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{{Short description|Prince of Orange from 1711 to 1751}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| name = William IV
| name = William IV
| succession = [[Prince of Orange]]
| succession = [[Prince of Orange]] <br> [[Principality of Orange-Nassau|Prince of Orange-Nassau]]
| predecessor = [[John William Friso, Prince of Orange|John William Friso]]
| predecessor = [[John William Friso, Prince of Orange|John William Friso]]
| reign = 1 September 1711 – <br>22 October 1751
| reign = 1 September 1711 – <br>22 October 1751
| reign-type = Period
| successor = [[William V, Prince of Orange|William V]]
| successor = [[William V, Prince of Orange|William V]]
| succession1 = [[Principality of Orange-Nassau|Prince of Orange-Nassau]]
| succession1 = [[Stadtholder of the United Provinces]]
⚫
| reign1 = 4 May 1747 – 22 October 1751
| predecessor1 = [[John William Friso, Prince of Orange|John William Friso]]
| predecessor1 = [[William III of England|William III]]
| reign1 = 1 September 1711 – <br>22 October 1751
| successor1 = [[William V, Prince of Orange|William V]]
| successor1 = [[William V, Prince of Orange|William V]]
| succession2 = [[Stadtholder]] of the [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]]
⚫
| reign2 = 4 May 1747 – 22 October 1751
| predecessor2 = [[William III of England|William III]]
| successor2 = [[William V, Prince of Orange|William V]]
| image = Willem IV (1711-51), prins van Oranje-Nassau Rijksmuseum SK-A-887.jpeg
| image = Willem IV (1711-51), prins van Oranje-Nassau Rijksmuseum SK-A-887.jpeg
| caption = Portrait by unknown artist (1750)
| caption = Portrait by unknown artist (1750)
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| education =
| education =
| occupation =
| occupation =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange|Anne, Princess Royal]]|1734}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange|Anne, Princess Royal]]|25 March 1734}}
| issue = [[Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau|Carolina, Princess of Nassau-Weilburg]] <br> Princess Anna <br> [[William V, Prince of Orange]]
| issue = {{plainlist|
*[[Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau|Carolina, Princess of Nassau-Weilburg]]
*Princess Anna
*[[William V, Prince of Orange]]
}}
| issue-link = #Marriage and children
| issue-link = #Marriage and children
| issue-pipe = Details...
| issue-pipe = Details...
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William was born in [[Leeuwarden]], Netherlands, the son of [[John William Friso, Prince of Orange]], head of the [[Frisia]]n branch of the [[House of Orange-Nassau]], and of his wife [[Landgravine Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel]] (or Hesse-Cassel). He was born six weeks after the death of his father.
William was born in [[Leeuwarden]], Netherlands, the son of [[John William Friso, Prince of Orange]], head of the [[Frisia]]n branch of the [[House of Orange-Nassau]], and of his wife [[Landgravine Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel]] (or Hesse-Cassel). He was born six weeks after the death of his father.


William succeeded his father as [[Stadtholder]] of [[Friesland]] and also, under the regency of his mother until 1731, as Stadtholder of [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]]. In 1722 he was elected Stadtholder of [[Guelders]]. The four other provinces of the [[Dutch Republic]]:, [[Holland]], [[Zeeland]], [[Utrecht]] and [[Overijssel]] had in 1702 decided not to appoint a stadtholder after the death of stadtholder [[William III of England|William III]], issuing the history of the Republic into a period that is known as the [[Second Stadtholderless Period]]. In 1747 those four provinces also accepted William as their stadtholder.
William succeeded his father as [[Stadtholder of Friesland]] and also, under the regency of his mother until 1731, as [[Stadtholder of Groningen]]. In 1722 he was elected [[Stadtholder of Guelders]]. The four other provinces of the [[Dutch Republic]]—[[Holland]], [[Zeeland]], [[Utrecht]] and [[Overijssel]]—had in 1702 decided not to appoint a stadtholder after the death of stadtholder [[William III of England|William III]], ushering the Republic into a period that is known as the [[Second Stadtholderless Period]]. In 1747 those four provinces also [[Orangist revolution|accepted]] William as their stadtholder.


