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=== Language ===
=== Language ===
{{Pie chart|label1=[[Urdu]]|label2=[[Pashto]]|label3=[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]|label4=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|label5=[[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]|label6=[[Balochi language|Balochi]]|color1=green|color2=orange|color3=skyblue|color4=red|color5=blue|color6=Pink|color7=Purple|value1=50.60|value2=13.52|value3=11.12|value4=8.08|value5=3.70|value6=3.97|caption=|value7=8.93|label7=Others}}
{{Pie chart|label1=[[Urdu]]|label2=[[Pashto]]|label3=[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]|label4=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|label5=[[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]|label6=[[Balochi language|Balochi]]|color1=green|color2=orange|color3=skyblue|color4=red|color5=blue|color6=Pink|color7=Purple|value1=50.60|value2=13.52|value3=11.12|value4=8.08|value5=3.70|value6=3.97|caption=|value7=8.93|label7=Others}}
Karachi has the largest number of Urdu speakers [[Muhajirs (Pakistan)|(Muhajirs)]].{{sfn|Amos Owen Thomas|2005|pp=121}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 census shows ratio of Urdu-speaking populace decreasing in Karachi |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/871983-2017-census-shows-ratio-of-urdu-speaking-populace-decreasing-in-karachi |access-date=11 February 2023 |website=The News International |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211000705/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/871983-2017-census-shows-ratio-of-urdu-speaking-populace-decreasing-in-karachi |url-status=live }}</ref> As per the 2023 census, the linguistic breakdown of [[Karachi Division]] is:
Karachi has the largest number of Urdu speakers [[Muhajirs (Pakistan)|(Muhajirs)]].{{sfn|Thomas|2005|pp=121}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 census shows ratio of Urdu-speaking populace decreasing in Karachi |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/871983-2017-census-shows-ratio-of-urdu-speaking-populace-decreasing-in-karachi |access-date=11 February 2023 |website=The News International |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211000705/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/871983-2017-census-shows-ratio-of-urdu-speaking-populace-decreasing-in-karachi |url-status=live }}</ref> As per the 2023 census, the linguistic breakdown of [[Karachi Division]] is:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Language
!Language
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!2017 census<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |title=TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/sindh/Table11p.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807175349/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/sindh/Table11p.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2021 |access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>
!2017 census<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |title=TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/sindh/Table11p.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807175349/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/sindh/Table11p.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2021 |access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>
!Speakers
!Speakers
!1998 census{{sfn|Jonah Blank|Christopher Clary|Brian Nichiporuk|2014}}
!1998 census{{sfn|Blank|Clary|Nichiporuk|2014}}
!Speakers
!Speakers
!1981 census{{sfn|Stephen P. Cohen|2004}}
!1981 census{{sfn|Cohen|2004}}
!Speakers
!Speakers
|-
|-
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== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}} :)
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |first1=Jonah |last1=Blank |first2=Christopher |last2=Clary |first3=Brian |last3=Nichiporuk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSZRBgAAQBAJ |title=Drivers of Long-Term insecurity and Instability in Pakistan: Urbanization |date=30 October 2014 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-8751-5 }}
* {{citation |first=Stephen P. |last=Cohen |title=The Idea of Pakistan |year=2004 |publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]] |isbn=978-0-8157-9761-6 }}
* {{citation |last=Thomas |first=Amos Owen |title=Imagi-Nations and Borderless Television: Media, Culture and Politics Across Asia |date=3 October 2005 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-3396-0 }}
{{refend}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==

Latest revision as of 15:05, 3 October 2024

Trend of population growth (in millions) in Karachi.

Karachi is the largest and most populous city in Pakistan. The population of Karachi is estimated to be around 16 million (16,093,786) in 2020.[1] The population and demographic distribution in the megacity has undergone numerous changes over the past 150 years. On 14 August 1947, when it became the capital city of Pakistan, its population was about 450,000 inhabitants However, the population rapidly grew with large influx of Muslim refugees after independence in 1947. By 1951, the city population had crossed one million mark.[2] in the following decade, the rate of growth of Karachi was over 80 percent.[3] Today, the city has grown 60 times its size in 1947 when it became the country's first capital.[4] Although, Islamabad remains the nation's capital since the 1960s, the city's population continues to grow at about 5% per annum, largely thanks to its strong economic base.[5]

A person from Karachi is known as a Karachiite.

