Asclepias viridis: Difference between revisions

Asclepias viridis
Conservation status
	; Apparently Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Gentianales
Family:	Apocynaceae
Genus:	Asclepias
Species:	A. viridis
Binomial name
	Asclepias viridis; Walter

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Asclepias viridis is a species of milkweed, a plant in the dogbane family known by the common names green milkweed, green antelopehorn and spider milkweed.^[2]^[3]^[4] The Latin word viridis means green. The plant is native to the midwestern, south central and southeastern United States, as well as to the southeastern portion of the western United States.^[5]

A. viridis is a perennial forb with alternately arranged leaves. The inflorescence is an umbel of white flowers with purplish centers.^[2] Its root system is a taproot,^[6] like that of butterfly weed (A. tuberosa).

A. viridis grows on many types of soil. It is common in overgrazed pasture land and roadsides.^[2]

Ecology

Like some other milkweed species, A. viridis is a host plant for the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus).^[7]

Monarch Watch provides information on rearing monarchs and their host plants.^[8] Efforts to restore falling monarch butterfly populations by establishing butterfly gardens and monarch migratory "waystations" require particular attention to the target species' food preferences and population cycles, as well to the conditions needed to propagate and maintain their food plants.^[9]

For example, where it grows in the southern Great Plains and in the western United States, monarchs reproduce on A. viridis, especially when its foliage is soft and fresh. Because monarch reproduction peaks in those areas in late summer and early fall when scenescent milkweed foliage is old and tough, A. viridis needs to be mowed or cut back in July to assure that it will be regrowing rapidly when monarch reproduction reaches its peak.^[10]

A. virdis is one of the first milkweeds to bloom in the Ohio River Valley (May to June). In that area, monarch butterfly and milkweed tussock moth (Euchaetes egle) caterpillars are seldom found on the plant as it sheds its leaves and becomes dormant in late June to early July before the two Lepidoptera species arrive.^[3]

Cultivation

The plant is difficult to cultivate and does not grow well in containers.^[11]^[12] The seeds of some milkweeds need periods of cold treatment (cold stratification) before they will germinate.^[13] To protect seeds from washing away during heavy rains and from seed–eating birds, one can cover the seeds with a light fabric or with an 0.5 in (13 mm) layer of straw mulch.^[14] However, mulch acts as an insulator. Thicker layers of mulch can prevent seeds from germinating if they prevent soil temperatures from rising enough when winter ends. Further, few seedlings can push through a thick layer of mulch.^[15]

