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The '''screamers''' are three South American [[bird]] species placed in [[Family (biology)|family]] '''Anhimidae'''. They were thought to be related to the [[Galliformes]] because of similar [[beak|bills]], but are more closely related to [[duck]]s (family Anatidae),<ref name="Todd">Todd, F. (1991)</ref> and most closely related to the [[magpie goose]].<ref name = "Kricher"/> The clade is exceptional within the living birds in lacking [[uncinate processes of ribs]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Biology, medicine, and surgery of South American wild animals|author=Fowler ME & Cubas ZS |year=2001|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|page=103}}</ref> The three species are: The [[horned screamer]] (''Anhima cornuta''); the [[southern screamer]] or crested screamer (''Chauna torquata''); and the [[northern screamer]] or black-necked screamer (''Chauna chavaria'').
The '''screamers''' are three South American [[bird]] species placed in [[Family (biology)|family]] '''Anhimidae'''. They were thought to be related to the [[Galliformes]] because of similar [[beak|bills]], but are more closely related to the family [[Anatidae]], i.e. [[duck]]s and allies,<ref name=Carboneras-1992/><ref name=Todd/> and the [[magpie goose]],<ref name=Kricher/> within the clade [[Anseriformes]]. The clade is exceptional within the living birds in lacking [[uncinate processes of ribs]].<ref name=Fowler-Cubas-2001/> The three species are: The [[horned screamer]] (''Anhima cornuta''); the [[southern screamer]] or crested screamer (''Chauna torquata''); and the [[northern screamer]] or black-necked screamer (''Chauna chavaria'').


==Systematics and evolution==
==Systematics and evolution==
Screamers have a poor fossil record. A putative [[Eocene]] specimen is known from [[Wyoming]], while the more modern ''[[Chaunoides antiquus]]'' is known from the late [[Oligocene]] to early [[Miocene]] in [[Brazil]]. Anhimids are most similar to [[Presbyornithidae|presbyornithid]]s, with which they form a clade to the exclusion of the rest of Anseriformes. Given the presence of lamelae in the otherwise fowl-like beaks of screamers, it is even possible that they evolved from [[Presbyornithidae|presbyornithid-grade]] birds, reverting from a filter-feeding lifestyle to an herbivorous one.<ref name=dePietri-Schofield-etal-2016/>

Screamers have a poor fossil record. A putative [[Eocene]] specimen is known from [[Wyoming]], while the more modern ''[[Chaunoides antiquus]]'' is known from the late [[Oligocene]] to early [[Miocene]] in [[Brazil]]. Anhimids are most similar to [[Presbyornithidae|presbyornithid]]s, with which they form a clade to the exclusion of the rest of Anseriformes. Given the presence of lamelae in the otherwise fowl-like beaks of screamers, it is even possible that they evolved from presbyornithid-grade birds, reverting from a filter-feeding lifestyle to an herbivorous one.<ref>Vanesa L. De Pietri, R. Paul Scofield, Nikita Zelenkov, Walter E. Boles and Trevor H. Worthy (2016). "The unexpected survival of an ancient lineage of anseriform birds into the Neogene of Australia: the youngest record of Presbyornithidae". Royal Society Open Science 3 (2): 150635. doi:10.1098/rsos.150635.</ref>
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==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
The three species occur only in [[South America]], ranging from [[Colombia]] to northern [[Argentina]]. The horned screamer was once present on the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Trinidad]], but is now extirpated from there. They are large, bulky birds, with a small downy head, long legs and large feet which are only partially webbed. They have large [[Spur (zoology)|spurs]] on their wings which are used in fights over mates and territorial disputes;<ref name="Todd" /> these can break off in the breast of other screamers, and are regularly renewed. Unlike ducks, they have a partial [[moult]] and are able to fly throughout the year.<ref name="Todd" /> They live in open areas and marshes with some grass and feed on water plants. One species, the southern screamer, is considered a [[pest (animal)|pest]] as it raids crops and competes with farm birds.
The three species occur only in [[South America]], ranging from [[Colombia]] to northern [[Argentina]]. The horned screamer was once present on the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Trinidad]], but is now extirpated from there. They are large, bulky birds, with a small downy head, long legs and large feet which are only partially webbed. They have large [[Spur (zoology)|spurs]] on their wings which are used in fights over mates and territorial disputes;<ref name=Todd/> these can break off in the breast of other screamers, and are regularly renewed. Unlike ducks, they have a partial [[moult]] and are able to fly throughout the year.<ref name=Todd/> They live in open areas and marshes with some grass and feed on water plants. One species, the southern screamer, is considered a [[pest (animal)|pest]] as it raids crops and competes with farm birds.


