Gupta script: Difference between revisions

Gupta script
(Late Brahmi script)
Gupta script; (Late Brahmi script);
	The Gopika Cave Inscription of Anantavarman, in the Sanskrit language and using the Gupta script. Barabar Caves in Jehanabad Bihar, 5th or 6th century CE.
Script type	Abugida
Time period	c. 4th–6th century CE
Direction	Left-to-right
Languages	Sanskrit
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician Aramaic Brahmi Northern Brahmi Gupta script; (Late Brahmi script); ; ; ; ; ;
Child systems	Sharada; Siddham; Tibetan; Kalinga; Bhaiksuki;
Sister systems	Pallava script, Kadamba script, Sinhala, Tocharian
	This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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The Gupta script (sometimes referred to as Gupta Brahmi script or Late Brahmi script)^[6] was used for writing Sanskrit and is associated with the Gupta Empire of the Indian subcontinent, which was a period of material prosperity and great religious and scientific developments. The Gupta script was descended from Brāhmī and gave rise to the Śāradā and Siddhaṃ scripts. These scripts in turn gave rise to many of the most important Indic scripts, including Devanāgarī (the most common script used for writing Sanskrit since the 19th century), the Gurmukhī script for Punjabi, the Odia script, the Bengali-Assamese script and the Tibetan script.

Origins and classification

The Gupta script was descended from the Ashokan Brāhmī script, and is a crucial link between Brahmi and most other Brahmic scripts, a family of alphasyllabaries or abugidas. This means that while only consonantal phonemes have distinct symbols, vowels are marked by diacritics, with /a/ being the implied pronunciation when the diacritic is not present. In fact, the Gupta script works in exactly the same manner as its predecessor and successors, and only the shapes and forms of the graphemes and diacritics are different.

Through the 4th century, letters began to take more cursive and symmetric forms, as a result of the desire to write more quickly and aesthetically. This also meant that the script became more differentiated throughout the Empire, with regional variations which have been broadly classified into three, four or five categories;^[7]^[8] however, a definitive classification is lacking, because even in a single inscription, there may be variation in how a particular symbol is written. In this sense, the term Gupta script should be taken to mean any form of writing derived from the Gupta period, even though there may be a lack of uniformity in the scripts.

Evolution from Brahmi to Gupta, and to Devanagari^[9]
	k-	kh-	g-	gh-	ṅ-	c-	ch-	j-	jh-	ñ-	ṭ-	ṭh-	ḍ-	ḍh-	ṇ-	t-	th-	d-	dh-	n-	p-	ph-	b-	bh-	m-	y-	r-	l-	v-	ś-	ṣ-	s-	h-
Brahmi	𑀓	𑀔	𑀕	𑀖	𑀗	𑀘	𑀙	𑀚	𑀛	𑀜	𑀝	𑀞	𑀟	𑀠	𑀡	𑀢	𑀣	𑀤	𑀥	𑀦	𑀧	𑀨	𑀩	𑀪	𑀫	𑀬	𑀭	𑀮	𑀯	𑀰	𑀱	𑀲	𑀳
Gupta
Devanagari	क	ख	ग	घ	ङ	च	छ	ज	झ	ञ	ट	ठ	ड	ढ	ण	त	थ	द	ध	न	प	फ	ब	भ	म	य	र	ल	व	श	ष	स	ह

Inscriptions

The surviving inscriptions of the Gupta script are mostly found on iron or stone pillars, and on gold coins from the Gupta Dynasty. One of the most important was the Prayagraj (Allahabad) Prasasti. Composed by Harisena, the court poet and minister of Samudragupta, it describes Samudragupta's reign, beginning from his accession to the throne as the second king of the Gupta Dynasty and including his conquest of other kings. It is inscribed on the Allahabad pillar of Ashoka.

