] coins the term [[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]] to describe the preceding 900 years in [[Europe]], beginning with the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in [[476]] through to the renewal embodied in the [[Renaissance]].
-* [[Iwan]] vault, [[Jamé Mosque of Isfahan]], [[Isfahan]], [[Persia]] ([[Iran]]), is built.
-* Work begins on the Great Enclosure at [[Great Zimbabwe]], built of un-cemented, dressed stone. The city's population is now between 10,000 and 40,000.
+== 1301–1309 ==
-===[[1300s (decade)|1300s]]===
+[[File:Catalan Atlas BNF Sheet 6 Mansa Musa.jpg|thumb|[[Mansa (title)|Mansa]] [[Musa I of Mali]], described as the wealthiest individual in history <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />]]
-*[[1300]]: The [[Turku Cathedral]] was consecrated in [[Turku]].<ref>[https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9692371 YLE: Kenelle kellot soivat?] (in Finnish)</ref>
+* The [[Little Ice Age]] was a period of widespread cooling which, while conventionally defined as extending from around the 16th to the 19th centuries, is dated by some experts to a timespan from about 1300 to about 1850, during which average global temperatures dropped by as much as {{cvt|2|C-change}}, particularly in Europe and North America. This created conditions for a shortened growing season and reduced crop yields that led to the famines in those areas.
-* [[1300]]: Sri Rajahmura Lumaya, known in his shortened name [[Sri Lumay]], a half-Tamil and half Malay minor prince of the [[Chola dynasty]] in [[Sumatra]] established the [[greater India|Indianized]] [[Rajahnate of Cebu]] in Cebu Island on the Philippine Archipelago.
-* [[1305]]-[[1314]]: The [[Trials of the Knights Templar]]. The [[Knights Templar]] arrested and tried. [[Jacques de Molay]], the last grand master of the Templars, is executed in 1314.
+* [[1305]]–[[1314]]: The [[Trials of the Knights Templar]]. The [[Knights Templar]] arrested and tried. [[Jacques de Molay]], the last grand master of the Templars, is executed in 1314.
 * [[1309]]: King [[Jayanegara]] succeeds [[Raden Wijaya|Kertarajasa Jayawardhana]] as ruler of [[Majapahit]].<ref name="RICKLEFSp18">Ricklefs (1991), page 18</ref>
-* [[1309]]–[[1377]]: The [[Avignon papacy]] transfers the seat of the Popes from [[Italy]] to [[France]]
+* 1309–[[1377]]: The [[Avignon papacy]] transfers the seat of the Popes from [[Italy]] to [[France]].
-===[[1310s]]===
+== [[1310s]] ==
-* The [[Great Famine of 1315-1317]] kills millions of people in [[Europe]].
+* The [[Great Famine of 1315-1317|Great Famine of 1315–1317]] kills millions of people in [[Europe]].
 * [[1318]]–[[1330]]: An [[Italy|Italian]] Franciscan friar, [[Odoric of Pordenone|Mattiussi]], visited Sumatra, Java, and [[Banjarmasin]] in Borneo. In his record he described the kingdom of [[Majapahit]].
-===[[1320s]]===
+== [[1320s]] ==
+[[File:Europe in 1328.png|thumb|Europe in 1328]]
 * [[1320]]: [[Władysław I the Elbow-high]] is crowned [[King of Poland]] which leads to its later unification.
-* [[1323]]: Malietoafaiga ordered cannibalism to be abolished in [[Tutuila]], now known as [[American Samoa]].
+* [[1323]]: Malietoafaiga ordered cannibalism to be abolished in [[Tutuila]] (present-day [[American Samoa]]).
-* [[1325]]: Forced out of previous locations, the [[Aztec|Mexica]] found the city of [[Tenochtitlan]].
+* [[1325]]: Forced out of previous habitations, the [[Aztec|Mexica]] found the city of [[Tenochtitlan]].
 * [[1327]]: [[Tver Uprising of 1327|Tver Uprising]] against the [[Golden Horde]].
 * [[1328]]: [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi]] succeeds Jayanegara as ruler of Majapahit.
