Spatangus purpureus: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of sea urchin}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
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|image = Spatangus purpureus.jpg |
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|species=purpureus |
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|authority=[[Otto Friedrich Müller|O.F. Müller]], 1776<ref name=WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS |author=Kroh, Andreas |year=2021 |title=''Spatangus purpureus'' O.F. Müller, 1776 |id=124418 |accessdate=22 September 2021}}</ref> |
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|synonyms=*''Prospatangus purpureus''<small> (O.F. Müller, 1776)</small> |
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*''Spatagus purpureus''<small> O.F. Müller, 1776</small> |
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*''Spatangus meridionalis''<small> Risso, 1825</small> |
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*''Spatangus reginae''<small> Gray, 1851</small> |
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*''Spatangus spinosissimus''<small> Desor in L. Agassiz & Desor, 1847b</small> |
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}} |
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'''''Spatangus purpureus''''', commonly known as the '''purple heart urchin''',<ref name=Doris/> is a species of [[sea urchin]] in the family [[Spatangidae]]. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, where it lives immersed in the sediment. |
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==Description== |
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{{echinoidea-stub}} |
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''Spatangus purpureus'' has a somewhat flattened [[Test (biology)|test]] with a flat oral surface (underside) and a domed aboral surface (upper side). It is an irregular animal and not radially symmetric as are most sea urchins; there is a notch at the front and the mouth is forward pointing, while the anus is at the rear. It can grow to a length of {{convert|12|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} and a width of {{convert|8|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}. The test is reddish-purple and there are two types of spines, many short, silky, purplish spines up to {{convert|1|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long, and fewer beige [[chitin]]ous spines {{convert|3|to|4|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=Doris/> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
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''Spatangus purpureus'' is native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the [[English Channel]]. Its range extends from Iceland and the [[North Cape (Norway)|North Cape]] in Norway southwards to Senegal.<ref name=Doris>{{cite web |url=https://doris.ffessm.fr/ref/specie/95 |author1=Perrier, Philippe |author2=André, Frédéric |author3=Pean, Michel |name-list-style=amp |title=''Spatangus purpureus'' O.F. Müller, 1776 |date=7 November 2020 |publisher=DORIS |language=French |accessdate=22 September 2021}}</ref> It lives immersed in coarse sand or gravel, but seldom in mud. Its depth range is from the shallow sub-littoral, where it occurs in wave-sheltered areas, down to about {{convert|900|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=MarLIN>{{cite web |url=https://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/detail/1191 |title=Purple heart urchin (''Spatangus purpureus'') |publisher=MarLIN |accessdate=22 September 2021}}</ref> |
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==Ecology== |
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The diet of ''Spatangus purpureus'' is unknown, but it is often founds in beds of soft red algae. Analysis of the gonads show that they contain two polyunsaturated fatty acids that are present in the red algae as well as [[palmitoleic acid]], which is present in the sediment, the ratio varying with the relative abundance of these foods. These findings indicate that ''Spatangus purpureus'' has omnivorous feeding habits, with phytodetritus from the algal beds being an important part of the diet.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Barberá, C. |author2=Fernández-Jover, D. |author3=López Jiménez, J.A. |author4=González Silvera, D. |author5=Hinz, H. |author6=Moranta, J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=Trophic ecology of the sea urchin ''Spatangus purpureus'' elucidated from gonad fatty acids composition analysis |journal=Marine Environmental Research |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=235–246 |doi=10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.01.008 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00682416/file/PEER_stage2_10.1016%252Fj.marenvres.2011.01.008.pdf }}</ref> |
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This sea urchin is often associated with a small bivalve mollusc, ''[[Montacuta substriata]]'', which attaches to the spines.<ref name=MarLIN/> Another associate that lives among the spines is the [[Polychaete|polychaete worm]] ''[[Malmgreniella castanea]]'', some {{convert|1|or|2|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long, which has large purple scales. The red comb star ''[[Astropecten aranciacus]]'' is the main [[Predation|predator]], and [[Sparidae|sea breams]] can crush the test and consume the contents. In the Mediterranean Sea, the helmet shell ''[[Galeodea echinophora]]'' drills a hole through the test and inserts its proboscis to digest the soft tissues inside.<ref name=Doris/> |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q3018140}} |
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[[Category:Echinoderms described in 1776]] |
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[[Category:Echinoderms of the Atlantic Ocean]] |
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[[Category:Fauna of the Mediterranean Sea]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Otto Friedrich Müller]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:51, 1 October 2024
| Spatangus purpureus | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Echinoidea |
| Order: | Spatangoida |
| Family: | Spatangidae |
| Genus: | Spatangus |
| Species: | S. purpureus
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| Binomial name | |
| Spatangus purpureus O.F. Müller, 1776[1]
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| Synonyms | |
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Spatangus purpureus, commonly known as the purple heart urchin,[2] is a species of sea urchin in the family Spatangidae. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, where it lives immersed in the sediment.
Description
[edit]Spatangus purpureus has a somewhat flattened test with a flat oral surface (underside) and a domed aboral surface (upper side). It is an irregular animal and not radially symmetric as are most sea urchins; there is a notch at the front and the mouth is forward pointing, while the anus is at the rear. It can grow to a length of 12 cm (5 in) and a width of 8 cm (3 in). The test is reddish-purple and there are two types of spines, many short, silky, purplish spines up to 1 cm (0.4 in) long, and fewer beige chitinous spines 3 to 4 cm (1.2 to 1.6 in) long.[2]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Spatangus purpureus is native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the English Channel. Its range extends from Iceland and the North Cape in Norway southwards to Senegal.[2] It lives immersed in coarse sand or gravel, but seldom in mud. Its depth range is from the shallow sub-littoral, where it occurs in wave-sheltered areas, down to about 900 m (3,000 ft).[3]
Ecology
[edit]The diet of Spatangus purpureus is unknown, but it is often founds in beds of soft red algae. Analysis of the gonads show that they contain two polyunsaturated fatty acids that are present in the red algae as well as palmitoleic acid, which is present in the sediment, the ratio varying with the relative abundance of these foods. These findings indicate that Spatangus purpureus has omnivorous feeding habits, with phytodetritus from the algal beds being an important part of the diet.[4] This sea urchin is often associated with a small bivalve mollusc, Montacuta substriata, which attaches to the spines.[3] Another associate that lives among the spines is the polychaete worm Malmgreniella castanea, some 1 or 2 cm (0.4 or 0.8 in) long, which has large purple scales. The red comb star Astropecten aranciacus is the main predator, and sea breams can crush the test and consume the contents. In the Mediterranean Sea, the helmet shell Galeodea echinophora drills a hole through the test and inserts its proboscis to digest the soft tissues inside.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ Kroh, Andreas (2021). "Spatangus purpureus O.F. Müller, 1776". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ a b c d Perrier, Philippe; André, Frédéric & Pean, Michel (7 November 2020). "Spatangus purpureus O.F. Müller, 1776" (in French). DORIS. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ a b "Purple heart urchin (Spatangus purpureus)". MarLIN. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ Barberá, C.; Fernández-Jover, D.; López Jiménez, J.A.; González Silvera, D.; Hinz, H. & Moranta, J. (2011). "Trophic ecology of the sea urchin Spatangus purpureus elucidated from gonad fatty acids composition analysis" (PDF). Marine Environmental Research. 71 (4): 235–246. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.01.008.