Alphabet

The Gupta alphabet is composed of 37 letters: 32 consonants with the inherent ending "a" and 5 independent vowels. In addition diacritics are attached to the consonants in order to change the sound of the final vowel (from the inherent "a" to other sounds such as i, u, e, o, au ...). Consonants can also be combined into compounds, also called conjunct consonants (for example sa+ya are combined vertically to give "sya").^[10]^[11]^[12]

Independent vowels

Late Brahmi vowel diacritics

Gupta script vowel diacritics
(Allahabad standard).^[13]^[12]

Usage examples^[12]

Letter	IAST and Sanskrit IPA	Letter	IAST and Sanskrit IPA
	a /ə/		ā /aː/
	i /i/		ī /iː/
	u /u/		ū /uː/
	e /eː/		o /oː/
	ai /əi/		au /əu/
𑀋	ṛ /r̩/	𑀌	ṝ /r̩ː/
𑀍	l̩ /l̩/	𑀎	ḹ /l̩ː/

Consonants

	Stop								Nasal			Fricative
Voicing →	Voiceless				Voiced							Voiceless		Voiced
Aspiration →	No		Yes		No		Yes		No			Yes
Velar		ka /k/		kha /kʰ/		ga /g/		gha /ɡʱ/		ṅa /ŋ/					ha /ɦ/
Palatal		ca /c/		cha /cʰ/		ja /ɟ/		jha /ɟʱ/		ña /ɲ/	ya /j/		śa /ɕ/
Retroflex		ṭa /ʈ/		ṭha /ʈʰ/		ḍa /ɖ/		ḍha /ɖʱ/		ṇa /ɳ/	ra /r/		ṣa /ʂ/
Dental		ta /t̪/		tha /t̪ʰ/		da /d̪/		dha /d̪ʱ/		na /n/	la /l/		sa /s/
Labial		pa /p/		pha /pʰ/		ba /b/		bha /bʱ/		ma /m/	va /w, ʋ/

In Unicode

The Unicode Standard does not explicitly state that the Gupta script is considered a stylistic variation of Brahmi,^[14] though use of the Brahmi encoding is one approach.

Brahmi^[1]^[2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+1100x	𑀀	𑀁	𑀂	𑀃	𑀄	𑀅	𑀆	𑀇	𑀈	𑀉	𑀊	𑀋	𑀌	𑀍	𑀎	𑀏
U+1101x	𑀐	𑀑	𑀒	𑀓	𑀔	𑀕	𑀖	𑀗	𑀘	𑀙	𑀚	𑀛	𑀜	𑀝	𑀞	𑀟
U+1102x	𑀠	𑀡	𑀢	𑀣	𑀤	𑀥	𑀦	𑀧	𑀨	𑀩	𑀪	𑀫	𑀬	𑀭	𑀮	𑀯
U+1103x	𑀰	𑀱	𑀲	𑀳	𑀴	𑀵	𑀶	𑀷	𑀸	𑀹	𑀺	𑀻	𑀼	𑀽	𑀾	𑀿
U+1104x	𑁀	𑁁	𑁂	𑁃	𑁄	𑁅	𑁆	𑁇	𑁈	𑁉	𑁊	𑁋	𑁌	𑁍
U+1105x			𑁒	𑁓	𑁔	𑁕	𑁖	𑁗	𑁘	𑁙	𑁚	𑁛	𑁜	𑁝	𑁞	𑁟
U+1106x	𑁠	𑁡	𑁢	𑁣	𑁤	𑁥	𑁦	𑁧	𑁨	𑁩	𑁪	𑁫	𑁬	𑁭	𑁮	𑁯
U+1107x	𑁰	𑁱	𑁲	𑁳	𑁴	𑁵										BNJ
Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Gupta numismatics

The study of Gupta coins began with the discovery of a hoard of gold coins in 1783. Many other such hoards have since been discovered, the most important being the Bayana (situated in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan) hoard, discovered in 1946, which contained more than 2000 gold coins issued by the Gupta Kings.^[19] Many of the Gupta Empire's coins bear inscriptions of legends or mark historic events. In fact, it was one of the first Indian Empires to do so, probably as a result of its unprecedented prosperity.^[7] Almost every Gupta king issued coins, beginning with its first king, Chandragupta I.

The scripts on the coin are also of a different nature compared to scripts on pillars, due to conservatism regarding the coins that were to be accepted as currency, which would have prevented regional variations in the script from manifesting on the coinage.^[7] Moreover, space was more limited especially on their silver coins, and thus many of the symbols are truncated or stunted. An example is the symbol for /ta/ and /na/, which were often simplified to vertical strokes.