-* [[1328]]-[[1333]]: [[Wang Dayuan]], a traveller from [[Quanzhou]], [[China]] during the [[Yuan dynasty]], visited [[Luzon]] & [[Mindanao]] in the [[Philippines]], many places in [[Southeast Asia]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[India]], and reached [[Dhofar]] and [[Aden]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maritimeasia.ws/topic/chronology.html|title=Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE|website= Maritime Asia}}</ref>
+* 1328–[[1333]]: [[Wang Dayuan]], a traveller from [[Quanzhou]], [[China]] during the [[Yuan dynasty]], visited [[Luzon]] & [[Mindanao]] in the [[Philippines]], many places in [[Southeast Asia]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[India]], and reached [[Dhofar]] and [[Aden]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maritimeasia.ws/topic/chronology.html|title=Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE|website= Maritime Asia}}</ref>
-* Beginning of the [[Renaissance]] in Italy.
-===[[1330s]]===
+== [[1330s]] ==
+[[File:Asia in 1335.svg|thumb|The successor states of the Mongol Empire in 1335: the [[Ilkhanate]], [[Golden Horde]], [[Yuan dynasty]] and [[Chagatai Khanate]].]]
 * [[1335]]: The death of the [[Ilkhan]] [[Abu Sa'id (Ilkhanid dynasty)|Abu Said]] causes the disintegration of the Mongol rule in Persia.
 * [[1336]]: The [[Vijayanagara Empire]] is founded in [[South India]] by [[Harihara I]].
 * [[1337]]: The [[Hundred Years' War]] begins when [[Edward III of England]] lays claim to the French throne.
-===[[1340s]]===
+== [[1340s]] ==
-* [[1345]]–[[1346]]: The French recruit troops and ships in [[Genoa]], [[Monaco]], and [[Nice]].
-[[Image:Battle of crecy froissart.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[The Hundred Years' War]], ''[[Battle of Crécy]] between the English and French in [[1346]].'']]
-* [[1346]]: English forces led by Edward III defeat a French army led by [[Philip VI of France]] in [[The Battle of Crécy]], a major point in the Hundred Years' War which marks the rise of the [[longbow]] as a dominant weapon in Western Europe.
-* [[1347]]–[[1351]]: The [[Black Death]] kills around a third of the population of Europe.
-* [[1347]]: [[Adityawarman]] moved the capital of [[Dharmasraya]] and established the kingdom of Malayupura in [[Pagarruyung]], West Sumatra.<ref>Kern, J.H.C., (1907), ''De wij-inscriptie op het Amoghapāça-beeld van Padang Candi(Batang Hari-districten); 1269 Çaka'', Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde.</ref>
-* [[1348]]: The 6.9-magnitude [[1348 Friuli earthquake]] centered in [[Northern Italy]] was felt across Europe. Contemporary minds linked the quake with the [[Crisis of the Late Middle Ages|Black Death and Great Famine]], fueling fears that the Biblical Apocalypse had arrived.
-===[[1350s]]===
 [[Image:Burying Plague Victims of Tournai.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Burying coffins of [[Black Death]] victims in [[Tournai]].]]
+* [[1343]]–[[1345]]: In [[Saint George's Night Uprising]], pagan [[Estonians]] launch a last large-scale attempt to rid themselves of the non-indigenous Christian religion.
+* 1345–[[1346]]: The French recruit troops and ships in [[Genoa]], [[Monaco]], and [[Nice]].
+* 1346: English forces led by Edward III defeat a French army led by [[Philip VI of France]] in The [[Battle of Crécy]], a major point in the Hundred Years' War which marks the rise of the [[longbow]] as a dominant weapon in Western Europe.
+* 1346: King [[Valdemar IV of Denmark]] sells the [[Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)|Duchy of Estonia]] to the [[Teutonic Order]].
+* [[1347]]–[[1351]]: The [[Black Death]] kills around a third of the population of Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howard |first=Jenny |date=2020-07-06 |title=Plague was one of history's deadliest diseases—then we found a cure |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/the-plague|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305102437/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/the-plague|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 5, 2021|access-date=2022-08-27 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref>
+* 1347: [[Adityawarman]] moved the capital of [[Dharmasraya]] and established the kingdom of Malayupura in [[Pagarruyung]], West Sumatra.<ref>Kern, J.H.C., (1907), ''De wij-inscriptie op het Amoghapāça-beeld van Padang Candi(Batang Hari-districten); 1269 Çaka'', Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde.</ref>
+* [[1348]]: The 6.9-magnitude [[1348 Friuli earthquake]] centered in [[Northern Italy]] was felt across Europe. Contemporaries linked the quake with the [[Crisis of the Late Middle Ages|Black Death and Great Famine]], fueling fears that the Biblical Apocalypse had arrived.