Part of a series on the
History of Karachi
Prehistoric period
Ancient period
Classical period
Islamic period
Local dynasties
British period
Independent Pakistan

Migration

[edit]

Whereas most megacities in the developing world have grown out of rural-urban migration from the countryside not too distant from them, Karachi's demographics are the largely contributed by long-distance immigration.[4] Before the independence of Pakistan, Karachi already had a diverse mix of religions and ethnic groups. After the independence, most of the Urdu speaking Muslim refugees of the partition of India settled in Karachi. Likewise, a large number of Hindus left the city in 1947 due to Hindu-Muslim riots and settled in India. Predominantly Urdu speaking Muslim refugees known as Muhajirs formed the dominant ethnic group in Karachi. Muhajirs originated from different parts of India and brought with them their local cultures and cuisines, thus further adding to the already diverse mix of people that earlier inhabited Karachi.[citation needed] Currently, these older groups of people and continuing migration from different parts of Pakistan have contributed to a rich and diverse mix of people that live in Karachi. This has further been diversified with migration from other non-traditional countries such as by Arabs, people from different Middle Eastern countries, as well as Afghans and more recently Central Asians and Uighurs. This has given the city a very metropolitan character, and has earned it the title as the melting pot of Pakistan.[6]

Demographic history of Karachi

[edit]
Main article: Demographic history of Karachi
Year Urban population
1856 56,875
1872 56,753
1881 73,560
1891 105,199
1901 136,297
1911 186,771
1921 244,162
1931 300,799
1941 435,887
1951 1,068,459
1961 1,912,598
1972 3,426,310
1981 5,208,132
1998 9,269,265
2017 14,910,352
* Karachi City Government
estimate, retrieved 13 February 2008 for data 1856 - 1998. and Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, retrieved 21 November 2020 for data 2017

Karachi's inhabitants, locally known as Karachiites, are composed of ethno-linguistic groups from all parts of Pakistan, as well as migrants from South Asia, making the city's population a diverse melting pot. At the end of the 19th century, the population of the city was about 105,000, with a gradual increase over the next few decades, reaching more than 400,000 on the eve of independence. Estimates of the population range from 15 to 18 million,[7][8] of which an estimated 90% are migrants from different backgrounds. The city's population is estimated to be growing at about 5% per year (mainly as a result of internal rural-urban migration), including an estimated 45,000 migrant workers coming to the city every month from different parts of Pakistan.[9][10]

The earliest inhabitants of the area that became Karachi were Sindhi tribes such as the Jokhio, Mallaah and Jat in the east and Baloch in the west and. Before the end of British colonial rule and the subsequent independence of Pakistan in 1947, the population of the city was majority Sindhi and Baloch Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs community numbering around 250,000 residents. The city was, and still is home to a large community of Gujarati Muslims who were one of the earliest settlers in the city, and still form the majority in Saddar Town. Important Gujarati Muslim communities in the city include the Memon, Chhipa, Ghanchi, Khoja, Bohra and Tai. Other early settlers included the Marwari Muslims, Parsis originally from Iran, Marathi Muslims and Konkani Muslims from Maharashtra (settled in Kokan Town), Goan Catholics and Anglo-Indians. Most Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India after independence of Pakistan. There are still small communities of Parsis, Goan Catholics and Anglo-Indians in the city.