Gallery

The Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta, with its standardised Gupta characters.
Brahmi and its descendent scripts.
The 5th- or 6th-century Gupta script Gopika Cave Inscription in Sanskrit about goddess Durga
Gupta script decipheration table
A palm leaf Sanskrit manuscript in early Gupta Brahmi script, discovered in Miran, northwest China.^[20]
The name Śrī Yaśodharmma ("Lord Yashodharman") in Gupta script in Line 4 of the Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana.^[21]

References

^ Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy. p. 32.
^ "Epigraphy, Indian Epigraphy Richard Salmon OUP" – via Internet Archive.
^ Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27
^ Daniels, P. T. (January 2008), Writing systems of major and minor languages
^ Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan languages. p. 143.
^ Sharma, Ram. 'Brahmi Script' . Delhi: BR Publishing Corp, 2002
^ ^a ^b ^c Srivastava, Anupama. The Development of Imperial Gupta Brahmi Script. New Delhi: Ramanand, 1998
^ Fischer, Steven Roger. A History of Writing. UK: Reaktion, 2004
^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
^ Fischer, Steven Roger (2004). History of Writing. Reaktion Books. p. 123. ISBN 9781861895882.
^ Publishing, Britannica Educational (2010). The Culture of India. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 9781615302031.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Gupta Unicode" (PDF).
^ Das Buch der Schrift: Enthaltend die Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller ... (in German). K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. 1880. p. 126.
^ Unicode Consortium (2022). "The Unicode® Standard Version 15.0 – Core Specification" (PDF). Unicode Consortium website.
^ The "h" () is an early variant of the Gupta script.
^ Verma, Thakur Prasad (2018). The Imperial Maukharis: History of Imperial Maukharis of Kanauj and Harshavardhana (in Hindi). Notion Press. p. 264. ISBN 9781643248813.
^ Sircar, D. C. (2008). Studies in Indian Coins. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 376. ISBN 9788120829732.
^ Tandon, Pankaj (2013). Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 216, Summer. Oriental Numismatic Society. pp. 24–34. also Coinindia Alchon Coins (for an exact description of this coin type)
^ Bajpai, KD. 'Indian Numismatic Studies. ' New Delhi: Abhinav Publications 2004
^ Puri, Baij Nath (1987). Buddhism in Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 187 Note 32. ISBN 9788120803725.
^ Fleet, John Faithfull (1960). Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors. pp. 150-158.

External links

(in Spanish) The Gupta Alphabet
AncientScripts.com entry on the Gupta Script
Ye, Shao-Yong. (2009). An eastern variety of the post-Gupta script: Akṣara List of the Manuscripts of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā and Buddhapālita's Commentary (ca. 550–650 CE). Research Institute of Sanskrit Manuscripts & Buddhist Literature, Peking University.

[1] Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy. p. 32.

[2] "Epigraphy, Indian Epigraphy Richard Salmon OUP" – via Internet Archive.

[3] Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27

[daniels-4] Daniels, P. T. (January 2008), Writing systems of major and minor languages

[masica-5] Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan languages. p. 143.

[sharma-6] Sharma, Ram. 'Brahmi Script' . Delhi: BR Publishing Corp, 2002

[anupama-7] Srivastava, Anupama. The Development of Imperial Gupta Brahmi Script. New Delhi: Ramanand, 1998

[8] Fischer, Steven Roger. A History of Writing. UK: Reaktion, 2004

[9] Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]

[10] Fischer, Steven Roger (2004). History of Writing. Reaktion Books. p. 123. ISBN 9781861895882.

[11] Publishing, Britannica Educational (2010). The Culture of India. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 9781615302031.

[GU-12] "Gupta Unicode" (PDF).

[13] Das Buch der Schrift: Enthaltend die Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller ... (in German). K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. 1880. p. 126.

[14] Unicode Consortium (2022). "The Unicode® Standard Version 15.0 – Core Specification" (PDF). Unicode Consortium website.

[15] The "h" () is an early variant of the Gupta script.

[16] Verma, Thakur Prasad (2018). The Imperial Maukharis: History of Imperial Maukharis of Kanauj and Harshavardhana (in Hindi). Notion Press. p. 264. ISBN 9781643248813.

[17] Sircar, D. C. (2008). Studies in Indian Coins. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 376. ISBN 9788120829732.

[18] Tandon, Pankaj (2013). Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 216, Summer. Oriental Numismatic Society. pp. 24–34. also Coinindia Alchon Coins (for an exact description of this coin type)

[19] Bajpai, KD. 'Indian Numismatic Studies. ' New Delhi: Abhinav Publications 2004

[20] Puri, Baij Nath (1987). Buddhism in Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 187 Note 32. ISBN 9788120803725.

[EG-21] Fleet, John Faithfull (1960). Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors. pp. 150-158.