+== [[1350s]] ==
 * [[1350]]: [[Uthong|Ramathibodi I]] establishes the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]].
-* [[1350]]: [[Hayam Wuruk]], styled Sri Rajasanagara, succeeds [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi]] as ruler of Majapahit; his reign is considered the empire's 'Golden Age'.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18"/> Under its military commander [[Gajah Mada]], Majapahit stretches over much of modern-day Indonesia.
+* 1350: [[Hayam Wuruk]], styled Sri Rajasanagara, succeeds [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi]] as ruler of Majapahit; his reign is considered the empire's 'Golden Age'.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18" /> Under its military commander [[Gajah Mada]], Majapahit stretches over much of modern-day Indonesia.
 * [[1353]]: [[Fa Ngum]] established the [[Lan Xang]] kingdom in Laos.
 * [[1356]]: The [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] of the Holy Roman Empire headed by [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles IV]] issues the [[Golden Bull of 1356]], establishing various constitutional aspects of the Empire, the most significant being the [[Prince-elector|electoral college]] to elect future emperors.
-* [[1356]]: The Diet of the Hansa is held in [[Lübeck]], formalising what up until then had only been a loose alliance of trading cities in northern Europe and officially founding the [[Hanseatic League]].
+* 1356: The Diet of the Hansa is held in [[Lübeck]], formalising what up until then had only been a loose alliance of trading cities in northern Europe and officially founding the [[Hanseatic League]].
 * [[1357]]: Scotland retains its independence with the signing of the [[Treaty of Berwick (1357)|Treaty of Berwick]], thus ending the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]].
-* [[1357]]: In the [[Battle of Bubat]], the [[Sunda Kingdom|Sundanese]] royal family is massacred by the Majapahit army by the order of [[Gajah Mada]]; the death toll includes Sundanese king Lingga Buana and princess [[Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi]], who committed suicide.<ref>{{cite book | author= Drs. R. Soekmono| title= ''Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2'', 2nd ed. | publisher = Penerbit Kanisius | orig-year= 1973|edition=5th reprint|year=1988 | location =Yogyakarta| page =72 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
+* 1357: In the [[Battle of Bubat]], the [[Sunda Kingdom|Sundanese]] royal family is massacred by the Majapahit army by the order of [[Gajah Mada]]; the death toll includes Sundanese king Lingga Buana and princess [[Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi]], who committed suicide.<ref>{{cite book | author= Drs. R. Soekmono| title= ''Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2'', 2nd ed. | publisher = Penerbit Kanisius | orig-year= 1973|edition=5th reprint|year=1988 | location =Yogyakarta| page =72 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
-===[[1360s]]===
+== [[1360s]] ==
+[[Image:Shiva and Uma 14th century.jpg|thumb|200px|[[1360s|This 14th-century statue from]] [[Tamil Nadu]], present day [[India]] depicts the gods [[Shiva]] (on the left) and [[Parvati|Uma]] (on the right). It is housed in the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
 * [[1363]]: The [[Battle of Lake Poyang]], a naval conflict between [[China|Chinese]] rebel groups led by [[Chen Youliang]] and [[Zhu Yuanzhang]], takes place from August to October, constituting one of the [[Largest naval battle in history|largest naval battles in history]].
-* [[1365]]: The [[Old Javanese]] text ''[[Nagarakertagama]]'' is written.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18"/>
+* [[1365]]: The [[Old Javanese]] text ''[[Nagarakertagama]]'' is written.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18" />
 * [[1366]]: [[Tepanec]] [[Tlatoani]] Acolnahuácatl accepts [[Acamapichtli]] as the first [[tlatoani]] of [[Tenochtitlan]] for the [[Aztec|Mexica]] Empire.
-* [[1368]]: The end of the [[Mongol]] [[Yuan Dynasty]] in [[China]] and the beginning of the [[Ming Dynasty]].
+* [[1368]]: The end of the [[Mongol]] [[Yuan dynasty]] in [[China]] and the beginning of the [[Ming dynasty]].
-===[[1370s]]===
+== [[1370s]] ==
 * [[1371]]: The [[Battle of Maritsa]], the Serbs are defeated by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], with most of Serb nobility being killed.