After the independence of Pakistan large numbers of Indian Muslims, mainly Urdu-speaking people, migrated to Karachi.[11] There is also a sizeable community of Marathi Muslims and Malayali Muslims in Karachi (the Mappila), originally from Kerala in South India.[12] The Marathi and Malayali Muslims in Karachi have intermarried with the other Muslims especially with Memon and Urdu-speaking Muslims and now have integrated into the wider Urdu-speaking Muhajir community.[13] Since last few decades population of the Sindhis are also increasing dramatically.[14]

The Pashtuns, originally from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Afghanistan, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and northern Balochistan, are now the city's second largest ethnic group after Muhajirs, these Pashtuns are settled in Karachi from decades.[15][16] With as high as 7 million by some estimates the city of Karachi in Pakistan has the largest concentration of urban Pakhtun population in the world, including 50,000 registered Afghan refugees in the city,[17][18] meaning there are more Pashtuns in Karachi than in any other city in the world.[19] However, according to the census 2017 of the Pakistan, the total population of the Pashtuns in Sindh is approximately 2.5 million (5% of the total sindh) and it will make around 10-13 percent of the Pashtoons living in Karachi's population.[20]

Districts Population Density per Sq.km.

[edit]

According to 2023 Census, with 55,396.01 residents per square kilometre Karachi Central is the most densely populated district of the six districts of Karachi as well as the entirety of Pakistan.

Rank District Population (2023 census)[21] Population (2017 census)[22] Area (Sq. km.) Density (2023) Density (2017)
1 Central 3,822,325 2,971,382 69 55,396.01 43,063.51
2 Korangi 3,128,971 2,577,556 108 28,971.95 23,866.26
3 East 3,921,742 2,875,315 139 28,213.97 20,685.72
4 South 2,329,764 1,769,230 122 19,096.43 14,501.89
5 West 2,679,380 2,077,228 370 7,241.57 5,614.13
6 Kemari 2,068,451 1,829,837 559 3,700.27 3,273.41
7 Malir 2,432,248 1,924,364 2,160 1,126.04 890.90
All 20,357,474 16,024,894 3,527 5,771.90 4,543.49

Ethnic groups

[edit]
Main article: Ethnic groups in Karachi

Language

[edit]
  Urdu (50.60%)
  Pashto (13.52%)
  Sindhi (11.12%)
  Punjabi (8.08%)
  Saraiki (3.70%)
  Balochi (3.97%)
  Others (8.93%)

Karachi has the largest number of Urdu speakers (Muhajirs).[23][24] As per the 2023 census, the linguistic breakdown of Karachi Division is:

Language Rank 2023 census[25] Speakers 2017 census[26] Speakers 1998 census[27] Speakers 1981 census[28] Speakers
Urdu 1 50.60% 10,315,905 42.30% 6,779,142 48.52% 4,497,747 54.34% 2,830,098
Pashto 2 13.52% 2,752,148 15.01% 2,406,011 11.42% 1,058,650 8.71% 453,628
Sindhi 3 11.12% 2,264,189 10.67% 1,709,877 7.22% 669,340 6.29% 327,591
Punjabi 4 8.08% 1,645,282 10.73% 1,719,636 13.94% 1,292,335 13.64% 710,389
Saraiki 5 3.70% 753,903 4.98% 798,031 2.11% 195,681 0.35% 18,228
Balochi 6 3.97% 808,352 4.04% 648,964 4.34% 402,386 4.39% 228,636
Others 7 8.93% 1,817,695 12.25% 1,963,233 12.44% 1,153,126 12.27% 639,560
All 100% 20,357,474 100% 16,024,894 100% 9,269,265 100% 5,208,132

The category of "others" includes Hindko, Kashmiri, Kohistani, Burushaski, Gujarati, Memoni, Marwari, Dari, Brahui, Makrani, Khowar, Gilgiti, Balti, Arabic, Farsi, and Bengali.[29]

The ethnic groups in Karachi include members from all ethnic groups in Pakistan, making the city's population a diverse melting pot. At the end of the 19th century, the population of the city was about 105,000, with a gradual increase over the next few decades, reaching more than 400,000 on the eve of independence. Estimates of the population are approximately 23,000,000, of which an estimated 90% are migrants from different backgrounds. The city's population is estimated to be growing at about 5% per year (mainly as a result of internal rural-urban migration), including an estimated 45,000 migrant workers coming to the city every month from different parts of Pakistan.[9] According to the community leaders and social scientists there are over 1.6 million Bengalis and up to 400,000 Rohingyas living in Karachi.[30]

Religion

[edit]
Main articles: Religion in Karachi and Islam in Karachi

According to a 1998 census of Pakistan, the religious breakdown of the city is as follows:[31] Muslim (96.45%), Christian (2.42%), Hindu (0.86%), and other (0.27%). Other religious groups include Sikhs, Buddhists, Parsis, Baháʼís, Ahmedis and Jews. Of the Muslims, approximately 73% are Sunnis and 27% are Shi'ites.

