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Coordinates: 8°17′0″S 115°20′0″E / 8.28333°S 115.33333°E / -8.28333; 115.33333
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{{other uses|Bangil}}
{{other uses|Bangil}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| native_name = ''Kabupaten Bangli'' ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])<br>{{Clear}}{{bal|''Kabupatén Bangli''}} ([[Balinese language|Balinese]])
| official_name = Bangli Regency
| official_name = Bangli Regency
| translit_lang1 = Regional
⚫
| native_name = ''Kabupaten Bangli''{{Clear}}{{bal|ᬓᬩᬸᬧᬢᬾᬦ᭄ᬩᬂᬮᬶ}}
| translit_lang1_type = [[Balinese script|Balinese]] [[Balinese language|Balinese]]
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Balinese script|Balinese]] [[Balinese language|Balinese]]
| translit_lang1_type2 = [[Abjad Jawi|Jawi Melayu]]
| translit_lang1_type3 = [[Balinese script|Balinese Script]]
⚫
| translit_lang1_info3 = ᬓᬩᬸᬧᬢᬾᬦ᭄ᬩᬂᬮᬶ
| settlement_type = [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|Regency]]
| settlement_type = [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|Regency]]
| image_skyline = Bangli 200507-1.jpg
| image_skyline = ID-bali-penglipuran-3.jpg
| image_caption = Bangli
| image_caption = [[Penglipuran]] village
| motto = ''Bhukti Mukti Bhakti''
| motto = ''Bhukti Mukti Bhakti''
| image_map = Location Bangli Regency.png
| image_map = Location Bangli Regency.png
Line 37: Line 43:
| utc_offset = +8
| utc_offset = +8
| image_seal = Lambang Kab Bangli.png
| image_seal = Lambang Kab Bangli.png
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref>tags -->
| demographics1_title1 = [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|Ethnic groups]]
| timezone1 = [[Time in Indonesia|Indonesia Central Time]]
| utc_offset1 =
| geocode =
| iso_code =
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Batur]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Balinese people|Balinese]]<br>[[Bali Aga]]
| demographics1_title2 = [[Religion in Indonesia|Religion]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hinduism]] ([[Balinese Hinduism]] • folk Hinduism)
| demographics1_title3 = [[Languages of Indonesia|Languages]]
| demographics1_info3 = *[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] (official)
*[[Balinese language|Balinese]] (native)
*— [[Lowland Balinese]]
*— [[Bali Aga Balinese]]
}}
}}
[[File:Gunung_Batur,_Kintamani_MWD_22.jpg|thumb|[[Kintamani dog]] on [[Mount Batur]]]]
⚫
'''Bangli Regency''' is the one and only landlocked [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|regency]] (''[[Regency (Indonesia)|kabupaten]]'') of [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]]. It covers an area of 520.81&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and had a population of 215,353 at the 2010 Census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and 258,721 at the 2020 Census;<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 267,133 - comprising 134,500 males and 132,600 females.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2023">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, ''Kabupaten Bangli Dalam Angka 2023'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.5106)</ref> Its regency seat is the town of [[Bangli]].


'''Bangli Regency''' is the one and only landlocked [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|regency]] (''[[Regency (Indonesia)|kabupaten]]'') of [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]].
⚫
Up until 1907, Bangli was one of the nine kingdoms of Bali.<ref>The nine kingdoms were [[Gelgel, Indonesia|Gelgel]] (the original kingdom, based near present-day [[Klungkung]]), Klungkung, [[Kingdom of Karangasem|Karangasem]], [[Gianyar]], [[Badung]], [[Bangli]], [[Buleleng]] [[Mengwi]] and [[Tabanan]]. For details, see Adrian Vickers, 2012, ''Bali, A Paradise Created'', Tuttle publishing.</ref> The capital has a famous Hindu temple, the [[Pura Kehen]], which dates from the 11th century. Bangli also has one village, lies surround a hill, Demulih.