References

^ NatureServe (December 1, 2023). "Asclepias viridis". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Davis, Lee (May 31, 2006). "Plant guide for Green Milkweed: Asclepias viridis Walt." (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Taylor, David. "Green Antelopehorn (Asclepias viridis)". Plant of the Week. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. Archived from the original on March 27, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
^ (1) Borders, Brianna; Casey, Allen; Row, John M.; Wynia, Rich; King, Randy; Jacobs, Alayna; Taylor, Chip; Mader, Eric (June 24, 2013). Walls, Hailey; Rich, Kaitlyn (eds.). "Asclepias viridis Green antelopehorn" (PDF). Pollinator Plants of the Central United States: Native Milkweeds (Asclepias spp.). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
(2) "Asclepias viridis: Spider Milkweed". NatureServe. Archived from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
^ "Asclepias viridis: Spider Milkweed". NatureServe. Archived from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
^ "Asclepias viridis". Native Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas at Austin.
^ Van Hook, T. and M. P. Zalucki. (1991). Oviposition by Danaus plexippus (Nymphalidae: Danainae) on Asclepias viridis in northern Florida.^{[permanent dead link‍]} Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 45(3) 215-21.
^ "Monarch Watch". monarchwatch.org. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
^ (1) Borders, Brianna; Lee-Mäder, Eric (2014). "Milkweed Propagation and Seed Production" (PDF). Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner's Guide: Plant Ecology, Seed Production Methods, and Habitat Restoration Opportunities. Portland, Oregon: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. pp. 21–95. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
(2) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). "Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat" (PDF). International Plant Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (2014). 64: 299–307. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service.
^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2020). Evaluating the Suitability of Roadway Corridors for Use by Monarch Butterflies. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. pp. 79–80. doi:10.17226/25693. ISBN 9780309481328. LCCN 2020935714. OCLC 1229163481. S2CID 218854539. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 942. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2021. Could roadside mowing stimulate milkweed growth and support monarch breeding? Limited research in eastern North America has shown that spring or summer mowing can promote new growth and extend the availability of milkweed plants for monarch breeding. Mowing may stimulate growth of some milkweed species, particularly those that spread through rhizomes like common milkweed (A. syriaca) and showy milkweed (A. speciosa). Summer (June or July) mowing in Michigan resulted in more monarch eggs on regenerated stems than unmowed stems. Summer (July) mowing and burning can increase green antelopehorn milkweed (A. viridis) availability in the late summer and early fall in the Southern Great Plains, whereas in areas without mowing, the milkweed has senesced by August. In the West, showy milkweed will regrow after summer mowing and continue to support monarch breeding (Stephanie McKnight, personal observation). However, more research is needed in other areas to determine the optimal timing and frequency of mowing that promotes not only milkweed but also nectar plants. It is also unknown if the benefit of additional milkweed availability in the fall outweighs the costs of the larval mortality caused by summer mowing. The benefits are likely greater in areas that primarily have breeding monarchs in the spring and fall and where the dominant species of milkweed spread by rhizomes. Sources: Alcock et al. 2016; Baum and Mueller, 2015; Bhowick 1994; Haan and Landis 2019; Fischer et al. 2015
^ "Persnickety Texas Milkweeds "May not Lend Themselves to Mass Seed Production"". March 13, 2013.
^ "How to Get Texas Native Milkweed Seeds to Germinate". March 13, 2013.
^ (1) Borders, Brianna; Lee-Mäder, Eric (2014). "Milkweed Propagation and Seed Production: Stratification" (PDF). Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner's Guide: Plant Ecology, Seed Production Methods, and Habitat Restoration Opportunities. Portland, Oregon: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. pp. 28–29. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
(2) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). "Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat" (PDF). International Plant Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (2014). 64: 302. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. Many sources of milkweed seeds require stratification (cold, moist treatment) before sowing. In a review of stratification requirements for common milkweed, recommendations varied from as short as 7 days to as long as 11 months at 5°C (41°F) (Luna and Dumroese, 2013). Butterfly milkweed (A. tuberosa) germination increased from 29 to 48 to 62% as stratification duration increased from 0 to 30 to 60 days, respectively (Bir, 1986). Our informal natural stratification trial with showy (milkweed) and narrow leaf milkweed (A. fascicularis) in southern Oregon revealed that seeds began to germinate after 15 weeks in stratification (Fig. 3A).
(3) Higgins, Adrian (May 27, 2015). "7 milkweed varieties and where to find them". Home & Garden. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2020. Seed may be stubborn to germinate and may need a period of cold treatment..
^ (1) Mader, Eric; Shepherd, Mathew; Vaughan, Mace; Black, Scott Hoffman; LeBuhn, Gretchen (2011). Attracting Native Pollinators: Protecting North America's Bees and Butterflies: The Xerces Society guide. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. pp. 113–114. ISBN 9781603427470. LCCN 2010043054. OCLC 776997073. Retrieved July 7, 2021 – via Internet Archive.
(2) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). "Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat" (PDF). International Plant Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (2014). 64: 302. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. Any of the standard seed propagation methods (Landis et al., 1999) are effective with milkweed. Direct sowing of non-stratified seeds during the fall followed by exposure to ambient winter conditions can be effective, but the seeds must be mulched and protected. Cover sown seeds with a thin mulch; research has found that common milkweed seeds germinated better when planted 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in.) deep than when at the soil surface (Jeffery and Robison, 1971).
^ Bush-Brown, James; Bush-Brown, Louise (1958). "Chapter 32: Mulches". America's garden book. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 768. LCCN 58005738. OCLC 597041748 – via Internet Archive.