Religious groups in Karachi City
% (1941)[32] % (1951)[33] % (1998)[31]
Muslim 42.3% 96.1% 96.5%
Hindu 51.1% 1.7% 0.9%
Christian 2.3% 1.6% 2.4%
Sikh 1.3% 0.9% 1.5%
Jain 0.9% 0.7% 0.5%
Parsi 0.9% 0.5% 0.8%
Other 1.9% 0.1% 0.3%
Total 100% 100% 100%
Religious groups in Karachi City (1872−2017)[a]
Religious
group 		1872[35] 1881[36] 1891[37] 1901[38][39] 1911[40][41] 1921[42][43] 1931[44][45] 1941[34] 2017[46]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 33,018 55.81% 38,946 52.94% 52,957 50.34% 60,003 51.43% 74,075 48.76% 100,436 46.31% 122,847 46.61% 162,447 42.01% 14,382,744 96.63%
Hinduism 23,157 39.14% 24,617 33.47% 44,503 42.3% 48,169 41.29% 66,038 43.47% 100,683 46.42% 120,595 45.76% 192,831 49.87% 156,452 1.05%
Christianity 2,223 3.76% 4,161 5.66% 5,986 5.69% 6,098 5.23% 7,936 5.22% 9,649 4.45% 12,765 4.84% 11,088 2.87% 329,702 2.22%
Zoroastrianism 748 1.26% 937 1.27% 1,375 1.31% 1,823 1.56% 2,165 1.43% 2,702 1.25% 3,334 1.26% — — — —
Judaism 7 0.01% — — 128 0.12% 349 0.3% 535 0.35% 645 0.3% 943 0.36% — — — —
Jainism 4 0.01% 9 0.01% 99 0.09% 125 0.11% 647 0.43% 1,118 0.52% 629 0.24% 3,214 0.83% — —
Tribal 0 0% — — 32 0.03% 0 0% 0 0% 4 0% 135 0.05% — — — —
Sikhism 0 0% — — 0 0% 0 0% — — 1,425 0.66% 2,254 0.86% 5,835 1.51% — —
Buddhism 0 0% — — 0 0% 0 0% — — 41 0.02% 53 0.02% — — — —
Ahmadiyya — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8,751 0.06%
Others 0 0% 4,890 6.65% 119 0.11% 96 0.08% 507 0.33% 180 0.08% 10 0% 11,240 2.91% 6,753 0.05%
Total population 59,157 100% 73,560 100% 105,199 100% 116,663 100% 151,903 100% 216,883 100% 263,565 100% 386,655 100% 14,884,402 100%

Trivia

[edit]

Stunned by Karachi's diverse demographics, the American political scientist and South Asia expert Stephen P. Cohen once stated that if Karachi's ethnic groups "got along well, it would be an amazingly complex city, a lot like New York."[6]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ 1872-1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Karachi, which included Karachi Municipality and Karachi Cantonment.[34]