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@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 | caption     = The [[Gopika Cave Inscription]] of Anantavarman, in the [[Sanskrit]] language and using the Gupta script. [[Barabar Caves]] in [[Jehanabad]] Bihar, 5th or 6th century CE.
 | languages   = [[Sanskrit]]
-| time        = c. 4th–6th century CE<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy |date=1998 |page=32}}</ref>
+| time        = {{Circa|4th}}–6th century CE<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy |date=1998 |page=32}}</ref>
-| fam1        = [[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup>
+| fam1        = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian]]
-| fam2        = [[Phoenician alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup>
+| fam2        = [[Proto-Sinaitic]]
-| fam3        = [[Aramaic alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup>
+| fam3        = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
+| fam4        = [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]
-| footnotes   = <sup>[a]</sup> The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.
-| fam4        = [[Brahmi script|Brāhmī]]
+| fam5        = [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]
-| sisters     = {{plainlist|
+| fam6        = Northern Brahmi
+| sisters     = [[Pallava script]], [[Kadamba script]], [[Sinhala script|Sinhala]], [[Tocharian script|Tocharian]]
-*[[Pallava script|Pallava]]
-*[[Kadamba script|Kadamba]]}}
+| children    = *[[Sharada script|Sharada]]
+*[[Siddham script|Siddham]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphyindianepigraphyrichardsalmonoup_908_D|title=Epigraphy, Indian Epigraphy Richard Salmon OUP|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27</ref>
-| children    = {{plainlist|
+*[[Tibetan script|Tibetan]]<ref name=daniels>{{citation |last1=Daniels |first1=P. T. |title=Writing systems of major and minor languages |date=January 2008}}</ref><ref name="masica">{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1993 |page=143}}</ref>
-*[[Sharada script|Śāradā]]
+*[[Kalinga script|Kalinga]]
-*[[Siddham script|Siddhaṃ]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphyindianepigraphyrichardsalmonoup_908_D|title=Epigraphy, Indian Epigraphy Richard Salmon OUP|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref> Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27</ref>
+*[[Bhaiksuki script|Bhaiksuki]]}}
-*[[Tibetan script|Tibetan]]<ref name=daniels>{{cite journal |last1=Daniels |first1=P. T. |title=Writing systems of major and minor languages |date=January 2008}}</ref><ref name="masica">{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1993 |page=143}}</ref>}}
-}}
 {{brahmic}}
-The '''Gupta script''' (sometimes referred to as '''Gupta Brahmi script''' or '''Late Brahmi script''')<ref name=sharma>Sharma, Ram. '' 'Brahmi Script' ''. Delhi: BR Publishing Corp, 2002</ref> was used for writing [[Sanskrit]] and is associated with the [[Gupta Empire]] of [[India]], which was a period of material prosperity and great [[Religion|religious]] and [[Science|scientific]] developments. The Gupta script was descended from [[Brahmi script|Brāhmī]] and gave rise to the [[Nāgarī script|Nāgarī]], [[Sharada script|Śāradā]] and [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] scripts. These scripts in turn gave rise to many of the most important scripts of India, including [[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]] (the most common script used for writing [[Sanskrit]] since the 19th century), the [[Gurmukhi|Gurmukhī script]] for [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], the [[Bengali-Assamese script]] and the [[Tibetan script]].
+The '''Gupta script''' (sometimes referred to as '''Gupta Brahmi script''' or '''Late Brahmi script''')<ref name=sharma>Sharma, Ram. '' 'Brahmi Script' ''. Delhi: BR Publishing Corp, 2002</ref> was used for writing [[Sanskrit]] and is associated with the [[Gupta Empire]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]], which was a period of material prosperity and great [[Religion|religious]] and [[Science|scientific]] developments. The Gupta script was descended from [[Brahmi script|Brāhmī]] and gave rise to the [[Sharada script|Śāradā]] and [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] scripts. These scripts in turn gave rise to many of the most important Indic scripts, including [[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]] (the most common script used for writing [[Sanskrit]] since the 19th century), the [[Gurmukhi|Gurmukhī script]] for [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], the [[Odia script]], the [[Bengali-Assamese script]] and the [[Tibetan script]].
 ==Origins and classification==
@@ Line 34: / Line 33: @@
 ==Inscriptions==