-* [[1377]]: Majapahit sends a [[punitive expedition]] against [[Palembang]] in [[Sumatra]]. Palembang's prince, [[Parameswara (sultan)|Parameswara]] (later Iskandar Syah) flees, eventually finding his way to [[Malacca]] and establishing it as a major international port.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18"/>
+* [[1377]]: Majapahit sends a [[punitive expedition]] against [[Palembang]] in [[Sumatra]]. Palembang's prince, [[Parameswara (sultan)|Parameswara]] (later Iskandar Syah) flees, eventually finding his way to [[Malacca]] and establishing it as a major international port.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18" />
-* [[1378]]: The [[Western Schism|Great Schism of the West]] begins, eventually leading to three simultaneous [[pope]]s.
+* [[1378]]: The [[Western Schism|Great Schism of the West]] splits the Catholic Church, eventually leading to three simultaneous [[pope]]s and not resolved until 1417.
-*[[1378]]: [[Battle of the Vozha River]] between Russians and Mongols.
+* 1378: [[Battle of the Vozha River]] between Russians and Mongols.
-* [[1378]]–[[1382]]: [[Ciompi Revolt]] occurs in [[Florence]].
+* 1378–[[1382]]: [[Ciompi Revolt]] occurs in [[Florence]].
-===[[1380s]]===
+== [[1380s]] ==
 [[Image:Batalha de Aljubarrota 02.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum|The Portuguese interregnum]], ''[[Battle of Aljubarrota]] between the Portuguese and Castilians in [[1385]].'']]
-*[[1380]]: Russian principalities defeat the [[Golden Horde]] at the [[Battle of Kulikovo]].
+* [[1380]]: Russian principalities defeat the [[Golden Horde]] at the [[Battle of Kulikovo]].
-* [[1381]]: [[John Wycliffe]] is dismissed from the [[University of Oxford]] for criticism of the [[Roman Catholic Church]], thus the [[Lollardy]] movement rises in [[England]].
+* [[1381]]: [[John Wycliffe]] is dismissed from the [[University of Oxford]] for criticism of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]], leading to the [[Lollardy]] movement in [[England]].
-* [[1381]]: [[Peasants' Revolt]] in England.
+* 1381: [[Peasants' Revolt]] in England.
-*[[1382]]: Khan [[Tokhtamysh]] captures [[Moscow]].
+* [[1382]]: Khan [[Tokhtamysh]] captures [[Moscow]].
-*[[1382]]: [[Barquq]] rise to power to start the [[Burji dynasty]], the Circassian Mamuluk Dynasty in Egypt.
+* 1382: [[Barquq]] rise to power to start the [[Burji dynasty]], the Circassian Mamuluk Dynasty in Egypt.
 * [[1385]]: [[Battle of Aljubarrota]] between [[Portugal]] and [[Crown of Castile|Castile]]. Portugal maintains independence.
 * [[1385]]: [[Union of Krewo]] between [[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]].
 * [[1389]]: [[Battle of Kosovo]] between Serbs and Ottoman Turks; [[Prince Lazar]], Sultan [[Murad I]] and [[Miloš Obilić]] are killed.
-* [[1389]]: [[Wikramawardhana]] succeeds Sri Rajasanagara as ruler of Majapahit.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18"/>
+* 1389: [[Wikramawardhana]] succeeds Sri Rajasanagara as ruler of Majapahit.<ref name="RICKLEFSp18" />
-===[[1390s]]===
+== 1390–1400 ==
+[[File:Timur defeats the sultan of Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Timur]] defeats the [[Sultan of Delhi]], [[Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq]], in the winter of 1397–1398, painting dated 1595–1600.|336x336px]]
-* [[1391]]: [[Anti-Jewish]] [[pogroms]] spreads throughout Spain and Portugal, and many thousands of [[Jews]] are massacred.
+* [[1391]]: [[Anti-Jewish]] [[pogroms]] spread throughout Spain and Portugal, and many thousands of [[Jews]] are massacred.
 * [[1392]]: [[Taejo of Joseon]] establishes the [[Joseon Dynasty]].
-* [[1396]]: The [[Battle of Nicopolis]], in which the Ottomans defeat a large crusader army composed of knights and men-at-arms by the kingdoms of Hungary, France, the [[Holy Roman Empire]], England and [[Wallachia]].
+* [[1396]]: The [[Battle of Nicopolis]], in which the Ottoman Empire defeats a large [[Crusades|Crusader]] army of knights and infantry from various Christian kingdoms including [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Kingdom of France|France]], the [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]] and [[Wallachia]].