⚫
Up until 1907, Bangli was one of the nine kingdoms of Bali.<ref>The nine kingdoms were [[Gelgel, Indonesia|Gelgel]] (the original kingdom, based near present-day [[Klungkung]]), Klungkung, [[Karangasem Regency|Karangasem]], [[Gianyar]], [[Badung]], [[Bangli]], [[Buleleng]] [[Mengwi]] and [[Tabanan]]. For details, see Adrian Vickers, 2012, ''Bali, A Paradise Created'', Tuttle publishing.</ref> The capital has a famous Hindu temple, the [[Pura Kehen]], which dates from the 11th century. Bangli also has one village which surrounds a hill, Demulih.

Pura Dalem Galiran is 1.4 km north-west of Bangli.<ref>{{cite web |title= Pura Dalem Galiran, map |website= google.fr/maps |url=https://www.google.fr/maps/place/Pura+Dalem+Galiran/@-8.4554733,115.3445475,15.25z/data=!4m21!1m14!4m13!1m6!1m2!1s0x2dd21945c22f8511:0x4030bfbca7d2c10!2sBangli,+Kawan,+Kabupaten+de+Bangli,+Bali,+Indon%C3%A9sie!2m2!1d115.354897!2d-8.454303!1m5!1m1!1s0x2dd219dbac1cd177:0x2c546b6057bd1e8a!2m2!1d115.3501274!2d-8.4477285!3m5!1s0x2dd219dbac1cd177:0x2c546b6057bd1e8a!8m2!3d-8.4477472!4d115.3501991!16s%2Fg%2F11ny18ypp0?entry=ttu }}</ref> Pura Dalem Penunggekan, 1.3 km south of the town center,<ref>[https://www.google.fr/maps/@-8.465581,115.3541586,3a,90y,104.73h,96.04t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1s_iK2cYzqp-ay9EqzaFCDTA!2e0!6shttps:%2F%2Fstreetviewpixels-pa.googleapis.com%2Fv1%2Fthumbnail%3Fpanoid%3D_iK2cYzqp-ay9EqzaFCDTA%26cb_client%3Dmaps_sv.tactile.gps%26w%3D203%26h%3D100%26yaw%3D98.40544%26pitch%3D0%26thumbfov%3D100!7i16384!8i8192?entry=ttu Pura Dalem Penunggekan, view of the entrance on street camera].</ref> shows on its outside walls sculpted reliefs of sinners in hell.


==Geography==
==Geography==
=== Generalities ===
The northern part of the district includes the main road to the north coast passing through [[Kintamani, Bali|Kintamani]] and around the crater in which [[Gunung Batur]] sits.<ref>p.435 of Dalton, Bill 1988 [[Indonesia Handbook]] 4th edition</ref>


Bangli is the only regency in Bali which is landlocked. Its northern part includes the crater in which [[Gunung Batur]] sits, and the main road from Ubud in the south to the north coast through [[Kintamani, Bali|Kintamani]] and around Gunung Batur's crater.<ref>{{cite web |title= Bangli Regency, map |website= openstreetmap.org |url= https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/14322004 }}</ref><ref>Dalton, Bill (1988). [[Indonesia Handbook]], 4th edition, p. 435.</ref>
From the Demulih hill, Bali Island, particularly its southern part can be seen – [[Kuta]], [[Nusa Dua]], [[Gianyar]] and a part of [[Klungkung]].


It covers an area of 520.81&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011"/>
Bangli is the only regency in Bali which is landlocked.


From the Demulih hill some 3 km west of Bangli,<ref>{{cite web |title= Demulih hill, map |website= openstreetmap.org |url= https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/540997636#map=17/-8.45450/115.34301 }}</ref> much of southern part of the island can be seen: [[Kuta, Bali|Kuta]], [[Nusa Dua]], [[Gianyar]] and a part of [[Klungkung]].
⚫
==Administrative districts==