External links

Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses
Native Plant Database profile, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas at Austin

[1] NatureServe (December 1, 2023). "Asclepias viridis". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved December 17, 2023.

[usda-2] Davis, Lee (May 31, 2006). "Plant guide for Green Milkweed: Asclepias viridis Walt." (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.

[Taylor-3] Taylor, David. "Green Antelopehorn (Asclepias viridis)". Plant of the Week. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. Archived from the original on March 27, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.

[4] (1) Borders, Brianna; Casey, Allen; Row, John M.; Wynia, Rich; King, Randy; Jacobs, Alayna; Taylor, Chip; Mader, Eric (June 24, 2013). Walls, Hailey; Rich, Kaitlyn (eds.). "Asclepias viridis Green antelopehorn" (PDF). Pollinator Plants of the Central United States: Native Milkweeds (Asclepias spp.). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
(2) "Asclepias viridis: Spider Milkweed". NatureServe. Archived from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.

[ns-5] "Asclepias viridis: Spider Milkweed". NatureServe. Archived from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.

[6] "Asclepias viridis". Native Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas at Austin.

[van-7] Van Hook, T. and M. P. Zalucki. (1991). Oviposition by Danaus plexippus (Nymphalidae: Danainae) on Asclepias viridis in northern Florida.^{[permanent dead link‍]} Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 45(3) 215-21.

[8] "Monarch Watch". monarchwatch.org. Retrieved September 27, 2015.

[9] (1) Borders, Brianna; Lee-Mäder, Eric (2014). "Milkweed Propagation and Seed Production" (PDF). Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner's Guide: Plant Ecology, Seed Production Methods, and Habitat Restoration Opportunities. Portland, Oregon: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. pp. 21–95. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
(2) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). "Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat" (PDF). International Plant Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (2014). 64: 299–307. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service.

[10] National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2020). Evaluating the Suitability of Roadway Corridors for Use by Monarch Butterflies. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. pp. 79–80. doi:10.17226/25693. ISBN 9780309481328. LCCN 2020935714. OCLC 1229163481. S2CID 218854539. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 942. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2021. Could roadside mowing stimulate milkweed growth and support monarch breeding? Limited research in eastern North America has shown that spring or summer mowing can promote new growth and extend the availability of milkweed plants for monarch breeding. Mowing may stimulate growth of some milkweed species, particularly those that spread through rhizomes like common milkweed (A. syriaca) and showy milkweed (A. speciosa). Summer (June or July) mowing in Michigan resulted in more monarch eggs on regenerated stems than unmowed stems. Summer (July) mowing and burning can increase green antelopehorn milkweed (A. viridis) availability in the late summer and early fall in the Southern Great Plains, whereas in areas without mowing, the milkweed has senesced by August. In the West, showy milkweed will regrow after summer mowing and continue to support monarch breeding (Stephanie McKnight, personal observation). However, more research is needed in other areas to determine the optimal timing and frequency of mowing that promotes not only milkweed but also nectar plants. It is also unknown if the benefit of additional milkweed availability in the fall outweighs the costs of the larval mortality caused by summer mowing. The benefits are likely greater in areas that primarily have breeding monarchs in the spring and fall and where the dominant species of milkweed spread by rhizomes. Sources: Alcock et al. 2016; Baum and Mueller, 2015; Bhowick 1994; Haan and Landis 2019; Fischer et al. 2015

[11] "Persnickety Texas Milkweeds "May not Lend Themselves to Mass Seed Production"". March 13, 2013.

[12] "How to Get Texas Native Milkweed Seeds to Germinate". March 13, 2013.