==Marriage and children==
==Marriage and children==
In 1720 William was named the 549th [[Knight]] of the [[Order of the Garter]]. On 25 March 1734 he married at [[St James's Palace]] [[Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange|Anne, Princess Royal]], eldest daughter of [[George II of Great Britain|King George II of Great Britain]] and [[Caroline of Ansbach]]. William and Anne had five children:
In 1733 William was made a [[Knight]] of the [[Order of the Garter]]. On 25 March 1734 he married at [[St James's Palace]] [[Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange|Anne, Princess Royal]], eldest daughter of [[George II of Great Britain|King George II of Great Britain]] and [[Caroline of Ansbach]]. William and Anne had three children:

* a stillborn daughter (born 19 December 1736)
* a stillborn daughter (born 22 December 1739)
* [[Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau]] (28 February 1743 – 6 May 1787), married [[Karl Christian of Nassau-Weilburg]]
* [[Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau]] (28 February 1743 – 6 May 1787), married [[Karl Christian of Nassau-Weilburg]]
* Princess Anna of Orange-Nassau (15 November 1746 – 29 December 1746)
* Princess Anna of Orange-Nassau (15 November 1746 – 29 December 1746) died in infancy.
* [[William V, Prince of Orange]] (8 March 1748 – 9 April 1806)
* [[William V, Prince of Orange]] (8 March 1748 – 9 April 1806)


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[[File:Mauritshuis interior 25.jpg|thumb|left|190px|''Portrait bust of William'' by [[Jan Baptist Xavery]], 1733]]
[[File:Mauritshuis interior 25.jpg|thumb|left|190px|''Portrait bust of William'' by [[Jan Baptist Xavery]], 1733]]


In 1740, the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] broke out. The conflict pitted Austria against France over the issue of whether [[Maria Theresa]] had the right to inherit her father [[Emperor Charles VI]]'s crown. The Dutch Republic sided with Austria in 1747 in order to maintain a buffer zone between itself and France, whereupon French troops invaded the [[Austrian Netherlands]]. In a few weeks, Louis XV's troops conquered most of the towns in the Austrian Netherlands where the Dutch had stationed troops under the [[Barrier Treaty]], as well as the most important towns in [[Zeelandic Flanders]]. The Dutch Republic was at the time weakened by internal division. The Dutch decided that their country needed a single strong executive, and turned to the House of Orange. William and his family moved from Leeuwarden to [[The Hague]]. On 4 May 1747, the [[States General of the Netherlands]] named William General Stadtholder of all seven of the [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]] of the Netherlands, and made the position hereditary for the first time. William first met [[Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] in 1747, and two years later appointed him field marshal of the [[Dutch States Army]], which later led to Louis Ernest serving as one of the regents for William's heir.
In 1740, the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] broke out. The conflict pitted Austria against France over the issue of whether [[Maria Theresa]] had the right to inherit her father [[Emperor Charles VI]]'s crown. The Dutch Republic sided with Austria in 1747 in order to maintain a buffer zone between itself and France, whereupon French troops invaded the [[Austrian Netherlands]]. In a few weeks, Louis XV's troops conquered most of the towns in the Austrian Netherlands where the Dutch had stationed troops under the [[Barrier Treaty]], as well as the most important towns in [[Zeelandic Flanders]]. The Dutch Republic was at the time weakened by internal division. The Dutch decided that their country needed a single strong executive, and [[Orangist revolution|turned to the House of Orange]]. William and his family moved from Leeuwarden to [[The Hague]]. On 4 May 1747, the [[States General of the Netherlands]] named William General Stadtholder of all seven of the [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]] of the Netherlands, and made the position hereditary for the first time. William first met [[Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] in 1747, and two years later appointed him field marshal of the [[Dutch States Army]], which later led to Louis Ernest serving as one of the regents for William's heir.


