Chasa (caste): Difference between revisions
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| religions = [[Hinduism]] |
| religions = [[Hinduism]] |
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| languages = [[Odia language|Odia]] |
| languages = [[Odia language|Odia]] |
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| related = [[Gopal (caste)|Gopal |
| related = [[Gopal (caste)|Gopal]] |
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}} |
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'''Chasa''' is a |
'''Chasa''' is a [[caste]] in [[India]] natively residing in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. Chasas were traditionally cultivators but are now engaged in several professions. The [[Odia language|Odia]] word ''chasa'' means farmer.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Nab Kishore Behura |author2=Ramesh P. Mohanty |title=Family Welfare in India: A Cross-cultural Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6Gz0ZDw7PQC&pg=PA43 |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-920-3 |page=43 }}</ref> They are third largest caste by population in Odisha.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://casi.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/iit/Sanjay%20Kumar.pdf |title=casi.sas.upenn.edu |format= |accessdate=}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The Orh/Oda Chasas claim that they were the first tribe to settle in Odisha, and that they began to cultivate the land. They claim that Odisha is named after them.<ref name="Pati2008">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Nath Pati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&pg=PA114|title=Family Planning|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-81-313-0352-8|pages=114–115}}</ref> |
The Orh/Oda Chasas claim that they were the first tribe to settle in Odisha, and that they began to cultivate the land. They claim that Odisha is named after them.<ref name="Pati2008">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Nath Pati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&pg=PA114|title=Family Planning|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-81-313-0352-8|pages=114–115}}</ref> |
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They are classified as |
They are classified as [[Shudra]] in the [[Hindu caste system]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sable|first=Alan|title=Education in Orissa: A Study in Selection and Allocation Process|publisher=S. Chand Group|year=1977|pages=33}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Eastern Anthropologist|publisher=Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society|year=2006|pages=214–215}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rösel|first=Jakob|title=Der Palast des Herrn der Welt: Entstehungsgeschichte und Organisation der indischen Tempel-und Pilgerstadt Puri|publisher=Weltforum Verlag|year=1980|pages=46, 66, 70}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Behera|first1=Deepak Kumar|title=Contemporary Society: Tribal situation in India|last2=Pfeffer|first2=Georg|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1997|pages=191}}</ref> The association between Chasas and their occupation of manual labour (ploughing) was used to stigmatize the Chasas and distinguish them from the upper castes as late as the early 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pinch|first=William R.|title=Peasants and Monks in British India|publisher=University of California Press|year=1996|isbn=0-520-20060-8|pages=112|chapter=Being ''Vaishnava'', Becoming ''Kshatriya''}}</ref> "''Chasa''" was considered to be a "generic derogatory term for cultivators", in contrast to the ''sabhya bhabya Gan'' "sophisticated people".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Subhajyoti|title=Transformations on the Bengal Frontier: Jalpaiguri 1765-1948|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-700-71408-7|pages=136}}</ref> |
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Around the turn of the 20th century, Chasas were small farmers and marginal [[raiyat]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mohanty|first=Bidyut|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1AEAAAQBAJ&q=chasa|title=A Haunting Tragedy: Gender, Caste and Class in the 1866 Famine of Orissa|publisher=Routledge|year=2022|isbn=9781000506839 }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Chasas are classified under [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] category in Odisha, where '''Odapadhan''' a subdivision of Chasa caste |
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In modern-day Odisha, the Chasas are among the dominant castes in most villages, and are landowners and economically powerful.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mahapatra|first=L. K.|title=The Realm of the Extra-Human: Agents and Audiences|publisher=Mouton Publishers|year=1976|editor-last=Bharati|editor-first=Agehananda|pages=65|chapter=Gods, Kings, and the Caste System in India}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Chasas are classified under the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] category in Odisha, where '''Odapadhan''', a subdivision of the Chasa caste, belong to the SEBC category. Risley notes that, since the caste system is not practiced as per the Varna model he was idolizing, it was possible for outsiders to become Chasas, and wealthy Chasas who took up the title [[Mohanty]] could marry into [[Karan (caste)|Karana]] families.