⚫
=== Administrative districts ===


{{main|List of districts and sub-districts in Bangli Regency}}
{{main|List of districts and sub-districts in Bangli Regency}}
The Regency is divided into four districts (''kecamatan''), listed below from south to north with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and the 2020 Census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> together with the official estimates as at mid 2022.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2023">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, ''Kabupaten Bangli Dalam Angka 2023'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.5106)</ref> The most northern district - Kintamani, which is the primary highland region for the cultivation of [[arabica coffee]] - occupies over 70% of the regency's area and has 43.5% of its population. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of [[administrative village]]s in each district (totaling 68 rural ''desa'' and 4 urban ''kelurahan'' - the latter all in Bangli District), and its postal codes.
The Regency is divided into four districts (''kecamatan''), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and the 2020 Census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> together with the official estimates as at mid 2022.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2023">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, ''Kabupaten Bangli Dalam Angka 2023'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.5106)</ref> The most northern district - Kintamani, which is the primary highland region for the cultivation of [[arabica coffee]] - occupies over 70% of the regency's area and has 43.5% of its population. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of [[administrative village]]s in each district (totaling 68 rural ''desa'' and 4 urban ''kelurahan'' - the latter all in Bangli District), and its postal codes.

<gallery class="center">
File:Indonesia Bangli Susut district location map.svg|Susut district
File:Indonesia Bangli Bangli district location map.svg|Bangli district
File:Indonesia Bangli Tembuku district location map.svg|Tembuku district
File:Indonesia Bangli Kintamani district location map.svg|Kintamani district
</gallery>


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"
|-
|-
! Kode <br>Wilayah|| Name of<br />District<br />(''kecamatan'') !! Area<br />in <br /> km<sup>2</sup> !! Pop'n <br /> 2010<br />Census !! Pop'n <br /> 2020<br />Census !! Pop'n <br />mid 2022<br />Estimate!!Admin<br>centre !!No.<br>of<br>villages!!Post<br>code
! Kode <br>Wilayah|| Name of<br/>District<br/>(''kecamatan'') !! Area<br/>in <br/> km<sup>2</sup> !! Pop'n <br/> 2010<br/>Census !! Pop'n <br/> 2020<br />Census !! Pop'n <br />mid 2022<br />Estimate!!Admin<br/>centre !!No.<br/>of<br/>villages!!Post<br/>code
|-
|-
| 51.06.01 || [[Susut]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 49.3}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 43202}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 48682}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 49629}} ||Susut ||align="center"| 9||80661
| 51.06.01 || [[Susut]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 49.3}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 43202}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 48682}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 49629}} ||Susut ||align="center"| 9||80661
Line 73: Line 109:
{{:List of districts and sub-districts in Bangli Regency}}
{{:List of districts and sub-districts in Bangli Regency}}


==Climate==
=== Climate ===
Bangli has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (Af) with moderate rainfall from April to October and heavy rainfall from November to March.
Bangli has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (Af) with moderate rainfall from April to October and heavy rainfall from November to March.
{{Weather box
{{Weather box
Line 137: Line 173:
|accessdate = 17 November 2020}}</ref>
|accessdate = 17 November 2020}}</ref>
}}
}}

== Demography ==

⚫
It had a population of 215,353 at the 2010 Census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and 258,721 at the 2020 Census;<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 267,133 - comprising 134,500 males and 132,600 females.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2023">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, ''Kabupaten Bangli Dalam Angka 2023'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.5106)</ref> Its regency seat is the town of [[Bangli]].

== History ==
=== Protohistory ===
; Manikliyu, burial and Pejeng-type drum
In Manikliyu (west side of Bangli Regency),<ref>{{cite web |title= Manikliyu, map |website= openstreetmap |url= https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/2181534328 }}</ref> a burial site was excavated in 1997 and 1998 which revealed two large sarcophagi and a bronze kettle drum, representing a unique burial system thus far unknown in Indonesia.
The largest sarcophagus (length 206 cm, width 70 cm) is well preserved; the other sarcophagus (length 172 cm, width 69 cm) is partly broken. The bronze kettle drum (height 120 cm, diameter of the tympanon 77 cm) is decorated with eight stars on the tympanon, and human masks on the body. It contained human bones in flexed position that belonged to a young man of Mongoloid type, between 20 and 35 years old; the broken part of his upper face shows that he was killed by the impact of a sharp tool.
The burial site also contained [[carnelian]]s, beads, bronze spirals and bronze finger protectors. Some remnants broken pottery and pottery shards were also found beside the burial site and near the containers.<ref name="subata1999">{{cite journal |last1= Sutaba |first1= I Made |date= 1999 |title= Discovery of Late Prehistoric Burial Systems in Bali |journal= SPAFA Journal |volume= 9 |issue= 1 |pages= 15-18 |url= https://www.spafajournal.org/index.php/spafa1991journal/article/download/305/298 |access-date= 2024-05-09 }}</ref>