[13] (1) Borders, Brianna; Lee-Mäder, Eric (2014). "Milkweed Propagation and Seed Production: Stratification" (PDF). Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner's Guide: Plant Ecology, Seed Production Methods, and Habitat Restoration Opportunities. Portland, Oregon: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. pp. 28–29. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
(2) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). "Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat" (PDF). International Plant Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (2014). 64: 302. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. Many sources of milkweed seeds require stratification (cold, moist treatment) before sowing. In a review of stratification requirements for common milkweed, recommendations varied from as short as 7 days to as long as 11 months at 5°C (41°F) (Luna and Dumroese, 2013). Butterfly milkweed (A. tuberosa) germination increased from 29 to 48 to 62% as stratification duration increased from 0 to 30 to 60 days, respectively (Bir, 1986). Our informal natural stratification trial with showy (milkweed) and narrow leaf milkweed (A. fascicularis) in southern Oregon revealed that seeds began to germinate after 15 weeks in stratification (Fig. 3A).
(3) Higgins, Adrian (May 27, 2015). "7 milkweed varieties and where to find them". Home & Garden. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2020. Seed may be stubborn to germinate and may need a period of cold treatment..

[14] (1) Mader, Eric; Shepherd, Mathew; Vaughan, Mace; Black, Scott Hoffman; LeBuhn, Gretchen (2011). Attracting Native Pollinators: Protecting North America's Bees and Butterflies: The Xerces Society guide. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. pp. 113–114. ISBN 9781603427470. LCCN 2010043054. OCLC 776997073. Retrieved July 7, 2021 – via Internet Archive.
(2) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). "Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat" (PDF). International Plant Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (2014). 64: 302. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. Any of the standard seed propagation methods (Landis et al., 1999) are effective with milkweed. Direct sowing of non-stratified seeds during the fall followed by exposure to ambient winter conditions can be effective, but the seeds must be mulched and protected. Cover sown seeds with a thin mulch; research has found that common milkweed seeds germinated better when planted 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in.) deep than when at the soil surface (Jeffery and Robison, 1971).