-The surviving inscriptions of the Gupta script are mostly found on iron or stone pillars, and on gold coins from the Gupta Dynasty. One of the most important was the ''Prayagraj (Allahabad) [[Prashasti|Prasasti]]''. Composed by [[Harishena]], the court poet and minister of [[Samudragupta]], it describes Samudragupta’s reign, beginning from his accession to the throne as the second king of the Gupta Dynasty and including his conquest of other kings. It is inscribed on the [[Allahabad pillar]] of [[Ashoka]].
+The surviving inscriptions of the Gupta script are mostly found on iron or stone pillars, and on gold coins from the Gupta Dynasty. One of the most important was the ''Prayagraj (Allahabad) [[Prashasti|Prasasti]]''. Composed by [[Harisena]], the court poet and minister of [[Samudragupta]], it describes Samudragupta's reign, beginning from his accession to the throne as the second king of the Gupta Dynasty and including his conquest of other kings. It is inscribed on the [[Allahabad pillar]] of [[Ashoka]].
 ==Alphabet==
@@ Line 42: / Line 41: @@
 {{multiple image
 | align    = right
+| caption_align = center
 | direction =horizontal
 | header=Late Brahmi vowel diacritics
 | total_width=500
+| image_gap =10
 | image1   = Gupta script diacritics.jpg
-| caption1 = <center>Gupta script vowel diacritics ([[Allahabad pillar|Allahabad]] standard).<ref>{{cite book |title=Das Buch der Schrift: Enthaltend die Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller ... |date=1880 |publisher=K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei |page=[https://archive.org/details/dasbuchderschri01faulgoog/page/n142 126] |url=https://archive.org/details/dasbuchderschri01faulgoog |language=German}}</ref><ref name="GU">{{cite web |title=Gupta Unicode |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03249r-brahmi-proposal.pdf}}</ref></center>
+| caption1 = Gupta script vowel diacritics<br />([[Allahabad pillar|Allahabad]] standard).<ref>{{cite book |title=Das Buch der Schrift: Enthaltend die Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller ... |date=1880 |publisher=K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei |page=[https://archive.org/details/dasbuchderschri01faulgoog/page/n142 126] |url=https://archive.org/details/dasbuchderschri01faulgoog |language=German}}</ref><ref name="GU">{{cite web |title=Gupta Unicode |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03249r-brahmi-proposal.pdf}}</ref>
 | image2   = Gupta diacritics and compounds.jpg
-| caption2 = <center>Usage examples.<ref name="GU"/></center>
+| caption2 = Usage examples<ref name="GU"/>
-| footer=
 }}
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
@@ Line 197: / Line 197: @@
 === In Unicode ===
-The Unicode standard considers the Gupta script to be a stylistic variation of Brahmi, and thus Gupta texts are encoded using Brahmi Unicode characters.
+The Unicode Standard does not explicitly state that the Gupta script is considered a stylistic variation of Brahmi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unicode Consortium |year=2022 |title=The Unicode® Standard Version 15.0 – Core Specification |url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/ch14.pdf |website=Unicode Consortium website}}</ref> though use of the Brahmi encoding is one approach.
 {{Unicode chart Brahmi}}
@@ Line 205: / Line 205: @@
 [[File:Coin of Vikramaditya Chandragupta II with the name of the king in Brahmi script 380 415 CE.jpg|thumb|right|Coin of Vikramaditya ([[Chandragupta II]]) with the name of the king in Gupta Brahmi script 380–415 CE.]]
 [[File:Mihirakula of the Alchon Huns.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Alchon Huns]] ruler [[Mihirakula]]. Obv: Bust of king, with legend in Gupta script ([[File:Gupta_allahabad_j.svg|12px]])[[File:Gupta_allahabad_y.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_tu.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_mi.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka hi.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_r.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_l.svg|12px]]<ref>The "h" ([[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg|12px]]) is an early variant of the Gupta script.</ref> ''(Ja)yatu Mihirakula'' ("Let there be victory to Mihirakula"). Rev: Dotted border around Fire altar flanked by attendants.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Thakur Prasad |title=The Imperial Maukharis: History of Imperial Maukharis of Kanauj and Harshavardhana |date=2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9781643248813 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09FqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT264 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Studies in Indian Coins |date=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120829732 |page=376 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&pg=PA376 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tandon |first1=Pankaj | pages=24–34|title=Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 216, Summer |date=2013 |publisher= Oriental Numismatic Society |url=http://coinindia.com/galleries-alchon-early.html}} also [http://coinindia.com/galleries-toramana.html Coinindia Alchon Coins (for an exact description of this coin type)]</ref>]]