==Behaviour and ecology==
==Behaviour and ecology==
Screamers lay between 2 and 7 white eggs, with four or five being typical. The young, like those of most [[Anseriformes]], can run as soon as they are hatched. The chicks are usually raised in or near water as they can swim better than they can run. This helps them to avoid predators. Like ducks, screamer chicks [[Imprinting (psychology)|imprint]] early in life. This, coupled with their unfussy diet, makes them amenable to domestication. They can be excellent guard animals, due to their loud screams when encountering anything new and potentially threatening.
Screamers typical lay 4–5&nbsp;white eggs, with clutches ranging between 2 and 7&nbsp;. Like most [[Anseriformes]], the chicks can run as soon as they are hatched. They can swim better than they can run, so young screamers are usually raised in or near water, where they can better avoid predators. Like ducks, screamer chicks [[Imprinting (psychology)|imprint]] early in life. That, and their unspecialized omnivorous diet makes them amenable to domestication. They can be excellent guard animals, due to their loud alarm calls ("screams") when encountering anything new and possibly threatening.


==Status and conservation==
==Status and conservation==
Both the southern and the horned screamer remain widespread and are overall fairly common.<ref name=IUCN-Southern-Screamer/><ref name=IUCN-Horned-Screamer/> In contrast, the northern screamer is relatively rare and consequently considered [[near threatened]].<ref name=IUCN-Northern-Screamer/> They are seldom [[Hunting|hunt]]ed, in spite of their conspicuous nature, because their flesh has a spongy texture and is riddled with air-sacs, making it highly unpalatable.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} The main threats are [[habitat destruction]] and increased intensification of agriculture.<ref name=IUCN-Northern-Screamer/>
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
Both the southern and the horned screamer remain widespread and are overall fairly common. In contrast, the northern screamer is relatively rare and consequently considered [[near threatened]]. They are seldom [[Hunting|hunt]]ed, in spite of their conspicuous nature, because their flesh has a spongy texture and is riddled with air-sacs, making it highly unpalatable. The main threats are [[habitat destruction]] and increased intensification of agriculture.


== Footnotes ==
== References ==
{{Reflist | refs =
{{reflist|25em|refs=

<ref name = "Kricher">{{cite book | first = John C. | last = Kricher | year = 1997 | title = A Neotropical Companion | location = Princeton, NJ, US | publisher = Princeton University Press | page = 213 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=b2sZBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213 | isbn = 0-691-04433-3}}</ref>
<ref name=Carboneras-1992>
{{cite book
|last=Carboneras |first=C.
|year=1992
|section=Family Anhimidae (Screamers)
|editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=J.
|editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=A.
|editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=J.
|title=Handbook of the Birds of the World
|volume=1, Ostrich to Ducks
|place=Barcelona, ES
|pages=528–535
|publisher=Lynx Edicions
|ISBN=84-87334-09-1
}}
}}
</ref>


<ref name=dePietri-Schofield-etal-2016>
== References ==
{{cite journal
* '''Carboneras''', C. (1992). Family Anhimidae (Screamers). pp.&nbsp;528–535 in; del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. eds. ''Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol 1, Ostrich to Ducks'' Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. {{ISBN|84-87334-09-1}}
|first1=Vanesa L. |last1=de&nbsp;Pietri |first2=R. Paul |last2=Scofield
* {{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= '''Todd''', Frank S.|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|pages= 87|isbn= 1-85391-186-0}}
|first3=Nikita |last3=Zelenkov |first4=Walter E. |last4=Boles
|first5=Trevor H. |last5=Worthy
|year=2016
|title=The unexpected survival of an ancient lineage of anseriform birds into the Neogene of Australia: The youngest record of Presbyornithidae
|journal=Royal Society Open Science
|volume=3 |issue=2 |page=150635
|doi=10.1098/rsos.150635
|pmc=4785986}}
</ref>

<ref name=Fowler-Cubas-2001>
{{cite book
|last1=Fowler |first1=M.E.
|last2=Cubas |first2=Z.S.
|year=2001
|title=Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals
|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell
|page=103
}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-Horned-Screamer>
{{cite iucn
|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]
|year=2016
|title=''Anhima cornuta''
|volume=2016
|page=e.T22679723A92826187
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679723A92826187.en
|access-date=29 December 2022
}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-Northern-Screamer>
{{cite iucn
|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]
|year=2016 |title=''Chauna chavaria''
|volume=2016
|page=e.T22679726A92826428
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679726A92826428.en
|access-date=29 December 2022
}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-Southern-Screamer>
{{cite iucn
|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]
|year=2016
|title=Southern Screamer ''Chauna torquata''
|volume=2016
|page=e.T22679729A92826769
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679729A92826769.en
|access-date=29 December 2022
}}
</ref><br/>&nbsp;

<ref name=Kricher>
{{cite book
| first=John C. | last=Kricher
| year=1997 | title=A Neotropical Companion
| location=Princeton, NJ
| publisher=Princeton University Press
| isbn=0-691-04433-3
| page=213
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2sZBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213
| via=Google Books
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Todd>
{{cite book
|last = Todd |first = Frank S.
|year = 1991
|editor-last = Forshaw |editor-first = Joseph
|title = Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds
|location = London, UK
|publisher = Merehurst Press
|isbn = 1-85391-186-0
|page = 87
}}
</ref>