The drum is very similar to the Pejeng type,<ref name="subata1999"/> the latter referring to the [[Moon of Pejeng]], largest single-cast bronze kettle drum known in the world, found in [[Pejeng]] (village east of Ubud, [[Gianyar Regency]]). A. Calo suggests that such kettle drums were associated with early rice cults - and cultivation - in Bali: most of them are found near sources of irrigation water (lakes, springs or weirs in rivers); their shape and decoration are reminded in modern representations of female deities associated with rice and irrigation water, the latter originating in a pre-Hindu culture and later integrated into the Hindu-Balinese panel of gods. Ritual ceremonies honouring these deities are still held to this day at places where irrigation water first enters fields (''bedugul'') and at crater lakes, the highest sources.<ref>{{cite web |author= Ambra Calo |date= October 2008 |title= Pejeng Type Bronze Drums and their Possible Role in Early Rice Cults in Bali |website= fas.nus.edu.sg |url= https://fass.nus.edu.sg/sea?s=Pejeng&domains=https%3A%2F%2Ffass.nus.edu.sg%2Fsea&sitesearch=https%3A%2F%2Ffass.nus.edu.sg%2Fsea |access-date= 2024-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726093905/http://www.fas.nus.edu.sg/sea/sem%26conf/seminars%26conf_08.html |archive-date=26 July 2009 }}</ref>

; Taman Bali and Bunutin, sarcophagi
At Taman Bali and Bunutin, two villages close to each other about 5 km south of Bangli,<ref>{{cite web |title= Taman Bali and Bunutin (Blangli Regency), map |website= openstreetmap |url= https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/541277190#map=14/-8.4905/115.3626 }}</ref> five sarcophagi were known before 1973. Two more were signalled in 1973, one of which buried 3 m deep in a rice field with its lid lying nearly 1.5 m away and partly broken, and containing various bronze objects including a small shovel, a ring, arm and ankle-rings and a number of spirals different from any formely found in sarcophagi in Bali. The other sarcophagus signalled in 1973 was found by the villagers in Bunutin in 1971, buried nearly 1.5 m deep; its lid is absent and no associated artefacts were found. One of the five sarcophagi known before 1973 is kept in [[Gedong Arca Museum, Bedulu|Gedong Arca Museum]] in [[Bedulu]]; as of 1974, the others were still in their place of discovery.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Sutaba |first1= I Made |date= 1974 |title= Newly discovered sarcophagi in Bali |journal= Archipel |issue= 7 |pages= 133-138 |url= https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1974_num_7_1_1163
}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
Line 151: Line 204:


[[Category:Bangli Regency| ]]
[[Category:Bangli Regency| ]]


{{Bali-geo-stub}}

Latest revision as of 14:13, 4 October 2024

For other uses, see Bangil.
Bangli Regency
Kabupaten Bangli (Indonesian)
Kabupatén Bangli (Balinese)
Regency
Regional transcription(s)
 • Balinese Scriptᬓᬩᬸᬧᬢᬾᬦ᭄ᬩᬂᬮᬶ
Penglipuran village
Penglipuran village
Official seal of Bangli Regency
Seal
Motto: 
Bhukti Mukti Bhakti
Location within Bali
Location within Bali
Coordinates: 8°17′0″S 115°20′0″E / 8.28333°S 115.33333°E / -8.28333; 115.33333
Country Indonesia
Province Bali
CapitalBangli
Government
 • RegentI Made Gianyar
Area
 • Total
520.81 km2 (201.09 sq mi)
Population
 (mid 2022 estimate)[1]
 • Total
267,133
 • Density510/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
Demographics
 • Ethnic groupsBalinese
Bali Aga
 • ReligionHinduism (Balinese Hinduism • folk Hinduism)
 • Languages
Time zoneIndonesia Central Time
Area code(+62) 366
Websitebanglikab.go.id
Kintamani dog on Mount Batur

Bangli Regency is the one and only landlocked regency (kabupaten) of Bali, Indonesia.