[15] Bush-Brown, James; Bush-Brown, Louise (1958). "Chapter 32: Mulches". America's garden book. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 768. LCCN 58005738. OCLC 597041748 – via Internet Archive.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
 {{Short description|Species of plant}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
 {{speciesbox
-|image = Asclepias viridis.jpg
+|image = Asclepias viridis Arkansas.jpg
 |status = G4
 |status_system = TNC
+|status_ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.130842/Asclepias_viridis|title=''Asclepias viridis''|website=NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer|publisher=NatureServe|author=NatureServe|location=Arlington, Virginia|date=1 December 2023|access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref>
 |genus = Asclepias
 |species = viridis
-|authority = Walter
+|authority = [[Thomas Walter (botanist)|Walter]]
 }}
-'''''Asclepias viridis''''' is a species of [[Asclepias|milkweed]], a plant in the [[Apocynaceae|dogbane family]] known by the common names '''green milkweed''', '''green antelopehorn''' and '''spider milkweed'''.<ref name=usda>{{cite web |last=Davis|first=Lee|date=May 31, 2006|url=https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_asvi2.pdf|title=Plant guide for Green Milkweed: ''Asclepias viridis'' Walt..|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]: [[Natural Resources Conservation Service]]|access-date=July 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711221812/https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_asvi2.pdf|archive-date=July 11, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>(1) {{cite web|first=David|last=Taylor|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/asclepias_viridis.shtml|title=Green Antelopehorn (''Asclepias viridis'')|work=Plant of the Week|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]: [[United States Forest Service]]|access-date=July 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327062846/https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/asclepias_viridis.shtml|archive-date=March 27, 2021|url-status=live}}<br />(2) {{cite web|first1=Brianna, [[Xerces Society|The Xerces Society]]|last1=Borders|first2=Allen, USDA-NRCS Missouri|last2=Casey|first3=John M., USDA-NRCS Kansas|last3=Row|first4=Rich, USDA-NRCS Kansas|last4= Wynia|first5=Randy, USDA-NRCS Arkansas|last5=King|first6=Alayna, USDA-NRCS Arkansas|last6=Jacobs|first7=Chip, [[Monarch Watch]]|last7=Taylor|first8=Eric, The Xerces Society|last8=Mader|editor-first1=Hailey, The Xerces Society|editor-last1=Walls|editor-first2=Kaitlyn, The Xerces Society|editor-last2=Rich|date=June 24, 2013|url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/mopmcpu11905.pdf|title=''Asclepias viridis'' Green antelopehorn|work=Pollinator Plants of the Central United States: Native Milkweeds (Asclepias spp.)|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]: [[Natural Resources Conservation Service]]|access-date=July 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331180945/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/mopmcpu11905.pdf|archive-date=March 31, 2021|url-status=live}}<br />(3) {{cite web|url=http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Asclepias+viridis|title=Asclepias viridis: Spider Milkweed|website=NatureServe|access-date=July 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919170036/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Asclepias+viridis|archive-date=September 19, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> The Latin word  ''viridis'' means green. The plant is native to the southcentral and southeastern United States.<ref name="ns">{{cite web|url=http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Asclepias+viridis|title=Asclepias viridis: Spider Milkweed|website=NatureServe|access-date=July 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919170036/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Asclepias+viridis|archive-date=September 19, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
+'''''Asclepias viridis''''' is a species of [[Asclepias|milkweed]], a plant in the [[Apocynaceae|dogbane family]] known by the common names '''green milkweed''', '''green antelopehorn''' and '''spider milkweed'''.<ref name=usda>{{cite web |last=Davis|first=Lee|date=May 31, 2006|url=https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_asvi2.pdf|title=Plant guide for Green Milkweed: ''Asclepias viridis'' Walt..|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]: [[Natural Resources Conservation Service]]|access-date=July 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711221812/https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_asvi2.pdf|archive-date=July 11, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Taylor>{{cite web|first=David|last=Taylor|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/asclepias_viridis.shtml|title=Green Antelopehorn (''Asclepias viridis'')|work=Plant of the Week|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]: [[United States Forest Service]]|access-date=July 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327062846/https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/asclepias_viridis.shtml|archive-date=March 27, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>(1) {{cite web|first1=Brianna|last1=Borders|first2=Allen|last2=Casey|first3=John M.