-The study of Gupta coins began with the discovery of a hoard of [[gold coin]]s in 1783. Many other such hoards have since been discovered, the most important being the [[Bayana]]  (situated in [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] district of [[Rajasthan]]) hoard, discovered in 1946, which contained more than 2000 gold coins issued by the Gupta Kings.<ref>Bajpai, KD. '' 'Indian Numismatic Studies. ' '' New Delhi: Abhinav Publications 2004</ref> Many of the Gupta Empire’s coins bear inscriptions of legends or mark historic events. In fact, it was one of the first Indian Empires to do so, probably as a result of its unprecedented prosperity.<ref name=anupama/> Almost every Gupta king issued coins, beginning with its first king, [[Chandragupta I]].
+The study of Gupta coins began with the discovery of a hoard of [[gold coin]]s in 1783. Many other such hoards have since been discovered, the most important being the [[Bayana]]  (situated in [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] district of [[Rajasthan]]) hoard, discovered in 1946, which contained more than 2000 gold coins issued by the Gupta Kings.<ref>Bajpai, KD. '' 'Indian Numismatic Studies. ' '' New Delhi: Abhinav Publications 2004</ref> Many of the Gupta Empire's coins bear inscriptions of legends or mark historic events. In fact, it was one of the first Indian Empires to do so, probably as a result of its unprecedented prosperity.<ref name=anupama/> Almost every Gupta king issued coins, beginning with its first king, [[Chandragupta I]].
 The scripts on the coin are also of a different nature compared to scripts on pillars, due to conservatism regarding the coins that were to be accepted as currency, which would have prevented regional variations in the script from manifesting on the coinage.<ref name=anupama/> Moreover, space was more limited especially on their silver coins, and thus many of the symbols are truncated or stunted. An example is the symbol for /ta/ and /na/, which were often simplified to vertical strokes.
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 File:Das Buch der Schrift (Faulmann) 141.jpg|Gupta script decipheration table
 File:A palm leaf Sanskrit manuscript in Brahmi script from Miran China.jpg|A palm leaf Sanskrit manuscript in early Gupta Brahmi script, discovered in [[Miran (Xinjiang)|Miran]], northwest China.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Baij Nath |title=Buddhism in Central Asia |date=1987 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120803725 |page=187 Note 32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sluKZfTrr3oC&pg=PA187 |language=en}}</ref>
-File:Sri Yashodharman.jpg|thumb|The name [[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad y.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad sho.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dh.svg|10px]][[File:Gupta allahabad rmm.jpg|14px]] ''Śrī Yaśodharmma'' ("Lord [[Yashodharman]]") in Gupta script in Line 4 of the [[Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana]].<ref name="EG">{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors |date=1960 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254/page/n151 150]-158 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254}}</ref>
+File:Sri Yashodharman.jpg|The name [[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad y.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad sho.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dh.svg|10px]][[File:Gupta allahabad rmm.jpg|14px]] ''Śrī Yaśodharmma'' ("Lord [[Yashodharman]]") in Gupta script in Line 4 of the [[Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana]].<ref name="EG">{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors |date=1960 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254/page/n151 150]-158 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254}}</ref>
 </gallery>
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 * {{in lang|es}} [http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=alfabetos/gupta The Gupta Alphabet]
 * [http://www.ancientscripts.com/gupta.html AncientScripts.com] entry on the Gupta Script
-* Ye, Shao-Yong. (2009). ''[http://www.fanfoyan.com/resour/pale/buddhapalita.pdf An easten variety of the post-Gupta script: Akṣara List of the Manuscripts of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā and Buddhapālita’s Commentary (ca. 550–650 CE)]''. Research Institute of Sanskrit Manuscripts & Buddhist Literature, Peking University.
+* Ye, Shao-Yong. (2009). ''[http://www.fanfoyan.com/resour/pale/buddhapalita.pdf An eastern variety of the post-Gupta script: Akṣara List of the Manuscripts of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā and Buddhapālita's Commentary (ca. 550–650 CE)]''. Research Institute of Sanskrit Manuscripts & Buddhist Literature, Peking University.
 {{list of writing systems}}
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 [[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
 [[Category:Gupta scripts| ]]
+[[Category:Gupta Empire]]