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{{short description|Species of orchid}}
{{Italic title}}{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Bird's-nest Orchid
| image = Neottia nidus-avis plants.jpg
|image=Flowering plants of Neottia nidus-avis - Jersáková, Minasiewicz & Selosse (2022).jpg
|image_upright=0.8
| image_width = x240px
|range_map=The circumpolar distribution of Neottia nidus-avis - Jersáková, Minasiewicz & Selosse (2022).jpg
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|genus=Neottia
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|species=nidus-avis
| unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|authority=([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Louis Claude Richard|Rich.]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
|synonyms_ref=<ref name="avis"/>
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
|synonyms=*''Ophrys nidus-avis'' <small>L.</small>
| subfamilia = [[Epidendroideae]]
*''Epipactis nidus-avis'' <small>(L.) Crantz</small>
| genus = ''[[Neottia]]''
| species = '''''N. nidus-avis'''''
*''Listera nidus-avis'' <small>(L.) Curtis</small>
| binomial = ''Neottia nidus-avis''
*''Helleborine nidus-avis'' <small>(L.) F.W.Schmidt</small>
*''Malaxis nidus-avis'' <small>(L.) Bernh.</small>
| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Louis Claude Richard|Rich.]]
*''Serapias nidus-avis'' <small>(L.) Steud.</small>
*''Neottidium nidus-avis'' <small>(L.) Schltdl.</small>
*''Distomaea nidus-avis'' <small>(L.) Spenn.</small>
*''Helleborine succulenta'' <small>F.W.Schmidt</small>
*''Neottia macrostelis'' <small>Peterm.</small>
*''Neottia squamosa'' <small>Dulac</small>
*''Neottia orobanchoidea'' <small>St.-Lag.</small>
*''Neottia nidus-avis'' f. ''glandulosa'' <small>Beck</small>
*''Neottia nidus-avis'' f. ''dilatata'' <small>Zapal.</small>
*''Neottia nidus-avis'' f. ''micrantha'' <small>Zapal.</small>
}}
}}
The '''Bird's-nest Orchid''', '''''Neottia nidus-avis''''', is a non-[[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] [[orchid]].


'''''Neottia nidus-avis''''', the '''bird's-nest orchid''', is a non-[[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] [[orchid]], native to [[Europe]], [[Russia]], with sporadic presence in North-Africa,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Madoui |first=Amar |date=June 2009 |title=Rediscovery of Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L.C.M. Rich. in Babor, Algeria |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335650922 |journal=J. Bot. Soc. France |language=fr |volume=86 |pages=69–74}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=El Mokni |first=Ridha |date=2010 |title=Neottia nidus-avis(L.) L.C.M. Rich. : une nouvelle orchidée pour la flore de la Tunisie |url=https://www.academia.edu/56035211 |journal=L'Orchidophile |language=fr |volume=186: 41 |issue=3 |pages=181}}</ref> and some parts of the [[Middle East]].
''Neottia nidus-avis'' is a [[Palearctic ecozone|Palearctic]] species found in Europe, then East to Iran and in North-West Africa.
<ref name="avis">{{cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=134261|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families TDWG Geocodes}}</ref><ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=neottia+nidus-avis Altervista Flora Italiana, Nido d'uccello, Bird's Nest Orchid, ''Neottia nidus-avis'' (L.) L.C. Rich. - Nomencl. ref.: De Orchid. Eur.: 37. 1817] includes European range map</ref><ref>Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.) (2005). Flora Iberica 21: 1-366. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.</ref><ref>Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2006). Conspectus Florae Caucasi 2: 1-466. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.</ref><ref>Curtis, T. & Thompson, R. (2009). The orchids of Ireland: 1-160. National Museums of Northern Ireland, Cultra, Holywood.</ref><ref>Vázquez Pardo, F.M. (2009). Revisión de la familia Orchidaceae en Extremadura (España). Folia Botanica Extremadurensis 3: 1-367.</ref><ref>Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.</ref><ref>El Mokni, R., Mahmoudi, M.R. & El Aouni, M.H. (2010). ''Neottia nidus-avis'' (L.) L.C.M.Rich.: une nouvelle orchidée pour la flore de la Tunisie. L' Orchidophile. Revue de la Société Française d' Orchidophilie 186: 181-187.</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=134261|title= World Checklist of Selected Plant Families}}</ref> (Codes) <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf|title= World Checklist of Selected Plant Families TDWG Geocodes}}</ref>


==Description==
[[File:Neottia nidus-avis buds - Keila.jpg|thumb|left|Flower buds]]
''Neottia nidus-avis'' grows to {{cvt|40|cm}} tall and each shoot can carry up to 60 flowers. Plants are not in any part green, deriving all their nutrition from a [[mycorrhizal fungus]] in the soil/litter, which in turn derives nutrition from the roots of trees.<ref name=firstnature/><ref name=albiflora/> Plants are generally beige-brown, though sometimes yellowish or white forms are discovered. The flower labellum splits and strongly diverges at its lower end. This species of orchid can be hard to spot, being [[camouflage]]d against the leaf litter.