 * [[1396]]: The [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] ends, with the capture of the last stronghold fortress of [[Vidin]] and its king [[Ivan Sratsimir]] by the Ottomans.
 * [[1397]]: The [[Kalmar Union]] is established, uniting [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Denmark]] into one kingdom.
+* 1397: Reign of [[Chimalpopoca]] begins as the third ''[[tlatoani]]'' of [[Tenochtitlan]].
+== Undated ==
+* Transition from the [[Medieval Warm Period]] to the [[Little Ice Age]].
+* [[Crisis of the Late Middle Ages]]
+* The poet [[Petrarch]] coins the term [[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]] to describe the preceding 900 years in [[Europe]], beginning with the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in [[476]] through to the renewal embodied in the [[Renaissance]].
+* Beginning of the [[Ottoman Empire]], early expansion into the [[Balkans]].
+* [[Iwan]] vault, [[Jamé Mosque of Isfahan]], [[Isfahan]], [[Iran]], is built.
+* Early 14th century: Kao Ninga paints ''Monk Sewing'' (attributed) in the [[Kamakura period]] ([[Cleveland Museum of Art|Cleveland Museum]] collection).
+* An account of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s life, translated earlier into Greek by [[Saint John of Damascus]] and widely circulated to [[Christianity|Christians]] as the story of [[Barlaam and Josaphat]], became so popular that the two were venerated as [[saints]].<ref>Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony (1900). " Sanskrit Literature and the West.". A History of Sanskrit Literature. New York: D. Appleton and Co. p. 420.</ref>
+* [[Singapore]] emerges for the first time as an important fortified city and trading centre.
+* [[Islam]] reaches [[Terengganu]], on the [[Malay Peninsula]] as evidence by the [[Terengganu Inscription Stone]].
+* The [[Hausa people|Hausa]] found several [[city-state]]s in the south of modern [[Niger]].
+* Work begins on the Great Enclosure at [[Great Zimbabwe]], built of non-cemented, dressed stone. Research suggests the city's population to be between less than 10,000 to 18,000 at its peak.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chirikure, S. |display-authors=etal |year=2017 |title=What was the population of Great Zimbabwe (CE1000 – 1800) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=6 |page=e0178335 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1278335C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0178335 |pmc=5470674 |pmid=28614397 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="contested">{{cite book |last=Kuklick |first=Henrika |title=Colonial situations: essays on the contextualization of ethnographic knowledge |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-299-13124-1 |editor=George W. Stocking |pages=135–170 |chapter=Contested monuments: the politics of archaeology in southern Africa}}</ref>
 ==Inventions, discoveries, introductions==
-*[[Timeline of historic inventions#14th century|List of 14th century inventions]]
+{{See also|Timeline of historic inventions#14th century}}
-* Music of the [[Ars nova]]
+* Music of [[Ars nova]]
+* Foundation of the [[University of Cracow|University of Kraków]]
-* The technique of [[knitting]]
+* Chinese text the ''[[Huolongjing]]'' by [[Jiao Yu]] describes [[fire lance]]s, [[fire arrow]]s, [[Multiple rocket launcher|rocket launcher]]s, [[land mine]]s, [[naval mine]]s, [[bombard (weapon)|bombard]]s, [[cannon]]s, and hollow [[cast iron]] [[Round shot|cannonball]]s filled with [[gunpowder]], and their use to set ablaze enemy camps
-* Foundation of the [[University of Cracow]]
+* First [[pound lock]] in Europe reportedly built in Vreeswijk, Netherlands in 1373<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.turkcebilgi.com/Pound+lock|title=pound lock|date=August 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815174854/http://english.turkcebilgi.com/Pound+lock |archive-date=2011-08-15 }}</ref>
-* Chinese text the ''[[Huolongjing]]'' by [[Jiao Yu]] describes [[fire lance]]s, [[fire arrow]]s ([[rocket]]s), [[Multiple rocket launcher|rocket launcher]]s, [[land mine]]s, [[naval mine]]s, [[bombard (weapon)|bombard]]s, [[cannon]]s, and hollow [[cast iron]] [[Round shot|cannonball]]s filled with [[gunpowder]], and their use to set ablaze enemy camps.
-* First [[pound lock]] in Europe reportedly built in Vreeswijk, Netherlands in 1373<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110815174854/http://english.turkcebilgi.com/Pound+lock Pound lock]</ref>
 ==References==

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