Up until 1907, Bangli was one of the nine kingdoms of Bali.[2] The capital has a famous Hindu temple, the Pura Kehen, which dates from the 11th century. Bangli also has one village which surrounds a hill, Demulih.

Pura Dalem Galiran is 1.4 km north-west of Bangli.[3] Pura Dalem Penunggekan, 1.3 km south of the town center,[4] shows on its outside walls sculpted reliefs of sinners in hell.

Geography

[edit]

Generalities

[edit]

Bangli is the only regency in Bali which is landlocked. Its northern part includes the crater in which Gunung Batur sits, and the main road from Ubud in the south to the north coast through Kintamani and around Gunung Batur's crater.[5][6]

It covers an area of 520.81 km2.[7]

From the Demulih hill some 3 km west of Bangli,[8] much of southern part of the island can be seen: Kuta, Nusa Dua, Gianyar and a part of Klungkung.

Administrative districts

[edit]
Main article: List of districts and sub-districts in Bangli Regency

The Regency is divided into four districts (kecamatan), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census[7] and the 2020 Census,[9] together with the official estimates as at mid 2022.[1] The most northern district - Kintamani, which is the primary highland region for the cultivation of arabica coffee - occupies over 70% of the regency's area and has 43.5% of its population. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 68 rural desa and 4 urban kelurahan - the latter all in Bangli District), and its postal codes.

  • Susut district
    Susut district
  • Bangli district
    Bangli district
  • Tembuku district
    Tembuku district
  • Kintamani district
    Kintamani district
Kode
Wilayah		 Name of
District
(kecamatan)		 Area
in
km2		 Pop'n
2010
Census		 Pop'n
2020
Census		 Pop'n
mid 2022
Estimate		 Admin
centre		 No.
of
villages		 Post
code
51.06.01 Susut 49.3 43,202 48,682 49,629 Susut 9 80661
51.06.02 Bangli 56.3 48,267 54,438 55,507 Bangli 9 80611
- 80614
51.06.03 Tembuku 48.3 33,806 43,138 45,048 Tembuku 6 80671
51.06.04 Kintamani 366.9 90,078 112,463 116,949 Kintamani 48 80652
Totals 520.8 215,353 258,731 267,133 72


  • Map of Bangli Regency in Bali
    Map of Bangli Regency in Bali
  • Map of districts in Bangli Regency
    Map of districts in Bangli Regency

List of districts and villages in Bangli Regency as follows:

Code Districts Urban villages Rural villages Status List
51.06.02 Bangli 4 5 Rural villages
Urban villages
51.06.04 Kintamani - 48 Rural villages
51.06.01 Susut - 9 Rural villages
51.06.03 Tembuku - 6 Rural villages
TOTAL 4 68

Climate

[edit]

Bangli has a tropical monsoon climate (Af) with moderate rainfall from April to October and heavy rainfall from November to March.

Climate data for Bangli
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.4
(83.1) 		28.5
(83.3) 		28.6
(83.5) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.8
(83.8) 		28.1
(82.6) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.8
(82.0) 		28.4
(83.1) 		29.3
(84.7) 		29.1
(84.4) 		28.8
(83.8) 		28.5
(83.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 24.4
(75.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.0
(75.2) 		23.2
(73.8) 		22.8
(73.0) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.6
(74.5) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.0
(75.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20.4
(68.7) 		20.4
(68.7) 		20.1
(68.2) 		19.6
(67.3) 		19.3
(66.7) 		18.4
(65.1) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		18.9
(66.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.3
(68.5) 		19.5
(67.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 305
(12.0) 		331
(13.0) 		208
(8.2) 		113
(4.4) 		119
(4.7) 		110
(4.3) 		128
(5.0) 		65
(2.6) 		98
(3.9) 		123
(4.8) 		176
(6.9) 		275
(10.8) 		2,051
(80.6)
Source: Climate-Data.org[10]

Demography

[edit]

It had a population of 215,353 at the 2010 Census[7] and 258,721 at the 2020 Census;[9] the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 267,133 - comprising 134,500 males and 132,600 females.[1] Its regency seat is the town of Bangli.