Across Europe, this species flowers May–June.<ref name=firstnature/><ref name=albiflora/>


==Distribution and habitat==
In the British Isles it is found found in shady woodland, especially [[Fagus sylvatica|beech]], on basic soils.<ref name="Stace">{{cite book |author=[[Clive A. Stace]] |year=2010 |title=New Flora of the British Isles |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-70772-5 |pages=864–865 |chapter=''Neottia'' Guett. (''Listera'' R. Br.) – twayblades}}</ref>
It is widespread across most of [[Europe]], occurring also in [[Algeria]],<ref name=":0" /> [[Tunisia]],<ref name=":1" /> western [[Siberia]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Iran]] and [[Turkey]].


In the British Isles, ''Neottia nidus-avis'' is found in shady woodland, especially [[Fagus sylvatica|beech]], on basic soils.<ref name="Stace">{{cite book |author=Clive A. Stace |year=2010 |title=New Flora of the British Isles |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-70772-5 |pages=864–865 |chapter=''Neottia'' Guett. (''Listera'' R. Br.) – twayblades|author-link=Clive A. Stace }}</ref> Its conservation status in the UK is near-threatened.<ref>[https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/birds-nest-orchid Wildlife Trusts - Birds Nest Orchid]</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==Ecology==
''Neottia nidus-avis'' has been found to flourish only in partnership with [[mycorrhizal fungi]] in the genus ''[[Sebacina]]'', particularly ''Sebacina dimitica'' in the UK.<ref>[https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00372.x New Phytologist - Symbiotic germination and development of the myco‐heterotrophic orchid Neottia nidus‐avis in nature and its requirement for locally distributed Sebacina spp.]</ref>
*{{Commons-inline|Neottia nidus-avis|''Neottia nidus-avis''}}
*[http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/mono/orchida/neott/neotnidv.jpg Den virtuella floran - Distribution] Note
''Neottia nidus-avis'' var. ''manshurica'' Kom., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 20: 528 (1901) is a synonym of the accepted name ''Neottia papilligera'' Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 356 (1920).


Pollination is carried out by [[Diptera]] and possibly also [[ants]]. Self-pollination may occur if insects do not pollinate the plants.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kUGL1TAaEtEC&dq=neottia+nidus-avis+pollinator&pg=PA185-IA2 An Atlas of Orchid Pollination: European Orchids]</ref>


==Taxonomy==
{{OrchidsYearDE}}
The [[Latin]] binomial ''Neottia nidus-avis'', as well as the common names of this orchid in several languages, derive from a comparison of the tangled roots of the plant to a bird's nest.<ref name=firstnature/>


Twayblade orchids were recently reassigned to the genus ''Neottia'' after scientists found that they were closely related to ''N. nidus-avis''.
[[Category:Epidendroideae]]
[[Category:Parasitic plants]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Orchid species]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]


==Gallery==
<gallery>
Neottia nidus-avis.jpg|Maturing flowers, [[Strážov Mountains]].
Neottia nidus-avis - 52550680152.png|Closeup of flowers, [[Sassello]].
Neottia nidus—avis.jpg|Late flowering, [[Stari trg ob Kolpi]].
Neottia nidus-avis (Vogel-Nestwurz) 536.jpg|Fruiting, [[Grabelsdorf|Grablja Vas]].
Neottia nidus-avis 202963118.jpg|Dying, [[Novosibirsk]].
</gallery>


==References==
{{Epidendroideae-stub}}
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Parasite-stub}}
<ref name=albiflora>[https://www.albiflora.eu/blog/?page_id=1256 Albiflora - Neottia nidus-avis]</ref>
<ref name=firstnature>[https://www.first-nature.com/flowers/neottia-nidus-avis.php First Nature - Neottia nidus-avis]</ref>
}}


== External links ==
[[bg:Истинска гнездовка]]
* [https://trippers.info/botany/plants/0032 Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. var. manshurica Kom.]
[[ca:Magraneta borda]]

[[cs:Hlístník hnízdák]]
{{OrchidsYearDE}}
[[co:Neottia nidus-avis]]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q157441}}
[[de:Vogel-Nestwurz]]

[[et:Pruunikas pesajuur]]
[[es:Neottia nidus-avis]]
[[Category:Neottia|nidus-avis]]
[[Category:Orchids of Europe]]
[[fa:آشیانک]]
[[fr:Néottie nid d'oiseau]]
[[Category:Orchids of Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of North Africa]]
[[hsb:Wšědna hnězdowka]]
[[Category:Myco-heterotrophic orchids]]
[[it:Neottia nidus-avis]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[csb:Kòstoba]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[lv:Parastā ligzdene]]
[[hu:Madárfészekkosbor]]
[[nl:Vogelnestje (plant)]]
[[no:Fuglerede (blomst)]]
[[pl:Gnieźnik leśny]]
[[ru:Гнездовка настоящая]]
[[sk:Hniezdovka hlístová]]
[[sr:Гнездовица]]
[[fi:Pesäjuuri]]
[[uk:Гніздівка звичайна]]
[[vi:Neottia nidus-avis]]