William IV was considered an attractive, educated, and accomplished prince in his prime. Although he had little experience in state affairs, William was at first popular with the people. He stopped the practice of indirect taxation by which independent contractors managed to make large sums for themselves. Nevertheless, he was also a Director-General of the [[Dutch East India Company]], and his alliance with the business class deepened while the disparity between rich and poor grew.
William IV was considered an attractive, educated, and accomplished prince in his prime. Although he had little experience in state affairs, William was at first popular with the people. He stopped the practice of indirect taxation by which independent contractors managed to make large sums for themselves. Nevertheless, he was also a Director-General of the [[Dutch East India Company]], and his alliance with the business class deepened while the disparity between rich and poor grew.
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|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''William IV, Prince of Orange'''
|1= 1. '''William IV, Prince of Orange'''
|2= 2. [[John William Friso, Prince of Orange]]
|2= 2. [[John William Friso, Prince of Orange]]
|3= 3. [[Landgravine Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel]]
|3= 3. [[Landgravine Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel]]
|4= 4. [[Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz]]
|4= 4. [[Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz]]
|5= 5. [[Princess Henriëtte Amalia of Anhalt-De
|5= 5. [[Princess Henriëtte Amalia of Anhalt-Dessau]]
⚫
|6= 6. [[Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]]
|7= 7. Princess [[Maria Amalia of Courland]]
⚫
|8= 8. [[William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz]]
|9= 9. [[Countess Albertine Agnes of Nassau]]
⚫
|10= 10. [[John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau]]
|11= 11. Princess [[Henriette Catherine of Nassau]]
|11= 11. Princess [[Henriette Catherine of Nassau]]
|12= 12. [[William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]]
|12= 12. [[William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]]
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|14= 14. [[Jacob Kettler|Jacob, Duke of Courland]]
|14= 14. [[Jacob Kettler|Jacob, Duke of Courland]]
|15= 15. [[Margravine Louise Charlotte of Brandenburg]]
|15= 15. [[Margravine Louise Charlotte of Brandenburg]]
⚫
|16= 16. [[Ernest Casimir I, Count of Nassau-Dietz]]
|17= 17. [[Sophia Hedwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]
|18= 18. [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange]]
|19= 19. [[Amalia of Solms-Braunfels]]
⚫
|20= 20. [[John Casimir, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau]]
|21= 21. [[Agnes of Hesse-Kassel]]
|22= 22. [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange]] (=18)
|23= 23. [[Amalia of Solms-Braunfels]] (=19)
⚫
|24= 24. [[William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]]
|25= 25. [[Countess Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg|Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg]]
|26= 26. [[George William, Elector of Brandenburg]]
|27= 27. [[Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Electress of Brandenburg|Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate]]
|28= 28. [[Wilhelm Kettler|Wilhelm Kettler, Duke of Courland]]
|29= 29. [[Duchess Sophie of Prussia]]
|30= 30. [[George William, Elector of Brandenburg]] (=26)
|31= 31. [[Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Electress of Brandenburg|Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate]] (=27)
}}
}}


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==External links==
==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|William IV, Prince of Orange}}
* {{Commons category-inline|William IV, Prince of Orange}}
* {{NPG name|name=William Charles Henry Friso, Prince of Orange}}


{{S-start}}
{{S-start}}
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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:William 04 Orange Nassau}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:William 4, Prince of Orange}}
[[Category:1711 births]]
[[Category:1711 births]]
[[Category:1751 deaths]]
[[Category:1751 deaths]]
[[Category:People of the Patriottentijd]]
[[Category:18th-century Dutch politicians]]
[[Category:Princes of Orange]]
[[Category:Princes of Orange]]
[[Category:Counts of Nassau]]
[[Category:Counts of Nassau]]
[[Category:Dutch stadtholders]]
[[Category:Stadtholders in the Low Countries]]
[[Category:House of Orange-Nassau]]
[[Category:House of Orange-Nassau]]
[[Category:Lords of Breda]]
[[Category:Lords of Breda]]
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[[Category:Burials in the Royal Crypt at Nieuwe Kerk, Delft]]
[[Category:Burials in the Royal Crypt at Nieuwe Kerk, Delft]]
[[Category:People from Leeuwarden]]
[[Category:People from Leeuwarden]]
[[Category:Modern child rulers]]
[[Category:Child monarchs]]
[[Category:18th-century Dutch military personnel]]
[[Category:Dutch military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession]]
[[Category:Stadtholders of Guelders and Zutphen]]
[[Category:Stadtholders of Frisia]]

Latest revision as of 10:25, 3 October 2024

William IV
Portrait by unknown artist (1750)
Prince of Orange
Prince of Orange-Nassau
Reign1 September 1711 –
22 October 1751
PredecessorJohn William Friso
SuccessorWilliam V
Stadtholder of the United Provinces
Reign4 May 1747 – 22 October 1751
PredecessorWilliam III
SuccessorWilliam V
Born1 September 1711
Leeuwarden, Dutch Republic
Died22 October 1751(1751-10-22) (aged 40)
Huis ten Bosch, The Hague, Dutch Republic
Burial4 February 1752
Nieuwe Kerk, Delft
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1734)​
Issue
Details...
HouseOrange-Nassau
FatherJohn William Friso, Prince of Orange
MotherMarie Louise of Hesse-Kassel
SignatureWilliam IV's signature

William IV (Willem Karel Hendrik Friso; 1 September 1711 – 22 October 1751) was Prince of Orange from birth and the first hereditary stadtholder of all the United Provinces of the Netherlands from 1747 until his death in 1751.[1] During his whole life he was furthermore ruler of the Principality of Orange-Nassau within the Holy Roman Empire.