}} <!-- end "refs=" -->


==External links==
==External links==
* {{cite AV media
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/screamers-anhimidae Screamer videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
|title=Screamer videos
|website=Internet Bird Collection
|medium=video shorts, sound recordings, and photographs
|url=http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/screamers-anhimidae
|url-status=usurped |access-date=2023-07-18
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411203922/http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/screamers-anhimidae
|archive-date=2016-04-11
}}


{{Commons|Anhimidae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q217484}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q217484}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Anhimidae|*]]
[[Category:Anhimidae| ]]
[[Category:Birds of South America|*]]
[[Category:Birds of South America]]
[[Category:Exotic pets]]
[[Category:Exotic pets]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Leonhard Stejneger]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Leonhard Stejneger]]

Latest revision as of 20:07, 2 October 2024

For other uses, see Screamer (disambiguation).

Screamer
Southern screamer (Chauna torquata)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Anseriformes
Suborder: Anhimae
Wetmore & Miller 1926
Family: Anhimidae
Stejneger, 1885
Genera

The screamers are three South American bird species placed in family Anhimidae. They were thought to be related to the Galliformes because of similar bills, but are more closely related to the family Anatidae, i.e. ducks and allies,[1][2] and the magpie goose,[3] within the clade Anseriformes. The clade is exceptional within the living birds in lacking uncinate processes of ribs.[4] The three species are: The horned screamer (Anhima cornuta); the southern screamer or crested screamer (Chauna torquata); and the northern screamer or black-necked screamer (Chauna chavaria).

Systematics and evolution

[edit]

Screamers have a poor fossil record. A putative Eocene specimen is known from Wyoming, while the more modern Chaunoides antiquus is known from the late Oligocene to early Miocene in Brazil. Anhimids are most similar to presbyornithids, with which they form a clade to the exclusion of the rest of Anseriformes. Given the presence of lamelae in the otherwise fowl-like beaks of screamers, it is even possible that they evolved from presbyornithid-grade birds, reverting from a filter-feeding lifestyle to an herbivorous one.[5]

Image Genus Living Species
Anhima
Chauna

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

The three species occur only in South America, ranging from Colombia to northern Argentina. The horned screamer was once present on the Caribbean island of Trinidad, but is now extirpated from there. They are large, bulky birds, with a small downy head, long legs and large feet which are only partially webbed. They have large spurs on their wings which are used in fights over mates and territorial disputes;[2] these can break off in the breast of other screamers, and are regularly renewed. Unlike ducks, they have a partial moult and are able to fly throughout the year.[2] They live in open areas and marshes with some grass and feed on water plants. One species, the southern screamer, is considered a pest as it raids crops and competes with farm birds.

Behaviour and ecology

[edit]

Screamers typical lay 4–5 white eggs, with clutches ranging between 2 and 7 . Like most Anseriformes, the chicks can run as soon as they are hatched. They can swim better than they can run, so young screamers are usually raised in or near water, where they can better avoid predators. Like ducks, screamer chicks imprint early in life. That, and their unspecialized omnivorous diet makes them amenable to domestication. They can be excellent guard animals, due to their loud alarm calls ("screams") when encountering anything new and possibly threatening.

Status and conservation

[edit]

Both the southern and the horned screamer remain widespread and are overall fairly common.[6][7] In contrast, the northern screamer is relatively rare and consequently considered near threatened.[8] They are seldom hunted, in spite of their conspicuous nature, because their flesh has a spongy texture and is riddled with air-sacs, making it highly unpalatable.[citation needed] The main threats are habitat destruction and increased intensification of agriculture.[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Carboneras, C. (1992). "Family Anhimidae (Screamers)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1, Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona, ES: Lynx Edicions. pp. 528–535. ISBN 84-87334-09-1.
  2. ^ a b c Todd, Frank S. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London, UK: Merehurst Press. p. 87. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
  3. ^ Kricher, John C. (1997). A Neotropical Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 213. ISBN 0-691-04433-3 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ Fowler, M.E.; Cubas, Z.S. (2001). Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 103.
  5. ^ de Pietri, Vanesa L.; Scofield, R. Paul; Zelenkov, Nikita; Boles, Walter E.; Worthy, Trevor H. (2016). "The unexpected survival of an ancient lineage of anseriform birds into the Neogene of Australia: The youngest record of Presbyornithidae". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (2): 150635. doi:10.1098/rsos.150635. PMC 4785986.
  6. ^ "Southern Screamer Chauna torquata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. BirdLife International: e.T22679729A92826769. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679729A92826769.en. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  7. ^ "Anhima cornuta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. BirdLife International: e.T22679723A92826187. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679723A92826187.en. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  8. ^ a b "Chauna chavaria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. BirdLife International: e.T22679726A92826428. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679726A92826428.en. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
[edit]
  • Screamer videos. Internet Bird Collection (video shorts, sound recordings, and photographs). Archived from the original on 2016-04-11. Retrieved 2023-07-18.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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