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hewitt|first=J. F.|date=April 1893|title=Art. VII.–The Tribes and Castes of Bengal, by H. H. Risley. Vols. I. and II. Ethnographic Glossary, Vols. I. and II. Anthropometric Data|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00022395|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland|volume=25|issue=2|pages=237–300|doi=10.1017/s0035869x00022395|s2cid=163011123 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Some wealthy Chasas began identifying as [[Khandayat (caste)|Khandayats]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pati|first=Biswamoy|title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=978-0-203-93380-0|editor-last=Ernst|editor-first=Waltraud|pages=89|chapter=The order of legitimacy: princely Orissa}}</ref> The Chasas are ranked into four subcastes: Benatya, Oda/Odra, Chukuliya, and Sukuliya. The Benatyas are the highest in rank, and the Chukuliyas are the lowest in rank.<ref name="Pati2008" /> |
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==People== |
==People== |
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[[Category:Indian castes]] |
[[Category:Indian castes]] |
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[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]] |
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]] |
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[[Category:Other Backward Classes]] |
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Latest revision as of 11:17, 2 October 2024
| Chasa | |
|---|---|
| Religions | Hinduism |
| Languages | Odia |
| Populated states | Odisha |
| Subdivisions | Odachasa, Odapadhan |
| Related groups | Gopal |
Chasa is a caste in India natively residing in the Indian state of Odisha. Chasas were traditionally cultivators but are now engaged in several professions. The Odia word chasa means farmer.[1] They are third largest caste by population in Odisha.[2]
History
[edit]The Orh/Oda Chasas claim that they were the first tribe to settle in Odisha, and that they began to cultivate the land. They claim that Odisha is named after them.[3]
They are classified as Shudra in the Hindu caste system.[4][5][6][7] The association between Chasas and their occupation of manual labour (ploughing) was used to stigmatize the Chasas and distinguish them from the upper castes as late as the early 19th century.[8] "Chasa" was considered to be a "generic derogatory term for cultivators", in contrast to the sabhya bhabya Gan "sophisticated people".[9]
Around the turn of the 20th century, Chasas were small farmers and marginal raiyats.[10]
In modern-day Odisha, the Chasas are among the dominant castes in most villages, and are landowners and economically powerful.[11]
Classification
[edit]Chasas are classified under the OBC category in Odisha, where Odapadhan, a subdivision of the Chasa caste, belong to the SEBC category. Risley notes that, since the caste system is not practiced as per the Varna model he was idolizing, it was possible for outsiders to become Chasas, and wealthy Chasas who took up the title Mohanty could marry into Karana families.[12] Some wealthy Chasas began identifying as Khandayats.[13] The Chasas are ranked into four subcastes: Benatya, Oda/Odra, Chukuliya, and Sukuliya. The Benatyas are the highest in rank, and the Chukuliyas are the lowest in rank.[3]
People
[edit]- Sarala Dasa, 15th century Odia poet[14]
References
[edit]- ^ Nab Kishore Behura; Ramesh P. Mohanty (1 January 2005). Family Welfare in India: A Cross-cultural Study. Discovery Publishing House. p. 43. ISBN 978-81-7141-920-3.
- ^ "casi.sas.upenn.edu" (PDF).
- ^ a b Rabindra Nath Pati (2008). Family Planning. APH Publishing. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-81-313-0352-8.
- ^ Sable, Alan (1977). Education in Orissa: A Study in Selection and Allocation Process. S. Chand Group. p. 33.
- ^ The Eastern Anthropologist. Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society. 2006. pp. 214–215.
- ^ Rösel, Jakob (1980). Der Palast des Herrn der Welt: Entstehungsgeschichte und Organisation der indischen Tempel-und Pilgerstadt Puri. Weltforum Verlag. pp. 46, 66, 70.
- ^ Behera, Deepak Kumar; Pfeffer, Georg (1997). Contemporary Society: Tribal situation in India. Concept Publishing Company. p. 191.
- ^ Pinch, William R. (1996). "Being Vaishnava, Becoming Kshatriya". Peasants and Monks in British India. University of California Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-520-20060-8.
- ^ Ray, Subhajyoti (2002). Transformations on the Bengal Frontier: Jalpaiguri 1765-1948. Routledge. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-700-71408-7.
- ^ Mohanty, Bidyut (2022). A Haunting Tragedy: Gender, Caste and Class in the 1866 Famine of Orissa. Routledge. ISBN 9781000506839.
- ^ Mahapatra, L. K. (1976). "Gods, Kings, and the Caste System in India". In Bharati, Agehananda (ed.). The Realm of the Extra-Human: Agents and Audiences. Mouton Publishers. p. 65.
- ^ Hewitt, J. F. (April 1893). "Art. VII.–The Tribes and Castes of Bengal, by H. H. Risley. Vols. I. and II. Ethnographic Glossary, Vols. I. and II. Anthropometric Data". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 25 (2): 237–300. doi:10.1017/s0035869x00022395. ISSN 0035-869X. S2CID 163011123.
- ^ Pati, Biswamoy (2007). "The order of legitimacy: princely Orissa". In Ernst, Waltraud (ed.). India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-203-93380-0.
- ^ Sujit Mukherjee (1998). A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850. Orient Blackswan. pp. 351–. ISBN 978-81-250-1453-9.