    2017: Data for the entirety of the town of Karachi, which included the urban populations of Karachi Central District, Karachi East District, Karachi South District, Karachi West District, Malir District, and Korangi District.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ World Population Review
  2. ^ 1960, Monographs in the Economics of Development. Institute of Development Economics, Pakistan.
  3. ^ G Myrdal (1968), Asian Drama: An Inquiry Into The Poverty Of Nations. Pantheon Books. (3 volumes)
  4. ^ a b S J Burki (2004), Karachi: a unique mega city, [DAWN Newspaper|DAWN], 5 October. Retrieved on 7 January 2008
  5. ^ P Blood (ed.) (1994), Pakistan: A Country Study.PO for the Library of Congress.
  6. ^ a b "If Karachi's ethnic groups got along it could be a city like New York: Stephen P. Cohen". The Express Tribune. July 4, 2011.
  7. ^ "The Urban Frontier—Karachi". NPR. 2 June 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  8. ^ "Karachi population to hit 27.5 million in 2020". Dawn. 10 July 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  9. ^ a b "Karachi turning into a ghetto". Dawn. 16 January 2006. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  10. ^ Understanding Karachi and the 2015 local elections
  11. ^ KHALIDI, OMAR (1998-01-01). "FROM TORRENT TO TRICKLE: INDIAN MUSLIM MIGRATION TO PAKISTAN, 1947—97". Islamic Studies. 37 (3): 339–352. JSTOR 20837002.
  12. ^ M R Narayan Swamy (5 October 2005). "Where Malayalees once held sway | Latest News & Updates at". Dnaindia.com. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  13. ^ The Malayalees in Pakistan
  14. ^ Sindh’s fast-growing population
  15. ^ Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy (2009-07-17). "Karachi's Invisible Enemy". PBS. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
  16. ^ "In a city of ethnic friction, more tinder". The National. 2009-08-24. Archived from the original on 2010-01-16. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
  17. ^ "Columnists | The Pakhtun in Karachi". Time. 28 August 2010. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  18. ^ [1] Archived 2012-12-09 at archive.today, thefridaytimes
  19. ^ "UN body, police baffled by minister's threat against Afghan refugees". Dawn Media Group. 2009-02-10. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
  20. ^ "CCI defers approval of census results until elections". dawn.com. dawn. 2019-10-13. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  21. ^ "TABLE – 4 AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN PROPORTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF SINDH" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  22. ^ "TABLE – 4 AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN PROPORTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF SINDH" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  23. ^ Thomas 2005, pp. 121.
  24. ^ "2017 census shows ratio of Urdu-speaking populace decreasing in Karachi". The News International. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  25. ^ "TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  26. ^ "TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  27. ^ Blank, Clary & Nichiporuk 2014.
  28. ^ Cohen 2004.
  29. ^ "Karachi". Findpk.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  30. ^ Bengali and Rohingya leaders gearing up for LG polls
  31. ^ a b Arif Hasan, Masooma Mohiburl (2009-02-01). "Urban Slums Reports: The case of Karachi, Pakistan" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-04-20.
  32. ^ "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME XII SIND" (PDF). Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  33. ^ lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7452/1/1422_1951_POP.pdf
  34. ^ a b India Census Commissioner (1941). "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 12, Sind". p. 22. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215545. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  35. ^ "Census of India, 1872. Census of the Bombay Presidency, taken on the 21. February 1872". 1872. p. 238. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057642. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  36. ^ "Census of India, 1881. Operations and results in the Presidency of Bombay, including Sind". 1881. p. 91. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057678. Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  37. ^ Baines, Jervoise Athelstane; India Census Commissioner (1891). "Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states". p. 48. JSTOR saoa.crl.25318666. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  38. ^ "Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables". 1901. p. 44. JSTOR saoa.crl.25352838. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  39. ^ India Census Commissioner (1901). "Census of India 1901. Vols. 9-11, Bombay". p. 38. JSTOR saoa.crl.25366895. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  40. ^ Edward Albert Gait, Sir; India Census Commissioner (1911). "Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables". Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. p. 23. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393779. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  41. ^ India Census Commissioner (1911). "Census of India 1911. Vol. 7, Bombay. Pt. 2, Imperial tables". p. 46. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393770. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  42. ^ "Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 25. JSTOR saoa.crl.25394121. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  43. ^ India Census Commissioner (1921). "Census of India 1921. Vol. 8, Bombay Presidency. Pt. 2, Tables : imperial and provincial". p. 46. JSTOR saoa.crl.25394131. Archived from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  44. ^ "Census of India 1931. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables". 1931. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793234. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  45. ^ India Census Commissioner (1931). "Census of India 1931. Vol. 8, Bombay. Pt. 2, Statistical tables". p. 42. JSTOR saoa.crl.25797128. Archived from the original on 6 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  46. ^ "Final Results (Census-2017)". Retrieved 8 June 2023.

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
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