|last3=Row|first4=Rich|last4= Wynia|first5=Randy|last5=King|first6=Alayna|last6=Jacobs|first7=Chip|last7=Taylor|first8=Eric|last8=Mader|editor-first1=Hailey|editor-last1=Walls|editor-first2=Kaitlyn|editor-last2=Rich|date=June 24, 2013|url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/mopmcpu11905.pdf|title=''Asclepias viridis'' Green antelopehorn|work=Pollinator Plants of the Central United States: Native Milkweeds (Asclepias spp.)|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]: [[Natural Resources Conservation Service]]|access-date=July 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331180945/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/mopmcpu11905.pdf|archive-date=March 31, 2021|url-status=dead}}<br />(2) {{cite web|url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.130842/Asclepias_viridis|title=Asclepias viridis: Spider Milkweed|website=NatureServe|access-date=September 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929212636/https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.130842/Asclepias_viridis|archive-date=September 29, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> The Latin word  ''viridis'' means green. The plant is native to the [[Midwestern United States|midwestern]], [[South Central United States|south central]] and [[southeastern United States]], as well as to the southeastern portion of the [[western United States]].<ref name="ns">{{cite web|url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.130842/Asclepias_viridis|title=Asclepias viridis: Spider Milkweed|website=NatureServe|access-date=September 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929212636/https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.130842/Asclepias_viridis|archive-date=September 29, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ''A. viridis'' is a perennial [[forb]] with alternately arranged leaves. The [[inflorescence]] is an [[umbel]] of white flowers with purplish centers.<ref name=usda/> Its root system is a [[taproot]],<ref>{{NPIN|code=ASVI2}}</ref> like that of [[Asclepias tuberosa|butterfly weed (''A. tuberosa'')]].
-''A. viridis'' grows on many types of soil. It is common in [[overgrazing|overgrazed]] pasture land and roadsides.<ref name=usda/> Like some other milkweed species, ''A. viridis'' is a host plant for the [[Monarch butterfly|monarch butterfly (''Danaus plexippus'')]].<ref name="van">Van Hook, T. and M. P. Zalucki. (1991). [http://peabody.research.yale.edu/jls/pdfs/1990s/1991/1991-45%283%29215-Hook.pdf Oviposition by ''Danaus plexippus'' (Nymphalidae: Danainae) on ''Asclepias viridis'' in northern Florida.]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society'' 45(3) 215-21.</ref>
+''A. viridis'' grows on many types of soil. It is common in [[overgrazing|overgrazed]] pasture land and roadsides.<ref name=usda/>
+==Ecology==
+Like some other milkweed species, ''A. viridis'' is a host plant for the [[Monarch butterfly|monarch butterfly (''Danaus plexippus'')]].<ref name="van">Van Hook, T. and M. P. Zalucki. (1991). [http://peabody.research.yale.edu/jls/pdfs/1990s/1991/1991-45%283%29215-Hook.pdf Oviposition by ''Danaus plexippus'' (Nymphalidae: Danainae) on ''Asclepias viridis'' in northern Florida.]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society'' 45(3) 215-21.</ref>
+[[Monarch Watch]] provides information on rearing monarchs and their host plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monarchwatch.org/index.html|title=Monarch Watch|work=monarchwatch.org|access-date=September 27, 2015}}</ref> Efforts to restore falling monarch butterfly populations by establishing [[Butterfly gardening|butterfly garden]]s and monarch migratory "waystations" require particular attention to the target species' food preferences and population cycles, as well to the conditions needed to propagate and maintain their food plants.<ref>(1) {{cite web|last1=Borders|first1=Brianna|last2=Lee-Mäder|first2=Eric|year=2014|url=https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/Documents/R2ES/Pollinators/8-Milkweeds_Handbook_XerSoc_June2014.pdf|title=Milkweed Propagation and Seed Production|work=Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner's Guide: Plant Ecology, Seed Production Methods, and Habitat Restoration Opportunities|pages=21–95|location=[[Portland, Oregon]]|publisher=[[Xerces Society|The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation]]|access-date=July 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704050023/https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/Documents/R2ES/Pollinators/8-Milkweeds_Handbook_XerSoc_June2014.pdf|archive-date=July 4, 2021|url-status=dead}}<br />(2) {{cite journal|first1=Thomas D.|last1=Landis|first2=R. Kasten|last2=Dumroese|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_journals/2015/rmrs_2015_landis_t001.pdf|title=Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat|journal=International Plant Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (2014)|year=2015|volume=64|pages=299–307|access-date=July 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308083021/https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_journals/2015/rmrs_2015_landis_t001.pdf|archive-date=March 8, 2021|url-status=live|via=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]: [[United States Forest Service]]}}</ref>