Latest revision as of 23:15, 2 October 2024

Neottia nidus-avis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Genus: Neottia
Species:
N. nidus-avis
Binomial name
Neottia nidus-avis
Synonyms[1]
  • Ophrys nidus-avis L.
  • Epipactis nidus-avis (L.) Crantz
  • Listera nidus-avis (L.) Curtis
  • Helleborine nidus-avis (L.) F.W.Schmidt
  • Malaxis nidus-avis (L.) Bernh.
  • Serapias nidus-avis (L.) Steud.
  • Neottidium nidus-avis (L.) Schltdl.
  • Distomaea nidus-avis (L.) Spenn.
  • Helleborine succulenta F.W.Schmidt
  • Neottia macrostelis Peterm.
  • Neottia squamosa Dulac
  • Neottia orobanchoidea St.-Lag.
  • Neottia nidus-avis f. glandulosa Beck
  • Neottia nidus-avis f. dilatata Zapal.
  • Neottia nidus-avis f. micrantha Zapal.

Neottia nidus-avis, the bird's-nest orchid, is a non-photosynthetic orchid, native to Europe, Russia, with sporadic presence in North-Africa,[2][3] and some parts of the Middle East. [1][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

Description

[edit]
Flower buds

Neottia nidus-avis grows to 40 cm (16 in) tall and each shoot can carry up to 60 flowers. Plants are not in any part green, deriving all their nutrition from a mycorrhizal fungus in the soil/litter, which in turn derives nutrition from the roots of trees.[12][13] Plants are generally beige-brown, though sometimes yellowish or white forms are discovered. The flower labellum splits and strongly diverges at its lower end. This species of orchid can be hard to spot, being camouflaged against the leaf litter.

Across Europe, this species flowers May–June.[12][13]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

It is widespread across most of Europe, occurring also in Algeria,[2] Tunisia,[3] western Siberia, the Caucasus, Iran and Turkey.

In the British Isles, Neottia nidus-avis is found in shady woodland, especially beech, on basic soils.[14] Its conservation status in the UK is near-threatened.[15]

Ecology

[edit]

Neottia nidus-avis has been found to flourish only in partnership with mycorrhizal fungi in the genus Sebacina, particularly Sebacina dimitica in the UK.[16]

Pollination is carried out by Diptera and possibly also ants. Self-pollination may occur if insects do not pollinate the plants.[17]

Taxonomy

[edit]

The Latin binomial Neottia nidus-avis, as well as the common names of this orchid in several languages, derive from a comparison of the tangled roots of the plant to a bird's nest.[12]

Twayblade orchids were recently reassigned to the genus Neottia after scientists found that they were closely related to N. nidus-avis.

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families".
  2. ^ a b Madoui, Amar (June 2009). "Rediscovery of Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L.C.M. Rich. in Babor, Algeria". J. Bot. Soc. France (in French). 86: 69–74.
  3. ^ a b El Mokni, Ridha (2010). "Neottia nidus-avis(L.) L.C.M. Rich. : une nouvelle orchidée pour la flore de la Tunisie". L'Orchidophile (in French). 186: 41 (3): 181.
  4. ^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families TDWG Geocodes" (PDF).
  5. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Nido d'uccello, Bird's Nest Orchid, Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L.C. Rich. - Nomencl. ref.: De Orchid. Eur.: 37. 1817 includes European range map
  6. ^ Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.) (2005). Flora Iberica 21: 1-366. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.
  7. ^ Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2006). Conspectus Florae Caucasi 2: 1-466. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.
  8. ^ Curtis, T. & Thompson, R. (2009). The orchids of Ireland: 1-160. National Museums of Northern Ireland, Cultra, Holywood.
  9. ^ Vázquez Pardo, F.M. (2009). Revisión de la familia Orchidaceae en Extremadura (España). Folia Botanica Extremadurensis 3: 1-367.
  10. ^ Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  11. ^ El Mokni, R., Mahmoudi, M.R. & El Aouni, M.H. (2010). Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L.C.M.Rich.: une nouvelle orchidée pour la flore de la Tunisie. L' Orchidophile. Revue de la Société Française d' Orchidophilie 186: 181-187.
  12. ^ a b c First Nature - Neottia nidus-avis
  13. ^ a b Albiflora - Neottia nidus-avis
  14. ^ Clive A. Stace (2010). "Neottia Guett. (Listera R. Br.) – twayblades". New Flora of the British Isles (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 864–865. ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5.
  15. ^ Wildlife Trusts - Birds Nest Orchid
  16. ^ New Phytologist - Symbiotic germination and development of the myco‐heterotrophic orchid Neottia nidus‐avis in nature and its requirement for locally distributed Sebacina spp.
  17. ^ An Atlas of Orchid Pollination: European Orchids
[edit]
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