Early life

[edit]

William was born in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, the son of John William Friso, Prince of Orange, head of the Frisian branch of the House of Orange-Nassau, and of his wife Landgravine Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel). He was born six weeks after the death of his father.

William succeeded his father as Stadtholder of Friesland and also, under the regency of his mother until 1731, as Stadtholder of Groningen. In 1722 he was elected Stadtholder of Guelders. The four other provinces of the Dutch Republic—Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht and Overijssel—had in 1702 decided not to appoint a stadtholder after the death of stadtholder William III, ushering the Republic into a period that is known as the Second Stadtholderless Period. In 1747 those four provinces also accepted William as their stadtholder.

Marriage and children

[edit]

In 1733 William was made a Knight of the Order of the Garter. On 25 March 1734 he married at St James's Palace Anne, Princess Royal, eldest daughter of King George II of Great Britain and Caroline of Ansbach. William and Anne had three children:

Later life

[edit]

In 1739 William inherited the estates formerly owned by the Nassau-Dillenburg branch of his family, and in 1743 he inherited those formerly owned by the Nassau-Siegen branch of his family.

Portrait bust of William by Jan Baptist Xavery, 1733

In 1740, the War of the Austrian Succession broke out. The conflict pitted Austria against France over the issue of whether Maria Theresa had the right to inherit her father Emperor Charles VI's crown. The Dutch Republic sided with Austria in 1747 in order to maintain a buffer zone between itself and France, whereupon French troops invaded the Austrian Netherlands. In a few weeks, Louis XV's troops conquered most of the towns in the Austrian Netherlands where the Dutch had stationed troops under the Barrier Treaty, as well as the most important towns in Zeelandic Flanders. The Dutch Republic was at the time weakened by internal division. The Dutch decided that their country needed a single strong executive, and turned to the House of Orange. William and his family moved from Leeuwarden to The Hague. On 4 May 1747, the States General of the Netherlands named William General Stadtholder of all seven of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, and made the position hereditary for the first time. William first met Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1747, and two years later appointed him field marshal of the Dutch States Army, which later led to Louis Ernest serving as one of the regents for William's heir.

William IV was considered an attractive, educated, and accomplished prince in his prime. Although he had little experience in state affairs, William was at first popular with the people. He stopped the practice of indirect taxation by which independent contractors managed to make large sums for themselves. Nevertheless, he was also a Director-General of the Dutch East India Company, and his alliance with the business class deepened while the disparity between rich and poor grew.

Portrait of William by Jacques Aved, 1751

William served as General Stadtholder of all the Netherlands until he died of a stroke in 1751 at The Hague.

The county of Orange, Virginia, and the city of Orangeburg, South Carolina, are named after him.

Ancestry

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Suzanna van Dijk; Jo Nesbitt (1 January 2004). I Have Heard about You: Foreign Women's Writing Crossing the Dutch Border : from Sappho to Selma Lagerlöf. Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 168. ISBN 90-6550-752-3.
[edit]
William IV, Prince of Orange
Cadet branch of the House of Nassau
Born: 1 September 1711 Died: 22 October 1751
Dutch nobility
Preceded by Prince of Orange
1711–1751 		Vacant
Title next held by
William V
Regnal titles
Preceded by Prince of Orange-Nassau
Baron of Breda
1711–1751 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prince of Nassau-Hadamar
1739–1751
Preceded by Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg
1739–1751
Preceded by Prince of Nassau-Siegen
1743–1751
Political offices
Preceded by Stadtholder of
Friesland and Groningen
1711–1747 		Titles obsolete
merger of all stadtholderships
Vacant
Title last held by
William III 		Stadtholder of Guelders
1722–1747
Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland,
Utrecht, and Overijssel
1747
New title General Stadtholder
of the United Provinces
1747–1751 		Succeeded by
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