+For example, where it grows in the [[Great Plains#Southern Great Plains|southern Great Plains]] and in the western United States, monarchs reproduce on ''A. viridis'', especially when its foliage is soft and fresh. Because monarch reproduction peaks in those areas in late summer and early fall when [[Senescence|scenescent]] milkweed foliage is old and tough, ''A. viridis'' needs to be mowed or cut back in July to assure that it will be regrowing rapidly when monarch reproduction reaches its peak.<ref>{{cite book|author=((National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine))|author-link=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine|url=http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/180186.aspx|title=Evaluating the Suitability of Roadway Corridors for Use by Monarch Butterflies|year=2020|lccn=2020935714|isbn=9780309481328|oclc=1229163481|doi=10.17226/25693|pages=79–80|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[National Academies Press]]|s2cid=218854539|id=[[National Cooperative Highway Research Program|National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP)]] Research Report 942|access-date=July 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729123529/http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/180186.aspx|archive-date=July 29, 2020|url-status=live|quote='''''Could roadside mowing stimulate milkweed growth and support monarch breeding?''''' Limited research in eastern North America has shown that spring or summer mowing can promote new growth and extend the availability of milkweed plants for monarch breeding. Mowing may stimulate growth of some milkweed species, particularly those that spread through rhizomes like common milkweed (''A. syriaca'') and showy milkweed (''A. speciosa''). Summer (June or July) mowing in Michigan resulted in more monarch eggs on regenerated stems than unmowed stems. Summer (July) mowing and burning can increase green antelopehorn milkweed (''A. viridis'') availability in the late summer and early fall in the Southern Great Plains, whereas in areas without mowing, the milkweed has [[Senescence|senesced]] by August. In the West, showy milkweed will regrow after summer mowing and continue to support monarch breeding (Stephanie McKnight, personal observation). However, more research is needed in other areas to determine the optimal timing and frequency of mowing that promotes not only milkweed but also nectar plants. It is also unknown if the benefit of additional milkweed availability in the fall outweighs the costs of the larval mortality caused by summer mowing. The benefits are likely greater in areas that primarily have breeding monarchs in the spring and fall and where the dominant species of milkweed spread by rhizomes. ''Sources: Alcock et al. 2016; Baum and Mueller, 2015; Bhowick 1994; Haan and Landis 2019; Fischer et al. 2015''}}</ref>
+''A. virdis'' is one of the first milkweeds to bloom in the [[Ohio River|Ohio River Valley]] (May to June). In that area, monarch butterfly and [[Euchaetes egle|milkweed tussock moth (''Euchaetes egle'')]] caterpillars are seldom found on the plant as it sheds its leaves and becomes dormant in late June to early July before the two [[Lepidoptera]] species arrive.<ref name=Taylor/>
+==Cultivation==
+The plant is difficult to cultivate and does not grow well in containers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://texasbutterflyranch.com/2013/03/13/persnickety-texas-milkweeds-may-not-lend-themselves-to-mass-seed-production/ | title=Persnickety Texas Milkweeds "May not Lend Themselves to Mass Seed Production" | date=March 13, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://texasbutterflyranch.com/2013/03/13/how-to-get-texas-native-milkweed-seeds-to-germinate/ | title=How to Get Texas Native Milkweed Seeds to Germinate | date=March 13, 2013 }}</ref> The seeds of some milkweeds need periods of cold treatment ([[Stratification (seeds)#Cold stratification|cold stratification]]) before they will germinate.<ref>(1) {{cite web|last1=Borders|first1=Brianna|last2=Lee-Mäder|first2=Eric|year=2014|url=http://www.xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/17-031_02_XercesSoc_Milkweeds-Conservation-Guide_web.pdf|title=Milkweed Propagation and Seed Production: Stratification|work=Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner's Guide: Plant Ecology, Seed Production Methods, and Habitat Restoration Opportunities|pages=28–29|location=[[Portland, Oregon]]|publisher=[[Xerces Society|The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation]]|access-date=July 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704050023/https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/Documents/R2ES/Pollinators/8-Milkweeds_Handbook_XerSoc_June2014.pdf|archive-date=July 4, 2021|url-status=live}}<br />(2) {{cite journal|first1=Thomas D.