History

[edit]

Protohistory

[edit]
Manikliyu, burial and Pejeng-type drum

In Manikliyu (west side of Bangli Regency),[11] a burial site was excavated in 1997 and 1998 which revealed two large sarcophagi and a bronze kettle drum, representing a unique burial system thus far unknown in Indonesia. The largest sarcophagus (length 206 cm, width 70 cm) is well preserved; the other sarcophagus (length 172 cm, width 69 cm) is partly broken. The bronze kettle drum (height 120 cm, diameter of the tympanon 77 cm) is decorated with eight stars on the tympanon, and human masks on the body. It contained human bones in flexed position that belonged to a young man of Mongoloid type, between 20 and 35 years old; the broken part of his upper face shows that he was killed by the impact of a sharp tool. The burial site also contained carnelians, beads, bronze spirals and bronze finger protectors. Some remnants broken pottery and pottery shards were also found beside the burial site and near the containers.[12]

The drum is very similar to the Pejeng type,[12] the latter referring to the Moon of Pejeng, largest single-cast bronze kettle drum known in the world, found in Pejeng (village east of Ubud, Gianyar Regency). A. Calo suggests that such kettle drums were associated with early rice cults - and cultivation - in Bali: most of them are found near sources of irrigation water (lakes, springs or weirs in rivers); their shape and decoration are reminded in modern representations of female deities associated with rice and irrigation water, the latter originating in a pre-Hindu culture and later integrated into the Hindu-Balinese panel of gods. Ritual ceremonies honouring these deities are still held to this day at places where irrigation water first enters fields (bedugul) and at crater lakes, the highest sources.[13]

Taman Bali and Bunutin, sarcophagi

At Taman Bali and Bunutin, two villages close to each other about 5 km south of Bangli,[14] five sarcophagi were known before 1973. Two more were signalled in 1973, one of which buried 3 m deep in a rice field with its lid lying nearly 1.5 m away and partly broken, and containing various bronze objects including a small shovel, a ring, arm and ankle-rings and a number of spirals different from any formely found in sarcophagi in Bali. The other sarcophagus signalled in 1973 was found by the villagers in Bunutin in 1971, buried nearly 1.5 m deep; its lid is absent and no associated artefacts were found. One of the five sarcophagi known before 1973 is kept in Gedong Arca Museum in Bedulu; as of 1974, the others were still in their place of discovery.[15]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, Kabupaten Bangli Dalam Angka 2023 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.5106)
  2. ^ The nine kingdoms were Gelgel (the original kingdom, based near present-day Klungkung), Klungkung, Karangasem, Gianyar, Badung, Bangli, Buleleng Mengwi and Tabanan. For details, see Adrian Vickers, 2012, Bali, A Paradise Created, Tuttle publishing.
  3. ^ "Pura Dalem Galiran, map". google.fr/maps.
  4. ^ Pura Dalem Penunggekan, view of the entrance on street camera.
  5. ^ "Bangli Regency, map". openstreetmap.org.
  6. ^ Dalton, Bill (1988). Indonesia Handbook, 4th edition, p. 435.
  7. ^ a b c Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  8. ^ "Demulih hill, map". openstreetmap.org.
  9. ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  10. ^ "Climate: Bangli". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  11. ^ "Manikliyu, map". openstreetmap.
  12. ^ a b Sutaba, I Made (1999). "Discovery of Late Prehistoric Burial Systems in Bali". SPAFA Journal. 9 (1): 15–18. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  13. ^ Ambra Calo (October 2008). "Pejeng Type Bronze Drums and their Possible Role in Early Rice Cults in Bali". fas.nus.edu.sg. Archived from the original on 26 July 2009. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  14. ^ "Taman Bali and Bunutin (Blangli Regency), map". openstreetmap.
  15. ^ Sutaba, I Made (1974). "Newly discovered sarcophagi in Bali". Archipel (7): 133–138.
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