|last1=Landis|first2=R. Kasten|last2=Dumroese|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_journals/2015/rmrs_2015_landis_t001.pdf|title=Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat|journal=International Plant Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (2014)|year=2015|volume=64|page=302|access-date=July 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308083021/https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_journals/2015/rmrs_2015_landis_t001.pdf|archive-date=March 8, 2021|url-status=live|via=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]: [[United States Forest Service]]|quote=Many sources of milkweed seeds require stratification (cold, moist treatment) before sowing. In a review of stratification requirements for common milkweed, recommendations varied from as short as 7 days to as long as 11 months at 5°C (41°F) (Luna and Dumroese, 2013). Butterfly milkweed (A. tuberosa) germination increased from 29 to 48 to 62% as stratification duration increased from 0 to 30 to 60 days, respectively (Bir, 1986). Our informal natural stratification trial with showy (milkweed) and narrow leaf milkweed (A. fascicularis) in southern Oregon revealed that seeds began to germinate after 15 weeks in stratification (Fig. 3A).}}<br />(3) {{cite news|first=Adrian|last=Higgins|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/home/a-world-of-milkweeds/2015/05/26/43fba7d6-fe6c-11e4-833c-a2de05b6b2a4_story.html|title=7 milkweed varieties and where to find them|work=Home & Garden|publisher=The Washington Post|date=27 May 2015|access-date=17 October 2020|quote=Seed may be stubborn to germinate and may need a period of cold treatment.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926092547/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/home/a-world-of-milkweeds/2015/05/26/43fba7d6-fe6c-11e4-833c-a2de05b6b2a4_story.html|archive-date=26 September 2020|url-status=live}}.</ref> To protect seeds from washing away during heavy rains and from seed–eating birds, one can cover the seeds with a light fabric or with an {{convert|0.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} layer of [[Mulch#Straw mulch / field hay / salt hay|straw mulch]].<ref>(1) {{cite book|first1=Eric|last1=Mader|first2=Mathew|last2=Shepherd|first3=Mace|last3=Vaughan|first4=Scott Hoffman|last4=Black|first5=Gretchen|last5=LeBuhn|url=https://archive.org/details/attractingnative0000unse/page/113/mode/1up|year=2011|title=Attracting Native Pollinators: Protecting North America's Bees and Butterflies: The Xerces Society guide|pages=113–114|isbn=9781603427470|oclc=776997073|lccn=2010043054|location=[[North Adams, Massachusetts]]|publisher=[[Workman Publishing Company#Storey Publishing|Storey Publishing]]|via=[[Internet Archive]]|access-date=July 7, 2021}}<br />(2) {{cite journal|first1=Thomas D.|last1=Landis|first2=R. Kasten|last2=Dumroese|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_journals/2015/rmrs_2015_landis_t001.pdf|title=Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat|journal=International Plant Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (2014)|year=2015|volume=64|page=302|access-date=July 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308083021/https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_journals/2015/rmrs_2015_landis_t001.pdf|archive-date=March 8, 2021|url-status=live|via=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]: [[United States Forest Service]]|quote=Any of the standard seed propagation methods (Landis et al., 1999) are effective with milkweed. Direct sowing of non-stratified seeds during the fall followed by exposure to ambient winter conditions can be effective, but the seeds must be mulched and protected. Cover sown seeds with a thin mulch; research has found that common milkweed seeds germinated better when planted 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in.) deep than when at the soil surface (Jeffery and Robison, 1971).}}</ref>  However, [[mulch]] acts as an [[Thermal insulation|insulator]]. Thicker layers of mulch can prevent seeds from germinating if they prevent soil temperatures from rising enough when winter ends. Further, few [[seedling]]s can push through a thick layer of mulch.<ref>{{cite book|first1=James|last1=Bush-Brown|first2=Louise|last2=Bush-Brown|year=1958|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/americasgardenbo00bush_0/page/767/mode/1up|chapter=Chapter 32: Mulches|url=https://archive.org/details/americasgardenbo00bush/page/n2/mode/1up|title=America's garden book|page=[https://archive.org/details/americasgardenbo00bush_0/page/768/mode/1up 768]|oclc=597041748|lccn=58005738|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]]|location= New York|url-access=registration|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
 ==References==
@@ Line 20: / Line 35: @@
 ==External links==
+{{commons category}}
 * {{Kansas Wildflowers|118 |link=1}}
 * {{NPIN |link=1}}